Valid Names Results
Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana, 1902) (Pseudococcidae: Pseudococcus)Nomenclatural History
- Dactylopius comstocki Kuwana 1902: 52. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, on mulberry tree. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan; accepted valid name
- Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana, 1902); Fernald 1903b: 100. change of combination
- seudococcus comstocki; Moghaddam 2009: 34. misspelling of genus name Notes: Misspelling of seudococcus for Pseudococcus.
- Pseudococcus cosmtocki (Kuwana, 1902); Germain 2011a: 8. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- Comstock mealybug Bartle1978e
- cocciniglia di Comstock WatsonKoLa2022
- Chinche harinoso WatsonKoLa2022
- Japanese mealybug ReutheCaCa1978
- cochenille de Comstock WatsonKoLa2022
- cochonilha pulverulenta da laranjeira WatsonKoLa2022
- kuwa-kona-kaigaramushi WatsonKoLa2022
- komstok qurti XusanoSoZo2023
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 48 | Genera: 83
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum odoratissimum | Suh2020 | (= Viburnum awabucki)
- Viburnum tinus | PellizDuRa2012
- Amaryllidaceae
- Hippeastrum vittatum | BenDov1994 TangLi1988 | (= Amaryllis vittata)
- Anacardiaceae
- Cotinus | PellizDuRa2012
- Apocynaceae
- Nerium oleander | YerlikBaKa2023
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | Koszta1996
- Ilex cornuta | BenDov1994 Paik1978 Suh2020 | including f. microphylla
- Araceae
- Dieffenbachia seguine | BenDov1994 TangLi1988 | (= Dieffenbachia picta)
- Monstera deliciosa | BenDov1994 TangLi1988
- Araliaceae
- Fatsia japonica | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Hedera helix | PellizDuRa2012
- Hedera rhombea | Suh2020
- Panax ginseng | Suh2020
- Polyscias | Suh2026
- Asteraceae
- Artemisia | BenDov1994 Granar1991a
- Zinnia elegans | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Berberidaceae
- Berberis aquifolium | PellizDuRa2012 | (= Mahonia aquifolium)
- Betulaceae
- Alnus japonica | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Carpinus betulus | PellizDuRa2012
- Bignoniaceae
- Catalpa | Betrem1937 Ferris1950b Koszta1996
- Catalpa bignonioides | PellizDuRa2012 XusanoSoZo2023
- Catalpa speciosa | IsakovNiMa2026
- Radermachera | Suh2026
- Buxaceae
- Buxus microphylla | BenDov1994 TangLi1988
- Cactaceae
- Opuntia stricta | BenDov1994 TangLi1988
- Cannabaceae
- Celtis sinensis | BenDov1994 Paik1978 | (= Celtis willdenowiana)
- Trema | BenDov1994 Betrem1937
- Trema orientalis | BenDov1994 Green1922
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera | BenDov1994 Koszta1996 WilliaGr1992
- Lonicera japonica | Suh2020
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus alatus | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 Paik1978
- Euonymus japonicus | BenDov1994 Paik1978 | (= Masakia japonica)
- Crassulaceae
- Crassula tetragona | BenDov1994 TangLi1988
- Cupressaceae
- Juniperus chinensis | Suh2020
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | PellizDuRa2012
- Ericaceae
- Rhododendron indicum | Suh2020
- Rhododendron mucronulatum | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Rhododendron schlippenbachii | Suh2020
- Fabaceae
- Albizia julibrissin | BatsanKaKi2017
- Erythrina variegata | BenDov1994 TangLi1988 | (= Erythrina indica)
- Glycine | Moghad2013
- Kraunhia | BenDov1994 Betrem1937
- Robinia pseudoacacia | Moghad2013
- Wisteria floribunda | Suh2020
- Fagaceae
- Castanea | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 Ferris1950b ShiLi1991
- Ginkgoaceae
- Ginkgo biloba | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Hydrangeaceae
- Deutzia parviflora | Suh2020
- Hydrangea | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Hypericaceae
- Hypericum calycinum | PellizDuRa2012
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum | BenDov1994 Betrem1937
