Valid Names Results

Dactylopius coccus Costa, 1829 (Dactylopiidae: Dactylopius)

Nomenclatural History

Dactylopius cacti Linnaeus 1758: 1111. unavailable name that is placed Notes: Regarded as Nomen oblitum by De Lotto (1974a).
Coccus carti (Linnaeus, 1758); Modeer 1778: 44. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Misspelling for Coccus cacti. See Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 14). Illustr.
Coccus sativa Lancry 1791: 486. Type data: SOUTH AMERICA: on Cactaceae. Syntypes, female, unavailable name that is placed (discovered by DeLott1974a, 179). Notes: Regarded as Nomen oblitum by De Lotto (1974a).
Coccus mexicanus Lamarck 1801: 299. unavailable name that is placed (discovered by DeLott1974a, 179). Notes: Regarded as Nomen oblitum by De Lotto (1974a).
Dactylopius coccus Costa 1829: 16. Type data: ITALY: on Opuntia "Fico d'India". Unknown type status, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: Type material probably lost (G. Pellizzari in personal information to Yair Ben-Dov). This binomen has been placed on the Official List of Species Names in Zoology. (Name Number 2851) (see ICZN, 1983). Illustr.
Coccus cacti; Signoret 1875c: 347. subsequent use Notes: Signoret named this binomen Coccus cacti des auteurs. Illustr.
Coccus cacti domestica Meunier 1884: 19. junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1935, 133). Illustr.
Pseudococcus signoreti Cockerell 1900g: 992. junior synonym (discovered by DeLott1974a, 174). Notes: Replacement name for Coccus cacti des auteurs, of Signoret 1875c
Dactylopius mexicanus (Lamarck, 1801); Lindinger 1943c: 249. change of combination Notes: Regarded as Nomen oblitum by De Lotto (1974a).
Dactylopius sativus (Lancry, 1791); Lindinger 1943c: 249. change of combination Notes: Regarded as Nomen oblitum by De Lotto (1974a).

Common Names

cochineal Dekle1965c
cochineal insect McKenz1956
cochineal scale Miller1925
cochinilla cultivada Borchs1966
cochinilla del carmin Mosque1976
cochinilla fina AnantaSuMu1957
grana cochinilla Cocker1897g
grana cultivada McKenz1956
grana fina Essig1928
Cocciniglia del carminio PachecSuCl2022
Echte Kochenilleschildlaus PachecSuCl2022

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 1 | Genera: 2

Cactaceae

Nopalea cochenillifera | PortilAr1994
Opuntia cochenillifera | PachecSuCl2022
Opuntia ficus-indica | DeHaroCl1999 MacGreSa1984 MahmooMo1986 PortilAr1994 Archan1931 PortilAr1994 | (= Opuntia amyclaea) (= Opuntia crassa)
Opuntia fuliginosa | ChavezTeCa2011
Opuntia humifusa | DeLott1959a Mamet1950 | (= Opuntia vulgaris)
Opuntia hyptiacantha | MacGreSa1984
Opuntia jaliscana | PachecSuCl2022
Opuntia megacantha | PachecSuCl2022
Opuntia pilifera | PortilAr1994
Opuntia streptacantha | PortilAr1994 | (= Opuntia incarnadilla)
Opuntia tomentosa | PortilAr1994 Archan1931 PerezGKo1992 PortilAr1994 | (= Opuntia sarca)
Opuntia undulata | PachecSuCl2022
Opuntia velutina | PortilAr1994 | (= Opuntia atropes)

Foes:

Families: 5 | Genera: 10

Chamaemyiidae

Leucopina bellula | Kuwana1907 Portil2005

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus | PortilVi1998
Exochomus flavipes | RussoMa1996
Hyperaspis fimbriolata | Portil2005
Hyperaspis trifurcata | Kalia1995a Portil2005
Nephus intrusus | Portil2005 | (= Scymnus intrusus)
Scymnus horni | Portil2005

Cybocephalidae

Cybocephalus nigritulus | Portil2005

Hemerobiidae

Sympherobius amiculus | Portil2005

Pyralidae

Laetilia coccidivora | PortilVi1998
Zophodia analamprella | Portil2005 | (= Salambona analamprella)

Associates:

