Valid Names Results
Gossyparia spuria (Modeer, 1778) (Eriococcidae: Gossyparia)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus ulmi; Linnaeus 1758: 455. misidentification (discovered by Willia1985h, 380-382). Notes: The type series has probably been lost (Williams, 1985h).
- Coccus spurius Modeer 1778: 43. accepted valid name Notes: Type has probably been lost (Williams, 1985h).
- Coccus lanigera Gmelin 1790: 2221. junior synonym (discovered by Hoy1963, 130).
- Coccus gramuntii Planchon 1864: 24-25. Type data: FRANCE:. , , junior synonym (discovered by Herber1924, 3).
- Nidularia lanigera (Gmelin, 1790); Targioni-Tozzetti 1868: 727. change of combination
- Nidularia gramuntii (Planchon, 1864); Targioni-Tozzetti 1869: 727. change of combination
- Gossyparia gramuntii (Planchon, 1864); Signoret 1875b: 23. change of combination
- Gossyparia spuria (Modeer, 1778); Cockerell 1899j: 268. change of combination
- Nidularia spuria (Modeer, 1778); Lindinger 1933a: 108. change of combination
- Eriococcus spurius (Modeer, 1778); Ferris 1955a: 164. change of combination Illustr.
- Acanthococcus spurius (Modeer, 1778); Danzig 1980b: 207. change of combination
- Gossyparisa spurisa Tang in Tang & Li 1988: 75. misspelling of both genus and species names Illustr.
- Ericoccus spurus Hua 2000: 137. misspelling of both genus and species names
- Gossyparia spuria (Tang in Tang & Li, 1988); Kozár 2009: 102. revived combination (previously published)
- Eriococcus spurious (Modeer, 1778); Shirazi, et al. 2013: 1382. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- cochenille de l'orme MawFoHa2000
- European elm scale Blicke1965 Westco1973
- imported elm bark louse Cooley1898b
- escama de fieltro del olmo GillWaKo2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 7 | Genera: 8
- Betulaceae
- Alnus | KosztaKo1988F
- Alnus alnobetula | KosztaKo1988F | ssp. crispa
- Alnus glutinosa | Dziedz1988
- Alnus viridis | KozarHuFo1989
- Corylus | Kohler1998 KosztaKo1988F
- Fagaceae
- Quercus | UlgentDo2019
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus | KosztaKo1988F
- Poaceae
- Salicaceae
- Salix | Kohler1998
- Santalaceae
- Viscum | KosztaKo1988F
- Viscum album | UlgentDo2019
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | Hoy1963 MillerMi1993
- Ulmus americana | Hoy1963
- Ulmus crassifolia | NormarOkMo2019
- Ulmus glabra | Foldi2002 Hoy1963 Willia1985h | including var. camperdownii (= Ulmus campestris)(= Ulmus montanus including var. pendula)
- Ulmus laevis | Hoy1963 Komosi1987 | (= Ulmus effusa)(= Ulmus pedunculata)
- Ulmus minor | Moghad2013a Terezn1963a TranfaMa1988 Willia1985h | (= Ulmus angustifolia)(= Ulmus carpinifolia)
- Ulmus procera | Moghad2013a Willia1985h
- Ulmus pumila | Dreist1994 TangLi1988
- Ulmus rubra | Hoy1963 KozarKaKo2013 | (= Ulmus fulva)
- Ulmus thomasii | Hoy1963 | (= Ulmus racemosa)
Foes:
Families: 7 | Genera: 13
- Anthocoridae
- Anthocoris nemorum | KosztaKo1988F
- Aphelinidae
- Coccobius annulicornis | JaposhKa2018
- Coccophagus | KosztaKo1988F
- Coccophagus excelsus | JaposhKa2018 KosztaKo1988F
- Coccophagus gossypariae | KosztaKo1988F
- Coccophagus insidiator | KosztaKo1988F
- Coccophagus lycimnia | Tsalev1972
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
- Exochomus nigripennis | RounagDeRa2022
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
- Exochomus undulatus | FallahJa2010
- Encyrtidae
- Coccidoxenoides perminutus | FallahJa2017
- Metaphycus delucchii | Viggia1990 | (= Metaphycus gossypariae)
- Metaphycus stanleyi | FallahJa2017
- Microterys matritensis | KosztaKo1988F KosztaKo1988F | (= Encyrtus feudatarius)
- Trichomasthus coeruleus | KosztaKo1988F
- Trichomasthus cyanifrons | KosztaKo1988F
- Zaomma eriococci | KosztaKo1988F
- Zaomma lambinus | JaposhCe2010
- Miridae
- Pilophorus cinnamopterus | KosztaKo1988F
- Pilophorus perplexus | KosztaKo1988F
- Pteromalidae
- Pachyneuron coccorum | KosztaKo1988F
- Trombidiidae
- Allothrombium fuliginosum | KosztaKo1988F
Associates:
Families: 2 | Genera: 2
- Burkholderiaceae
- Burkholderia | MichalSzKa2019
- Chlamydiaceae
- Chlamydia | SanaeiLiCo2021