- Cinnamomum camphora | BenDov1994 Green1922
- Fiwa | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Litsea japonica | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Machilus thunbergii | Suh2020
- Loranthaceae
- Loranthus | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 Green1922
- Lythraceae
- Lagerstroemia indica | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Punica granatum | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Meliaceae
- Aglaia odorata | BenDov1994 TangLi1988
- Moraceae
- Ficus carica | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Morus | Koszta1996 KreiteGe2005 PellizDuRa2012
- Morus alba | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 MeyerdNeWa1981 PellizDuRa2012
- Morus japonica | XusanoSoZo2023
- Morus nigra | PellizDuRa2012
- Musaceae
- Musa | Balach1939 BenDov1994
- Oleaceae
- Forsythia | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Forsythia koreana | Suh2020
- Fraxinus excelsior | GranarGo2018
- Ligustrum japonicum | Suh2020
- Ligustrum lucidum | YerlikBaKa2023
- Ligustrum obtusifolium | BenDov1994 Paik1978 | (= Ligustrum ibota angustifolium)
- Onagraceae
- Gaura mollis | BenDov1994 Paik1978 | (= Deutzia parviflora typica)
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | Beards1966 BenDov1994 Betrem1937
- Paulowniaceae
- Paulownia coreana | Suh2020
- Pinaceae
- Pinus | BenDov1994 Betrem1937
- Pinus thunbergii | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum tobira | PellizDuRa2012
- Platanaceae
- Platanus orientalis | KaydanKo2010a
- Poaceae
- Rhamnaceae
- Rhamnus | BenDov1994 Tang1984b
- Rosaceae
- Chaenomeles sinensis | Suh2020 | (= Cydonia sinensis)
- Cotoneaster horizontalis | PellizDuRa2012
- Cydonia oblonga | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Eriobotrya japonica | YerlikBaKa2023
- Malus | PellizDuRa2012
- Malus asiatica | Suh2020
- Malus pumila | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Malus sylvestris | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Prunus americana | VonEll2025
- Prunus domestica | VonEll2025
- Prunus laurocerasus | PellizDuRa2012
- Prunus mume | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Prunus persica | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 PellizDuRa2012 | (= Persica vulgaris)
- Pseudocydonia sinensis | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Pyracantha coccinea | PellizDuRa2012
- Pyrus | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Pyrus communis | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Pyrus pyrifolia | Suh2020
- Pyrus serotina | BenDov1994 Paik1978 WangZhTi2018 | var. culta (= Pyrus serotina culta)
- Pyrus ussuriensis | Suh2020
- Rubiaceae
- Gardenia jasminoides | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | BenDov1994 Betrem1937 Granar1991a
- Citrus unshiu | Suh2020
- Orixa japonica | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Salicaceae
- Populus | Koszta1996
- Sapindaceae
- Acer | Koszta1996
- Aesculus | Koszta1996
- Nephelium lappaceum | Willia2004a
- Taxaceae
- Taxus | Koszta1996
- Taxus cuspidata | Suh2020
- Torreya nucifera | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Theaceae
- Camellia japonica | BenDov1994 Paik1978
- Vitaceae
- Parthenocissus tricuspidata | Suh2020
- Vitis vinifera | KaydanKo2010a
Foes:
Families: 7 | Genera: 20
- Coccinellidae
- Cryptolaemus montrouzieri | WatsonKoLa2022 BurgioMaCa2025
- Encyrtidae
- Acerophagus angelicus | AcevedRoLo2024 | (=Pseudaphycus angelicus)
- Acerophagus malinus | Kajita1967 KaydanJa2010 Moore1988 MurakaMoKa1967 Suh2019b Trjapi1989 | (=Pseudaphycus malinus)
- Aenasius | Trjapi1989
- Anagyrus diversicornis | Trjapi1989
- Anagyrus fujikona | Trjapi1989
- Anagyrus fusciventris | AcevedRoLo2024
- Anagyrus pseudococci | Trjapi1989
- Anagyrus qadrii | AcevedRoLo2024
- Anagyrus subalbipes | MurakaMoKa1967 Trjapi1989
- Anagyrus vladimiri | BurgioMaCa2025