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 46
- Armenia | GavrilKu2019
- Austria | Willia1985h
- Azerbaijan | GavrilKu2019
- Bulgaria | Hoy1963
- Canada
- British Columbia | KozarHuFo1989 MawFoHa2000
- Ontario | MawFoHa2000
- Quebec | MawFoHa2000
- China
- Corsica | Foldi2003 | KozarKaKo2013
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Czech Republic | GillWaKo2022
- Czechoslovakia | Willia1985h
- Denmark | Gertss2001 Hoy1963
- Finland | Gertss2001
- France | GavrilKu2019 Willia1985h
- Georgia (Republic of) | JaposhGaCh2008
- Germany | SchmutHo2016 Willia1985h
- Greece | KozarPaPa1991
- Hungary | KosztaKo1988F
- Iran | Hoy1963 KozarFoZa1996
- Iraq | KozarKaKo2013
- Italy | Hoy1963
- Japan | KosztaKo1988F
- Kazakhstan | GavrilKu2019
- Latvia | JaposhGaJa2008 Stalaz2021
- Lithuania | JaposhGaCh2008
- Luxembourg | GertssSc2020
- Moldova | KozarKaKo2013
- Mongolia | TangLi1988
- Morocco | Hoy1963
- Netherlands | Hoy1963 Jansen2001
- Norway | Gertss2001 Hoy1963
- Poland | GavrilKu2019 KosztaKo1988F SimonKa2011 Szulcz1926
- Portugal | KozarFr1995
- Romania | Hoy1963 Knecht1930 Savesc1961
- Russia | Borchs1949 GavrilKu2019 Hoy1963
- Caucasus | JaposhGaCh2008
- Kaliningrad Oblast | GavrilKu2019
- Krasnodar Kray | GavrilKu2019
- Kursk Oblast | GavrilKu2019
- Stavrapol Oblast | Danzig1985
- Volgograd Oblast | GavrilKu2019
- Sardinia | Hoy1963
- Serbia | GavrilKu2019
- Slovenia | KozarKaKo2013
- Spain | Hoy1963
- Sweden | Gertss2001 Hoy1963
- Switzerland | Hoy1963
- Turkey | JaposhKa2018 Willia1985h | UlgentDo2019
- Ukraine | GavrilKu2019
- Kiev Oblast | GavrilKu2019
- Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | Terezn1967b
- Sumy Oblast | GavrilKu2019
- United Kingdom | Hoy1963
- England | Willia1985h
- United States
- Alabama | MillerMi1993
- Arizona | MillerMi1993
- Arkansas | MillerMi1993
- California | MillerMi1993
- Colorado | MillerMi1993
- Connecticut | MillerMi1993
- District of Columbia | MillerMi1993
- Idaho | MillerMi1993
- Illinois | MillerMi1993
- Indiana | MillerMi1993
- Iowa | MillerMi1993
- Kansas | MillerMi1993
- Louisiana | MillerMi1993
- Maine | MillerMi1993
- Maryland | MillerMi1993
- Massachusetts | MillerMi1993
- Michigan | MillerMi1993
- Missouri | MillerMi1993
- Montana | MillerMi1993
- Nevada | MillerMi1993
- New Hampshire | MillerMi1993
- New Jersey | MillerMi1993
- New Mexico | MillerMi1993
- New York | MillerMi1993
- Ohio | MillerMi1993
- Oregon | MillerMi1993 SchuhMo1948
- Pennsylvania | MillerMi1993
- Rhode Island | MillerMi1993
- Tennessee | MillerMi1993
- Texas | MillerMi1993
- Utah | MillerMi1993
- Vermont | MillerMi1993
- Virginia | MillerMi1993
- Washington | MillerMi1993
- West Virginia | MillerMi1993
- Wisconsin | MillerMi1993
- Wyoming | MillerMi1993
- Uzbekistan
- Tashkent Oblast | Cocker1927
- Yugoslavia | KosztaKo1988F
Keys
- GavrilKu2019: pp.223 ( Adult (F) ) [Eriococcidae on Salix]
- KozarKaKo2013: pp.262 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Gossyparia] Key as: Gossyparia spuria
- TangHa1995: pp.501 ( Adult (F) ) [Gossyparia species]
- Willia1985h: pp.357 ( Adult (F) ) [British species of Eriococcus] Key as: Eriococcus spurius
- Danzig1971d: pp.821 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Eriococcidae] Key as: Gossyparia spuria
- Afifi1968: pp.203 ( Adult (F) ) [] Key as: Eriococcus spurius
- Danzig1964: pp.632 ( Adult (F) ) [Gossyparia species of the USSR]
- McDani1964: pp.103 ( Adult (F) ) [Eriococcus species of Texas] Key as: Eriococcus spurius
- Ferris1955a: pp.95 ( Adult (F) ) [North American species of Eriococcus] Key as: Eriococcus spurius
Remarks
- Systematics: Slide-mounted adult female with: enlarged setae cylindrical, sides straight, apices rounded or acute, 2 sizes of setae, larger size present near body margin, other setae slightly smaller, abundant over dorsal surface, several setae on dorsum of segment 8 anterior of anal ring; macrotubular ducts absent from dorsomedial area of body; anal lobes heavily sclerotized, with teeth on medial margin; microtubular ducts medium in length, with 2 sclerotized areas, orifice bifurcate (Miller & Miller, 1993).
- Structure: Newly molted females brown to greenish-brown, gray, or reddish brown at maturity. Adult females oval. The ovisac is thick, ovoid, compact, panlike, grayish white and leaves the dorsum exposed. First instar yellow, second instar reddish-brown (Miller & Miller, 1993).
- Biology: The species is bisexual or rarely parthenogenetic reproduction, one yearly generation. Second instars overwinter. Adults appear at the end of April or beginning of May. Females lay 117-416 eggs starting in June which hatch from the end of July on (Miller & Miller, 1993). The time between laying and hatching of eggs varies, Herbert (1924) reports eggs that hatched in less than one hour after being laid.
- Economic Importance: This is a serious pest of ornamental elms and can cause stunting of new growth, die back of branches, premature leaf drop and in the case of small trees, death (Miller & Miller, 1993). A number of lady bird beetles and a green lacewing also are predators in North America (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). This species has also been found occupying the egg nests of brood X of the 17 year periodical cicada (Magicicada) of 1987 (Russell & Stoetzel, 1991).
- General Remarks: Williams (1985h) provides details on the synonomy of this species as follows " Linnaeus (1758) cited Réaumur (1738) but unfortunately referred to two distinct species that Réaumur had figured and described. The first refers to pl. 5, figs 5, 6 and this is undoubtedly an armoured scale insect discussed on p. 78 as found on a branch of elm. This species is accepted at present as Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.). The second species referred to by Linnaeus is illustrated on pl. 7, figs 1-10 and discussed by Réaumur on p. 119 as found on a branch of elm. There is no doubt from Réaumur's illustrations that this is the species under discussion here. Linnaeus (1766) realizing his mistake in 1758, listed C. ulmi but referred to Linnaeus (1761) where only the name is mentioned and to Geoffroy (1762) (a work not consistently binomial but nevertheless vital) who, apart from giving a short description, refers to the second of Réaumur's species mentioned by Linnaeus (1758). Clearly the listing by Linnaeus (1766) is based on a misidentification of the species listed by Linnaeus (1758). All subsequent references to `ulmi' the eriococcid, from Fabricius to the present day must refer to `sensu Linnaeus, 1766'. Modeer (1778) described Coccus spurius and referred to the excellent illustrations of Réaumur (1738: pl. 7, figs 1-10). Modeer's name is accepted by all modern workers (Williams, 1985h)." Miller & Miller (1993) give a detailed description and illustration and also deal with the phylogeny of this species and in a subsequent paper (1993a). Williams (1985h) also gives detailed descriptions and illustrations. Because this species is frequently cited in economic literature we have not attempted to include all citations.