- Aphycus sapporoensis | Trjapi1989
- Chrysoplatycerus flavicollis | Hall1974 | (= Paraplatycerus citriculus)
- Clausenia purpurea | Moore1988 MurakaMoKa1967 Trjapi1989
- Coccidoxenoides perminutus | FallahJa2017
- Echthroplexiella flava | FallahJa2017
- Leptomastidea abnormis | Trjapi1989
- Leptomastidea bifasciata | Trjapi1989 | (= Leptomastidea rubra)
- Leptomastix epona | AcevedRoLo2024
- Leptomastix flava | Trjapi1989
- Prochiloneurus | MurakaMoKa1967
- Prochiloneurus bolivari | Trjapi1989
- Prochiloneurus nagasakiensis | MurakaMoKa1967 | (= Achrysopophagus nagasakiensis)
- Zarhopalus corvinus | MeyerdNeWa1981
- Eulophidae
- Tetrastichus | MurakaMoKa1967
- Miridae
- Lygocoris | MurakaMoKa1967
- Platygastridae
- Allotropa burrelli | Moore1988 MurakaMoKa1967
- Allotropa convexifrons | MeyerdNeWa1981 Moore1988 MurakaMoKa1967
- Pteromalidae
- Hyperimerus | MurakaMoKa1967
- Metastenus | MurakaMoKa1967
- Ophelosia | MurakaMoKa1967
- Signiphoridae
- Thysanus | MurakaMoKa1967
Associates:
Families: 8 | Genera: 8
- Betaflexiviridae
- Grapevine virus E (GVE) | HerrbaAlPr2017
- Betaproteobacteria
- Candidatus Tremblaya princeps | IinZhSh2019
- Boletinellaceae
- Phlebopus tropicus | FangWaHe2020 FangWaHe2020a
- Caulimoviridae
- Banana streak virus (BSV) | PalmaJBlGu2019
- Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus | PuigWuSu2021
- Closteroviridae
- GLRaV-3 | HerrbaAlPr2017
- Enterobacteraceae
- Candidatus Moranella endobia | NamadaUtRa2025
- Enterobacteriaceae
- Enterobacter | RosenbSaSa2012
- Formicidae
- Lasius niger | WatsonKoLa2022
- Lasius paralienus | BurgioMaCa2025
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 46
- Afghanistan | KozarFoZa1996
- Argentina
- Entre Rios | BenDov1994 Granar1991 WilliaGr1992
- Armenia | BenDov1994 TerGri1966a TerGri1973
- Azerbaijan | BenDov1994 CABI1989
- Brazil
- Minas Gerais | SantaCSiSo2002
- Rio Grande do Sul | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Rio de Janeiro | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Sao Paulo | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Canada
- British Columbia | BenDov1994 CABI1989
- Ontario | BenDov1994 CABI1989
- Canary Islands | MatileOr2001
- Cape Verde | LagowsGoHo2022
- China | BenDov1994 Borchs1960b Tang1992 TangHaTa1992
- Beijing (=Peking) | WatsonKoLa2022
- Fujian (=Fukien) | WatsonKoLa2022
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | WatsonKoLa2022
- Hebei (=Hopei) | WangZhTi2018
- Hunan | BenDov1994 HuHeWa1992
- Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | BenDov1994 TangLi1988
- Shanxi (=Shansi) | Xie1998
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | WatsonKo2022
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | WatsonKoLa2022
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | WatsonKoLa2022
- Colombia | Figuer1952
- Corsica | WatsonKoLa2022
- Croatia | WatsonKoLa2022
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Caroline Islands | Beards1966 BenDov1994 Takaha1941b
- Caroline Islands | WatsonKo2022
- France | GroussFlKr2011 KreiteGe2005
- Georgia (Republic of) | BenDov1994 Hadzib1983 Yasnos2001
- Greece | SzitaFeBe2017
- Hungary | SzitaGeSi2025
- Indonesia
- Java | BenDov1994 Betrem1937
- Iran | KozarFoZa1996 Moghad2009
- Italy | Pelliz2005 PellizDuRa2008
- Japan | BenDov1994 Kuwana1902
- Hokkaido | WatsonKo2022
- Honshu | WatsonKoLa2022
- Kyushu | WatsonKoLa2022
- Shikoku | WatsonKoLa2022
- Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | BenDov1994 Takaha1942b
- Kazakhstan | BenDov1994 Borchs1949
- Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) | BenDov1994 CABI1989
- Madeira Islands | Balach1939 BenDov1994 FrancoRuMa2011
- Malaysia | Willia2004a
- Mexico | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Moldova | BenDov1994 CABI1989
- North Korea | WatsonKoLa2022
- Northern Mariana Islands
- Saipan Island | BenDov1994 Takaha1941b
- Philippines | Suh2026
- Portugal | WatsonKo2022