Illustrations
Citations
- AAEE1925: taxonomy, 525, 539
- AAEE1931: taxonomy, 1280, 1300
- AAEE1937: taxonomy, 532, 551
- Afifi1968: description, illustration, 182-189
- Amos1933: distribution, host, taxonomy, 205
- Amyot1848: taxonomy, 495
- Andria1960: taxonomy, 17
- Apstei1915: taxonomy, 159
- Archan1937: illustration, taxonomy, 29, 139-140
- Arnett1985: distribution, taxonomy, 239
- Atanas1959: distribution, taxonomy, 426
- BTRL1940: distribution, 16
- Baker1972: distribution, host, illustration, life history, 98-99
- Balach1935b: distribution, 265
- Balach1935c: distribution, 6
- Balach1937c: distribution, taxonomy, 340
- BalasSa1982: distribution, host, life history, 399
- Balduf1939: biological control, distribution, 284
- BarbagBiBo1995: distribution, 43
- Barbey1925: taxonomy, 606
- Bartle1978b: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 130-131
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 253
- Beccar1959: distribution, host, 76
- Bethun1911: chemical control, distribution, host,
- Bielen1974: distribution, host, 118, 158
- BielenWe1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, 369-379
- BielenWe1990a: behavior, chemistry, structure, 55-56
- BielenWe1992: physiology, 417-426
- Blackm1916: chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, 102-107
- Blair1937: host, 11
- Blicke1965: taxonomy, 292, 309
- Bodenh1935: taxonomy, 271
- Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 93, 99
- Bodenh1953a: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 117
- BognarVi1979: distribution, host, illustration, 15
- BoratyWi1964: taxonomy, 91
- Borchs1936: distribution, host, 111
- Borchs1937: distribution, 61
- Borchs1937a: taxonomy, 175, 178
- Borchs1948: taxonomy, 501
- Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 47-50, 52-53, 330-1
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, 116
- Borchs1950c: distribution, host, 368, 372
- Borchs1958b: illustration, taxonomy, 773
- Borchs1963a: distribution, host, 22, 65, 128, 219
- Borchs1973: distribution, host, 220
- BoyceKaPe1939: chemical control, 440, 449
- Boyd1946: chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, 102-103
- Branig1914: distribution, 296
- Breake1927: chemical control, distribution, host, 16-17
- Britti1935: distribution, 63-70
- Britto1905: distribution, illustration, 5
- Britto1914: biological control, distribution, 18
- Britto1919: taxonomy, 255
- Britto1920: distribution, 63
- Britto1920a: taxonomy, 119
- Britto1920b: taxonomy, 140
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 349-350
- Britto1924a: taxonomy, 242
- Britto1924b: taxonomy, 169
- Britto1926: distribution, 237
- Britto1928: taxonomy, 206
- Britto1931: distribution, 468
- Britto1932: distribution, 506
- Britto1933: distribution, 374
- Britto1933a: description, 106-107
- Britto1937: distribution, host, 299
- Britto1938: taxonomy, 142
- Britto1939: distribution, host, 11
- BrittoFr1935: taxonomy, 294
- BrittoZa1927: distribution, 182
- BrittoZa1927a: description, distribution, illustration, life history, 142, 153
- BrittoZa1928: distribution, 212
- BrittoZa1930: taxonomy, 504
- Brown1942: distribution, host, 21
- Brown1959SW: physiology, 291
- BruesMeCa1954: distribution, host, 167
- Buchne1930: behavior, 436
- Buchne1965: ecology, 253
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 302
- Burke1930: taxonomy, 784
- Burke1932: chemical control, distribution, 363
- CCNI1989: taxonomy, 158
- Carnes1907: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 170-172
- CebeciKu2005: distribution, host, 97-102
- Chambe1926: taxonomy, 62
- Chambe1931: taxonomy, 29
- Chambe1933: taxonomy, 96
- Chambe1935: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 113-114
- ChambeTh1940: chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, 43-45
- Chumak1961: taxonomy, 335
- CiftciBo2021: distribution, host, 242
- Clause1931: distribution, host, 83
- Clause1940: life history, 158
- Clevel1931: chemical control, distribution, host, 349-355
- Cocker1894: taxonomy, 31
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 324
- Cocker1897j: distribution, host, 5
- Cocker1899j: taxonomy, 268
- Cocker1927: distribution, 836
- CockerRo1915: distribution, host, taxonomy, 106
- CookGu2004: taxonomy, 444
- Cooley1898b: distribution, 62
- Danzig1964: taxonomy, 632
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 821
- Danzig1980b: taxonomy, 207
- Davids1974: chemical control, distribution, host, 3
- Davis1929: distribution, host, 310
- Davis1934: distribution, host, 199
- Davis1935: distribution, 204
- Davis1936: distribution, 265
- Davis1937: distribution, 237
- Davis1940: distribution, host, 23
- Davis1946: chemical control, distribution, 151
- DeMarzRoTr1990: structure, 43
- DeayUl1948: chemical control, host, 506
- DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, taxonomy, 221-222
- Dimitr1935: taxonomy, 237
- Doane1931: description, distribution, illustration, 265
- DodgeRi1943: host, illustration, 590, 593