- Russia
- Krasnodar Kray | BenDov1994 CABI1989
- Primor'ye Kray | BenDov1994 CABI1989
- Sakhalin Oblast | BenDov1994 CABI1989
- Saint Helena | BenDov1994 Matile1976
- South Korea | BenDov1994 KwonHaCh2005 Paik1978
- Sri Lanka | WatsonKoLa2022
- Syria | WatsonKoLa2022
- Taiwan | WatsonKoLa2022
- Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) | BenDov1994 Borchs1949
- Thailand | WatsonKoLa2022
- Turkey | KaydanKo2010a
- Turkmenistan | Lashin1956
- Ukraine | WatsonKoLa2022
- United States
- Alabama | WatsonKoLa2022
- California | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Connecticut | BenDov1994 Koszta1996 McKenz1967
- Delaware | BenDov1994 Koszta1996 McKenz1967
- District of Columbia | Koszta1996
- Georgia | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Illinois | Koszta1996
- Indiana | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Louisiana | BenDov1994 CABI1989
- Maryland | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b Koszta1996
- Massachusetts | Koszta1996
- Michigan | Koszta1996
- Missouri | WatsonKoLa2022
- New Hampshire | Koszta1996
- New Jersey | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b Koszta1996
- New York | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b Koszta1996
- Ohio | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b Koszta1996
- Pennsylvania | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b Koszta1996
- South Carolina | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Texas | WatsonKo2022
- Virginia | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- West Virginia | BenDov1994 Koszta1996 McKenz1967
- Uzbekistan | BenDov1994 Borchs1949
- Vietnam | BenDov1994 DanzigKo1990
Keys
- ZarkanWaKa2024: pp.596 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus in Southeast and southern Asia]
- MoghadWa2022: pp.115 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species in Iran]
- Hodgso2020: pp.32-34 ( Adult (M) ) [higher groups of Pseudococcidae]
- Suh2019a: pp.2-6 ( Adult (F) ) [mealybugs intercepted in S. Korea]
- GranarGo2018: pp.10-14 ( Adult (F) ) [Central & South American Pseudococcus]
- VonEllWa2016: pp.74-76 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species present in the New World]
- DanzigGa2015: pp.289 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species found in Europe]
- Moghad2013: pp.71 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudococcus Westwood in Iran]
- WangWu2010: pp.245 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Pseudococcus from China (in Chinese)]
- Willia2004a: pp.668-669 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]
- KwonDaPa2003a: pp.408-409 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species of South Korea]
- KwonDaPa2003a: pp.408-409 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species of South Korea]
- KwonDaPa2003a: pp.408-409 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcus species of South Korea]
- KwonLeHa2002: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Korea]
- KwonLeHa2002: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Korea]
- KwonLeHa2002: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Korea]
- Koszta1996: pp.179 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North USA]
- Tang1992: pp.236 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- WilliaGr1992: pp.426 ( Adult (F) ) [Central and South America]
- TerGri1973: pp.40 ( Adult (F) ) [Armenia]
- McKenz1967: pp.289 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A., California]
- Beards1966: pp.436 ( Adult (F) ) [Federated States of Micronesia]
- McKenz1964: pp.256 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- McKenz1962: pp.655 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- McKenz1960: pp.725 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Ferris1953a: pp.418 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Borchs1949: pp.93 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