- Doten1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 5-34
- Doten1910: distribution, host, 27
- Doten1912: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 89-100
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 117
- Drake1934: distribution, host, 72
- Drake1935: taxonomy, 84, 86
- DrakeGu1931: distribution, host, 27
- Dreist1994: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 240-252
- Dziedz1961: biological control, host, illustration, taxonomy, 203-219
- Dziedz1967: distribution, host, 17, 19
- Dziedz1970: distribution, host, 25
- Dziedz1977: structure, 59
- Dziedz1988: host, taxonomy, 94
- Englis1976: distribution, host, life history, 25, 26
- ErkiliKaKo2011: distribution, 15
- Essig1915a: distribution, host, 119
- Essig1926: taxonomy, 274
- Essig1931: distribution, host, 126, 379, 896, 908
- Esson1994: distribution, illustration, 768
- Eysell1979: distribution, host, life history, 122
- FallahJa2010: host, natural enemies, 304
- FallahJa2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 10, 21, 34
- Felt1901: distribution, host, taxonomy, 294, 355
- Felt1923: distribution, 63
- Felt1924: taxonomy, 147, 161
- Felt1929: host, 48
- FeltMo1928: distribution, host, 194
- FeltRa1932: distribution, host, 218-219
- Ferris1920b: taxonomy, 23
- Ferris1955a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 164
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 296
- Flachs1931: taxonomy, 20, 198, 449, 462
- Flint1937: taxonomy, 258
- FlintFa1940: chemical control, distribution, illustration, life history, 17-18
- Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 305, 307
- Foldi2002: distribution, 245
- Foldi2003: distribution, 150
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- Fracke1924: distribution, host, 97
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 16,25
- French1942: distribution, 9
- Frogga1921a: taxonomy, 69
- Fulmek1943: catalog, taxonomy, 33, 34
- Gahan1927: biological control, distribution, 24
- Gavalo1928a: host, taxonomy, 19
- Gavalo1932: host, taxonomy, 134, 152
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 228
- GavrilKu2019: description, distribution, host, key, 206, 210
- Gertss2001: distribution, 126
- GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 136
- Gill1982a: distribution, host, 6
- Gill1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 170
- GillWaKo2022: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 401-402
- GilletLi1917: distribution, taxonomy, 11
- GilletLi1918: chemical control, distribution, taxonomy, 6, 7, 12, 29
- GilletLi1920: distribution, taxonomy, 15
- GilletLi1921: distribution, taxonomy, 10, 23
- GilletLi1922: distribution, 14
- GilletLi1923: host, 14
- Glenn1931: taxonomy, 180
- Glenn1934: distribution, 729
- Gmelin1790: taxonomy, 2221
- GomezM1937: distribution, host, 357-360
- GomezM1946: distribution, host, 103
- GomezM1958a: distribution, host, 8
- GomezM1960O: distribution, host, 201
- Goot1912: distribution, host, 289
- GordonHi1990: biological control, 287
- Goux1931: distribution, host, 331
- Goux1943b: distribution, life history, 128
- Graham1929: biological control, description, distribution, illustration, life history, 271-274
- Green1916: distribution, host, 28
- Green1917a: distribution, host, 260-261
- Green1920: distribution, host, 118
- Green1922b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20
- Green1928: description, host, taxonomy, 9
- Griswo1927: biological control, 553-555
- GwiazdVaDe2006: phylogenetics, 16
- Hadzib1941: distribution, host, 183
- Hadzib1950: distribution, host, 256
- Hadzib1983: distribution, host, 87, 88, 269
- HadzibGe1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 269
- Hamilt1936: host, 155
- Harris1954: distribution, host, 142
- Hartma1916: distribution, host, 94
- Headle1927: distribution, 113
- Henrik1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 312
- Herber1919a: taxonomy, 335
- Herber1920a: chemical control, 471-475
- Herber1924: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 1-19
- Herber1938: taxonomy, 64
- Herric1920: taxonomy, 143
- Herric1935: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 96-97
- HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, host, 132
- Hewitt1915: distribution, host, 868
- Hodgso2020: key, male, 43
- HodgsoHa2013: phylogeny, taxonomy, 797
- HodsonLo1960: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 4
- Hollin1917a: distribution, host, illustration, 270
- Hollis1920: distribution, host, 144
- Hoppin1937: distribution, host, 46
- Houser1908: description, distribution, host, 177
- Houser1917: chemical control, distribution, host, 43
- Houser1918a: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 303-305
- Howard1889: distribution, host, 34-41
- HowellWi1976: distribution, host, 189
- Hoy1962: taxonomy, 22
- Hoy1963: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 128-132
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 137
- Hughes1931: physiology, 757
- Hughes1944: taxonomy, 174