- Borchs1947b: pp.2110 ( Adult (F) ) [P. comstocki group of species]
Remarks
- Systematics: Several other species have frequently been misidentified as P. comstocki; see discussion on these erroneous records in Wilkey & McKenzie (1961). Takahashi (1941b) recorded P.comstocki from Micronesia on Citrus sp. and Pandanus sp., but this record has not been confirmed subsequently (Beardsley, 1966). Records from Western Samoa by Dale (1959) and Laing (1927) are based on misidentifications of Planococcus minor and Pseudococcus cryptus respectively (Williams & Watson, 1988a).Sri Lanka was included in the distribution in Green, 1922, however, this record was bosed on misidentificaations because P. comstocki, by his concept currently includes more than 10 species.(Williams, 2004a)
- Structure: Colour photograph by Johnson & Lyon (1988) and by Pellizzari (2005). Body of adult female 1.5‒4.0 mm long, pink to reddish brown but coated in mealy white wax; sometimes with 2 longitudinal stripes of thinner wax cover; with 17 pairs of wax filaments on margins, the posteriormost pair up to 0.6x body length. When disturbed, the ostiolar fluid released is colourless. At maturity an ovisac is produced, containing yellow eggs. Slide-mounted adult female oval to broadly oval. Anal lobes moderately developed. Antennae usually each with 8 segments. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2022) Female sex pheromone was independently isolated and identified, as (R)-3-acetoxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene (C11H18O2), by Bierl-Leonhardt et al. (1980, 1982) and by Negishi et al. (1980).
- Biology: Occurring on the aerial parts of the host plant. Glass (1944) described the stylet penetration and feeding habits. Natural enemies discussed by Clausen (1978) and by Moore (1988). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989). CMB crawlers colonize the leaf lower surface, mainly localized near the main veins. Female nymphs feed and moult on leaves, whereas 2nd instar male nymphs mostly move from leaves searching for hiding places where they secrete a cocoon and complete their development. Adult males have a very short life span and thus they are rarely encountered in the field. CMB 3rd instar nymphs and mostly adult females demonstrate a clear tendency to move towards branches and trunk searching for sheltered places to lay eggs. Females often congregate on pruning scars and nodes of branches, into crevices, under the bark where they produce a white waxy egg-sac. When high infestations take place, masses of white egg-sacs are clearly visible on trunks and old branches. Moreover, adult females may fall from leaves to ground, and this behaviour allows their passive dispersal. Many egg-sacs have been detected on dried leaves fallen on the ground. On young trees or shrubs with smooth bark, females move to the ground. Searching for sheltered places the females infest fruits, localizing in the stem end of peaches and in the calyx cavity on apples. The tendency to move from leaves to trunks, branches, fruits or other protected places increases in the 2nd and 3rd generation adult females with respect to the 1st generation adult females. (Pellizzari, et al., 2012) P. comstocki is only found in citrus grown in mid-elevations in Indonesia (Zarkani, et al., 2023)
- Economic Importance: A serious pest of apple, pear, peach and umbrella catalpa in the Eastern states of U.S.A. (Bartlett, 1978; McKenzie, 1967). A common pest on mulberry, apple and pears in Japan (Murakami et al., 1967).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Kuwana (1917), Green (1922), Ferris (1950b), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tang (1992), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kwon et al. (2002) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult male by Beardsley (1962).
Illustrations
Citations
- AcevedLoGo2025: distribution, host, 141
- AcevedRoLo2024: biological control, economic importance, 1-2
- AhnKiKi2020: distribution, host, 9
- Aldric1996: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, physiology, 205-206
- AlmeidDaBe2013: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, 3
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 356
- Arai1997: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 263-266
- AtasKa2014: host, life history, life cycle,
- BaecksLi1990: chemical ecology, chemistry, 1481-1485
- Baird1958: biological control, distribution, host, 483-485
- Balach1939: distribution, host, 260
- Bartle1974: biological control, 553-556
- Bartle1978e: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 157-160
- BartleCl1972: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1329-1332
- BashkiAr1971: biological control, 29-30
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 265
- Beards1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 92-94
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 439
- BeglyaSm1977: biological control, economic importance, 283-328
- BeltraGaSo2013: distribution, economic importance, 1486
- BenDov1994: catalog, 384-385
- Betrem1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 38-40
- BichinYa1985: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 1-96
- BichnaVa1985: chemical control, economic importance, 31
- BierlLMoSc1980: chemistry, 399-402, 688-689
- BierlLMoSc1982: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, 689-699
- Borchs1937a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 160
- Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 107-112
- Borchs1960b: distribution, host, 214
- Boyce1947: biological control, distribution, host, 68-70
- BrahmaKoGu2018: endosymbiont,
- BurgioMaCa2025: ant association, biological control, ecology, natural enemies,
- BurgioMaMo2025: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, natural enemies, survey,
- CABI1975a: distribution, 1-2
- CABI1989: distribution,
- CaballPaKa2021: distribution, 10
- Calkin1983: distribution, economic importance, 321
- ChoKwYu2018: biological control, reproduction,
- ChoSiSo2014: biological control, life history, 209-215
- ChoiLe2022: endosymbiont, phylogeny, 352,359
- Chou1947a: chemical control, 38
- Clancy1944b: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 159-163
- Clause1951: biological control, 1-8
- Clause1958: biological control, economic importance, 291-310
- Clause1978: biological control,
- Comper1939: biological control, 57-73
- CongdoMo1959: distribution, economic importance, host, 481-487
- Cox1940: biological control, distribution, host, 445-447
- Cutrig1951: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 123-124
- DahlstHa1999: biological control, 919-933
- Danzig1980b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 156-158
- DanzigGa2015: diagnosis, distribution, illustration, key, taxonomy, 293-295
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 41
- DanzigKo1991: distribution, 1-15
- DeveliMuKa2018: distribution, host, taxonomy, 12
- DittmeDiZh1993: chemical ecology, chemistry, 718-731
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 119
- DriggeHa1943: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 222-226
- Dunkel1999: chemical ecology, chemistry, 251-276
- EPPO2024a: control,
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 111
- ErensoBlGo2023: phylogeny, 4
- ErvinMoMe1983: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 605-609
- Evans1975: taxonomy, xvii
- EvansAb2023: distribution, 27
- EzzatNa1987: distribution, 89
- FallahJa2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 5, 10, 12, 35
- FangWaHe2020: biology, 2
- FargerMo1974: biological control, chemistry, life history, 26-28
- Fernal1903b: taxonomy, 100
- Ferris1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 177-179
- Figuer1952: distribution, host, 205, 206
- FoldiGe2018: SEM, distribution, list, 13
- FrancoCoLu2021: reproduction, 254
- FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- Fullaw1946: distribution, host, taxonomy, 157
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- Glass1944: life history, 3-16
- Granar1979: biological control, description, taxonomy, 155-156
- GranarGo2018: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, taxonomy, 4-14, 21
- Greath1986: biological control, 289-318
- Green1922: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 386-387
- GroussFlKr2011: description, distribution, economic importance, illustration, molecular data,