- Hughes1948: distribution, host, illustration, 130, 139, 182
- Hunger1944: distribution, 54
- HungerDe1929: chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 3-8
- Hutchi1926: taxonomy, 117
- Ibraim1962: taxonomy, 8
- Jaap1914: taxonomy, 137
- Jansen2001: distribution, 200
- JaposhCe2010: distribution, 134
- JaposhGaCh2008: biological control, ecology, 169-170
- JaposhKa2018: natural enemies,
- Jarvis1911: distribution, host, 69
- Johnso1982: description, economic importance, illustration, life history, 114, 116, 122
- JohnsoLy1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, 322-323
- JohnsoLy1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, 368-369
- Jorgen1934: distribution, host, 275
- KalandPf1940: taxonomy, 43
- Kaston1938: distribution, 236
- Kaussa1957: distribution, host, 2
- Kawai1980: taxonomy, 128
- Kaweck1935: distribution, host, 75
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 90-106
- King1899a: distribution, host, 109
- King1902b: distribution, taxonomy, 59
- Kiritc1928: distribution, host, 113
- Kiritc1931: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 311
- Kiritc1940: taxonomy, 136
- Kiriuk1947a: distribution, host, 9
- Kirkal1910: taxonomy, 122
- Knecht1930: distribution, 233
- KnightHe1980: distribution, host, 281-282
- Knowlt1932: distribution, host, 80
- Knutso1955: distribution, 11
- KnutsoBr1957: distribution, 11
- Kohler1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 388
- Komosi1986: distribution, 4, 11
- Komosi1987: distribution, host, 96, 100, 101
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 20
- Koszta1959: biological control, distribution, host, 402
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 256-258
- KosztaKo1978: host, illustration, taxonomy, 65, 66, 77
- KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 289-291
- Koteja1974: taxonomy, 296
- Koteja1974a: taxonomy, 248
- Koteja1974b: structure, 76, 152
- Koteja1980: structure, 74, 83
- Koteja1980b: taxonomy, 593
- Koteja1981: distribution, host, 368
- Koteja1983a: distribution, host, 675
- Koteja1988d: taxonomy, 534
- KotejaLiLu1976: structure, taxonomy, 666
- KotejaZa1969: distribution, host, 354
- KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 476
- Kotins1921: chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, 82-83
- Kozar1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 65, 67
- Kozar1981: taxonomy, 512
- Kozar1983a: host, taxonomy, 142
- Kozar1991: taxonomy, 81
- Kozar2009: distribution, taxonomy, 102
- KozarDr1991: distribution, host, 362
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 64
- KozarFr1995: distribution, host, 70
- KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, 154
- KozarHuFo1989: distribution, host, 73
- KozarKaKo2013: description, distribution, host, illustration, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy, 30,31,35, 265-268
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 60
- KozarKo1982: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 204, 210
- KozarKo2002b: distribution, 375
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 56
- KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 71
- KozarOs1987: distribution, host, taxonomy, 92
- KozarPaPa1991: distribution, host, 64
- KozarSaSz2009: distribution, 436
- KozarTzVi1979: distribution, host, taxonomy, 130
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 74
- Kozarz1986: distribution, taxonomy, 307
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 7, 17
- KozarzVl1981: distribution, host, 16, 21, 23
- KozarzVl1982: distribution, host, 189
- Krasuc1922: distribution, host, 55, 56
- Kruger1899: taxonomy, 128
- Kunkel1967: ecology, 47
- Kuwana1902: distribution, host, 52
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 183
- Kuwana1907b: distribution, host, 213
- Kuwana1917a: distribution, 167
- Kuwana1927a: taxonomy, 111-113
- Lagows1998a: ecology, 65
- Lagows2002: distribution, 243
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
- LangfoCo1939: distribution, life history, 39
- Leonar1901a: distribution, host, 416-420
- Leonar1907b: distribution, host, 165
- Leonar1918: distribution, host, 215
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 465-469
- Lichte1882: taxonomy, 404
- Lichte1882b: distribution, host, 250
- Lichte1882f: distribution, host, 329
- Lindbl1938: taxonomy, 18
- Lindin1907b: distribution, taxonomy, 2
- Lindin1907d: distribution, taxonomy, 159
- Lindin1909b: distribution, host, 223
- Lindin1910: taxonomy, 151
- Lindin1911: taxonomy, 358
- Lindin1912b: host, taxonomy, 331
- Lindin1914: taxonomy, 245
- Lindin1921: distribution, host, 433
- Lindin1923: taxonomy, 141, 146, 152
- Lindin1928: distribution, host, taxonomy, 103
- Lindin1930: distribution, host, 102
- Lindin1931: distribution, host, 121
- Lindin1931a: taxonomy, 43, 115
- Lindin1932: taxonomy, 27
- Lindin1933a: taxonomy, 108
- Lindin1934b: taxonomy, 175
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 135
- Lindin1937: taxonomy, 190
- Lindin1938: distribution, taxonomy, 5
- Lindin1943a: taxonomy, 147
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 549
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 368
- Linnae1758: host, taxonomy, 455
- Linnae1767: taxonomy, 740
- Lintne1896: distribution, host, 60
- List1920: distribution, host, life history, 3
- ListHo1924: distribution, host, 28
- ListPa1947: chemical control, 183
- Lobdel1937: taxonomy, 78-79
- Lockwo1934: distribution, 210
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 121
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 148
- Lord1922: host, 48
- Low1883: distribution, host, taxonomy, 6-7
- Lozovo1948: taxonomy, 254
- Luck1981: biological control, distribution, host, 149
- Lyle1947: distribution, 4
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, 145
- Mackie1930: chemical control, distribution, host, illustration, 548-549
- Mackie1930a: taxonomy, 848
- Mackie1933: chemical control, 463
- Mackie1934: taxonomy, 403
- Mackie1935: chemical control, 410
- Mackie1936: chemical control, 467
- Mahdih1926: distribution, host, 4-5
- MalumpOsPy2009: description, distribution, host, 120-127
- Maranh1945: taxonomy, 183
- Marcha1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 257-259
- Martin1985: distribution, host, 93
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
- MawFoHa2000: distribution, 45
- McDani1930: distribution, host, 11
- McDani1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 103, 105
- MichalBaSz2023: symbiont,
- MichenCaBe1957: chemical control, distribution, host, 6
- Middle1931: distribution, 52
- Miller1985b: biological control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 103
- Miller1991b: economic importance, 101
- Miller2005: distribution, 491
- MillerGi2000: biological control, catalog, description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 341-350
- MillerMi1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 72-74
- MillerMi1993a: taxonomy, 247, 249
- MillerMi1993b: taxonomy, 29, 31
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
- Misra1931: physiology, 303
- Misra1931a: physiology, 311
- Misra1931b: physiology, 1373
- Modeer1778: description, taxonomy, 43
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 57
- Moghad2018b: distribution, 519
- MoghadTa2010: distribution, 39
- MooreGl1935: distribution, 82
- MooreSe1936: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 85-86
- Morris1919b: biological control, 259
- NanDeWu2013: phylogenetics, 173-174
- NastChKl1990: distribution, taxonomy, 120
- Neiswa1966: description, distribution, host, illustration, 3
- Newell1921: distribution, host, 56
- NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 226, 227
- Nitsch1895: taxonomy, 1249
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, 10
- NormarOkMo2019: phylogeny, 36
- NoyesHa1994: biological control, 407
- Nur1962: distribution, host, 182
- Nur1967a: chemistry, distribution, life history, 151-163
- Nur1970: taxonomy, 58
- Nur1972: taxonomy, 243
- Nur1980: taxonomy, 105
- Ossian1951: distribution, taxonomy, 4
- OuvrarKo2009: structure, 130
- OuvrarKo2009: host, phylogeny, structure, taxonomy, 102-118
- Panis1981: distribution, host, 6
- Paoli1915: distribution, 241
- Parks1936: chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, 21-22
- Peck1963: biological control, 934
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 59,71
- PellizKo2011: distribution, 66
- Perrie1926: description, distribution, taxonomy, 122
- Pettit1928: chemical control, distribution, 192
- Pierce1917: distribution, 96
- Pierce1930: taxonomy, 30
- Pierre1928: distribution, host, 7
- Pirone1941: chemical control, distribution, 231
- Planch1864: taxonomy, 24
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 355
- Rasina1955: distribution, host, 69
- Rasina1960: host, 10
- Reyne1954b: taxonomy, 235
- Reyne1961: taxonomy, 138
- Richmo1938: distribution, 31
- Riley1894: host, life history, 71
- RileyHo1892a: distribution, host, 51
- RipkaReKo1996: distribution, host, 9
- RossPeSh2010: physiology, 6
- RossemBuBu1974: distribution, host, 12
- RounagDeRa2022: natural enemies,
- RusselSt1991: biological control, host, illustration, 482, 483, 485
- SED1949: distribution, host, 17
- SOC1931: chemical control, description, host, 19-20
- Sadof1992: description, host, life history, 5
- SanaeiLiCo2021: endosymbiont, 2
- Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 28, 38
- Savesc1961: life history, 35
- SchildSc1928: biological control, distribution, 247, 256, 269
- Schmut1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 416
- Schmut1952b: distribution, host, 19
- Schmut1955: host, taxonomy, 159
- Schmut1959: illustration, 42
- Schmut1974: host, taxonomy, 49
- Schmut1980: distribution, host, 50, 53
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 50, 88
- Schrad1929: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 149-179
- Schrea1955: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 14-15
- Schrea1970: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 15-17