- GuerriPe2009: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 179-182
- Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 64-66
- HaeussCl1944: biological control, 503-509
- HakkonPi1984: biological control, 1109-1121
- HalimaGeMd2014: distribution, economic importance, 1
- Hall1974: biological control, distribution, host, 19-20
- Heidar2001: ecology, life history, 297-302
- HerrbaAlPr2017: Grapevine leafroll disease transmission, 487
- Hodgso2020: key, 33
- HosseiHa2011: molecular data, 46
- HoughClPo1945: biological control, chemical control, 422-425
- HuHeWa1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 179
- HuangZhSo2005: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 32-34
- Huber1981: biological control, chemical control, 357-394
- IinZhSh2019: endosymbionts,
- IsakovNiMa2026: DNA, distribution, ecology, host, illustration, life cycle, molecular biology, morphology, phenology, phylogeny,
- IsaqovZoHu2024: behavior, diagnosis, distribution, history, host, 27, 31
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 30
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 67
- JeonKiCh2003: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 43-51
- Kajita1967: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 23-29
- Kajita1967a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 29-32
- KangPa1990: chemistry, 627-629
- Kawai1972: distribution, host, 9
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 101-102
- KaydanCaUl2013: distribution, 169
- KaydanEr2025: distribution, 1
- KaydanErUl2012: distribution, 68
- KaydanJa2010: natural enemies, 468
- KaydanKo2010a: distribution, host, 37
- KhusanSoSh2018: biological importance, distribution, host, 53
- Kim2000: chemical control, distribution, host, 281-286
- KlechkLe2003: distribution, host, 31-33
- Kobakh1965: biological control, 323-330
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 25
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 179-182
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, host, 64
- KreiteGe2005: distribution, host, 132
- Kuwana1902: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 52-54
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 183
- Kuwana1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
- KwonDaPa2003a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 409
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 52-60
- KwonLeHa2002: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 145-147,152
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, 12
- Lashin1956: distribution, 27-28
- LegnerBe1999: biological control, 87-101
- LiLiWu2004: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 44,51
- Liu2004: chemical control, distribution, host, 43-44
- Lloyd1958: biological control, 450-468
- Luppov1950: distribution, host, 27-30
- Luppov1952: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 25-29
- MaZhZh2019: irradiation,
- MalausDeFl2016: DNA, biological control,
- MalausFeWa2011: distribution, molecular data, phylogeny, 142-155
- ManiJoKa2013: molecular data, 244
- MardinSaMi2025: economic importance, 201
- Martir1974: biological control, distribution, host, 1-43
- Matile1976: distribution, host, 299
- MatileOr2001: distribution, host, 196
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
- McCullBhPi1991: chemical ecology, chemistry, 9727-9736
- McKenz1967: distribution, host, 526
- McLeod1962: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-33
- MeyerdNe1979: chemistry, ecology, life history, 492-494
- MeyerdNe1979a: biological control, distribution, host, 70-73
- MeyerdNeWa1981: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 79-84
- Miller1924: biological control, distribution, host, 163-165
- Moghad2009: distribution, host, taxonomy, 27,34
- Moghad2013: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 6, 71-72, 100
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 72
- MoghadWa2022: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, 11, 115-116, 148
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 156
- Moore1988: biological control, 212-213
- Morimo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 72-89
- Muraka1966: biological control, 139-163
- Muraka1975: biological control, life history, 15-25
- MurakaMoKa1967: biological control, 85-96
- MurthyChRa2024a: DNA, 341
- Myarts1984a: biological control, 1-56
- Myers1922: 198
- NAS1975: control,
- NamadaUtRa2025: endosymbiont, 11
- NegishUcTa1980: chemistry, 328-333
- NegishUcTa1980: chemical ecology, chemistry, life history, 328-333