- Schude1975: chemical control, illustration, 4, 5
- Schude1979: distribution, host, 1
- SchuhMo1948: chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, 35-36
- Schuma1919a: taxonomy, 305
- Sheaff1930: chemical control, host, 16
- ShenefBe1955: description, host, life history, 98
- ShirazVaMi2013: distribution, host, 1382
- ShullFi1940: chemical control, distribution, host, 22, 72
- Signor1875b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21
- Silves1939: distribution, host, taxonomy, 684-686
- SimonKa2011: distribution, 237
- Sleesm1945: distribution, host, 44, 45
- Smith1942RC: distribution, 217
- SmithDe1950: chemical control, distribution, 13
- SmithFl1949: biological control, 995
- Soraci1937: chemical control, description, illustration, life history, 8, 9
- Spackm1980: chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-2
- Stalaz2014: distribution, list,
- Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 453, 466
- Storka1925: distribution, taxonomy, 71
- Sulliv1930: distribution, 56
- Suomi1990: chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 14
- SwaineHu1926: description, distribution, host, 50-51
- SwanPa1972: distribution, host, 159
- SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 467
- Szklar1998: host, illustration, physiology, 168, 169, 170, 171
- Szulcz1921: distribution, host, 79
- Szulcz1926: distribution, host, taxonomy, 137-138
- Tamaki1969: distribution, host, physiology, 87
- TamakiYuKa1969: physiology, 126-134
- Tang1984b: distribution, host, 125
- TangHa1995: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 501, 502-503
- TangLi1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 75-76
- Targio1868: taxonomy, 727
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 44
- TerGri1954: distribution, host, 61
- TerGri1962: distribution, host, 130, 131, 152, 154
- TerGri1969a: distribution, host, 5, 17, 78
- TerGri1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 877
- Terezn1959b: distribution, 447
- Terezn1959c: taxonomy, 795
- Terezn1959d: taxonomy, 93
- Terezn1963: distribution, host, 186
- Terezn1963a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 47
- Terezn1963b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 153
- Terezn1966: distribution, 25
- Terezn1966a: taxonomy, 543
- Terezn1966b: distribution, host, 680
- Terezn1966c: distribution, host, 963
- Terezn1967a: distribution, 474, 475, 476
- Terezn1967b: behavior, ecology, life history, 561
- Terezn1968b: distribution, host, 49
- Terezn1975: taxonomy, 29
- Terezn1981: taxonomy, 50
- Terezn1982: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 37
- ThaoBaHe2003: taxonomy, 46
- Thomps1962: chemical control, 142
- Thomps1963: chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, 1-7
- Tragar1939: taxonomy, 401
- TranfaMa1988: host, taxonomy, 609
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 68
- Trimbl1925: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 4
- Trimbl1928: distribution, host, 43
- Trimbl1929: chemical control, description, distribution, host, 2
- Trjapi1964: taxonomy, 1459
- Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 207
- Tsalev1972: biological control, 81
- Tschor1939: distribution, host, 89
- Tudor1982: biological control, host, 89
- Twinn1934: distribution, host, 77
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 485
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host,
- Vandel1931: taxonomy, 226
- Viggia1990: biological control, distribution, 281-285
- Viggia1990c: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 139-142
- Viggia1998: biological control, distribution, 39
- ViggiaRo1995: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, 82-84
- Walczu1932: taxonomy, 625
- Wallac1925: chemical control, distribution, 37
- Wallac1931: chemical control, distribution, 50
- WebsteBu1902: distribution, host, 109
- Weiss1915: distribution, host, 165
- Wells1926: distribution, life history, 257
- Welsch1937: distribution, host, 482
- Westco1973: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, 399
- Willia1977aML: distribution, host, 13
- Willia1985h: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 357, 380-382
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 238
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, 24,28,44,46
- Woodha1937: distribution, host, 60
- Wunn1925: distribution, host, 123
- Wunn1925b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 281, 285
- Wunn1925c: distribution, host, 440
- Wunn1926: distribution, host, 43, 48
- Yasnos1978: biological control, 491
- YasnosBo1974: taxonomy, 35
- YeagerKn1933: taxonomy, 592
- Yetter1926: distribution, 11
- YotherAcHa1926: chemical control, 410
- Zahrad1959a: host, taxonomy, 540
- Zahrad1972: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 402-403
- Zahrad1977: taxonomy, 121
- ZahradRo1995: distribution, 205
- ZakOga1958: taxonomy, 144
- ZakOga1961: distribution, host, 359, 361, 370, 383
- ZakOgaKo1964: distribution, host, 420