- NikitePo1981: distribution, host, 44
- NingruYuAb2025: phylogeny, virus, 52
- OzodbeKhKo2024: molecular biology, phylogenetics, 3
- PachecBeBl2014: molecular data, 5,6
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
- Painte1951: control, economic importance,
- PalmaJBlGu2019: distribution,
- ParkLeHa2010: distribution, economic importance, host, molecular data,
- ParrilPrCa2021: ant association, biological control,
- Pelliz2005: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 20-25
- PellizDuRa2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 158
- PellizDuRa2012: chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, 209-215
- Philli1961: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 268-270
- PuigWuSu2021: virus transmission,
- RenAsHu2017: DNA, phylogeny, 5, 6
- RicciaZeMi2021: biological control, natural enemies,
- RisWaRu2010: molecular data, taxonomy, 39-43
- RohimaRaSa2024: molecular biology, phylogeny, 302-303
- RomancBe1981: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-41
- RosenbSaSa2012: ecology, molecular data, physiology, 2357-2368
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- RusinBoZa2015: mechanical control, 306
- SahitoAbKa2011: behavior, importance, 2269
- SantaCSiSo2002: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 39-43
- SchneiPo2026: distribution, economic importance, list, 28
- Schoen1940: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 155-160
- SemyanSt1983: distribution, host, 160-162
- ShiLi1991: distribution, host, 161
- Siraiw1935: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 64-65,68, 72
- SkatteSt1989: chemistry, 93-96
- SmetniKo1983: biological control, chemistry, 882
- SmetniRo1988: biological control, chemistry, distribution, host, 42-43
- SobiroKaZa2025: distribution, molecular biology, phylogeny, 525-526
- SorokiKu1988: chemistry, 747-748
- Suh2019a: key, 3
- Suh2019b: natural enemies, 2
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 2-7, 9-17, 19-22
- Suh2026: dispersal, distribution, economic control, host, list, 10
- Sweetm1958: biological control, economic importance, 449-458
- SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 473
- SzitaGeSi2025: climate change, dispersal, distribution, host, importance, record,
- TabataIcMo2017: chemistry, reproduction, 8
- Takaha1941b: distribution, host, 214
- Takaha1942b: distribution, host, 10
- TakanoTsSa2004: chemical control, 25-32
- Tang1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 242-243, 747
- Tang2001: distribution, 3
- TangHaTa1992: distribution, host, 4
- TangLi1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34-38
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 25
- TerGri1966a: distribution, host, 372
- TerGri1973: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 50-53
- Trembl1999: economic importance, 19-28
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 122, 123, 127, 132,
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 487
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S126
- UneliuElTw2011: molecular data, 170
- Valent1967: biological control, 1100
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, 59
- VillaSaRo2011: control,
- VonEll2025: distribution, host, 33
- VonEllWa2016: key, 76
- Wang1981TC: distribution, host, 284
- WangZhTi2018: distribution, genebank, host, 2
- WatsonKoLa2022: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, 194-196
- WeiZhCa2015: DNA, DNA sequencing, 926
- Whitne1923: distribution, 90-95
- Willia2004a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 680-682
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 246
- Willia2017b: list of species, taxonomy, 599
- WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 163
- WilliaGr1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 435-437
- WilliaMa2012: distribution, host, 90
- Woodsi1936: distribution, economic importance, host, 544-546
- WuLuNa2012: distribution, economic importance, 27
- Xie1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 75-77
- XieXuLi1995: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 115-118
- XieXuZh2004a: chemistry, 512-518
- XusanoSoZo2023: biological importance, distribution, ecology, host, 70
- Yasnos2001: biological control, distribution, host, 435-440
- YerlikBaKa2023: distribution, host, illustration, list, 13, 14
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 185
- ZarkanFeDj2023: distribution, host, key,
- ZarkanWaKa2024: distribution, key, 591, 597
- ZhouTaXi2001: biological control, chemistry, distribution, host, life history, 65-70