Families: 14 | Genera: 15

Incertae sedis

Periconia | GonzalHeBu2024

Anaplasmataceae

Wolbachia | GonzalHeBu2024

Apiosporaceae

Arthrinium gutiae | GonzalHeBu2024

Aspergillaceae

Aspergillus hiratsukae | GonzalHeBu2024
Penicillium | GonzalHeBu2024
Penicillium brevicompactum | GonzalHeBu2024
Penicillium olsonii | GonzalHeBu2024

Coniochaetaceae

Coniochaeta | GonzalHeBu2024

Cryptococcaceae

Cryptococcus | GonzalHeBu2024

Davidiellaceae

Cladosporium cladosporioides | GonzalHeBu2024
Cladosporium sphaerospermum | GonzalHeBu2024
Cladosporium tenuissimum | GonzalHeBu2024

Irpicaceae

Irpex | GonzalHeBu2024

Microascaceae

Microascus verrucosus | GonzalHeBu2024

Phanerochaetaceae

Phanerochaete | GonzalHeBu2024

Rhodocyclaceae

Candidatus Dactylopiibacterium carminicum | GonzalHeBu2024

Spiroplasmataceae

Spiroplasma | GonzalHeBu2024

Sporidiobolaceae

Rhodotorula | GonzalHeBu2024

Stereaceae

Stereum | GonzalHeBu2024

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 20

Argentina

La Rioja | DeHaroCl1999 Richar1976

Azores | Newste1913 PerezGKo1992

Canary Islands | BenDov2013 CouturMaRi1985 Lindin1909c Lindin1911a Miller1996 PerezGKo1992

Chile

Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020

Cyprus | Anonym2016 UlgentHo2019

Ecuador | CouturMaRi1985 PerezGKo1992

Egypt | CouturMaRi1985 PerezGKo1992

Ethiopia | DeLott1959

Greece | PachecSuCl2022

India | Varshn1992

Madagascar | Mamet1943a Mamet1950 Richar1971

Madeira Islands | CouturMaRi1985 PerezGKo1992

Mexico | CouturMaRi1985 PortilAr1994

Hidalgo | LePell1968 MacGreSa1984
Jalisco | BenDov1994 ChavezTeCa2011 McKenz1967
Mexico State | BenDov1994 ChavezTeCa2011 WilliaGr1992
Oaxaca | MacGreSa1984 Miller1996 Newste1917a PerezGKo1992
Puebla | CouturMaRi1985 MacGreSa1984
Veracruz | BenDov1994 ChavezTeCa2011 Ferris1950b McKenz1967

Morocco | CouturMaRi1985 PerezGKo1992

Pakistan | Varshn1992

Peru | DeLott1974a Miller1996 PerezGKo1992 PortilAr1994 Vayssi1936

South Africa | Campbe1983 DeLott1974a PerezGKo1992

Syria | Anonym2016

Turkey | Campbe1983 KaydanUlEr2007

Venezuela | CouturMaRi1985 PerezGKo1992

Keys

Ferris1955a: pp.86 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]

Remarks

Systematics: For about 150 years this species was referred to, in scale insect taxonomy, as Coccus cacti Linnaeus, 1758. Cockerell (1899j) demonstrated that the latter species is actually a margarodid. The current status of this species is Protortonia cacti (Linnaeus, 1758) [Margarodidae: Monophlebinae]; see also Ben-Dov (2005). Cockerell selected as a substitute for Coccus cacti the name Dactylopius coccus O. Costa, 1829. Lindinger (1943c) disclosed that Dactylopius coccus O. Costa, was actually a junior synonym of Coccus sativus Lancry, 1791 and Coccus mexicanus Lamarck, 1801. De Lotto (1974a) discussed Lindinger's findings, but remarked that, considering the wide acceptance of Costa's name, Lindinger's (1943c) changes were undesirable. De Lotto (1974a) noted that in order to stabilize Dactylopius coccus, the matter should be referred to the ICZN so that Coccus sativus Lancry, 1791 and Coccus mexicanus Lamarck, 1801, be placed on the Official List of Rejected Names, as nomina oblita. However, no such application has been made. Dactylopius coccus O. Costa, 1829 is accepted in this catalogue, as the currently accepted name of the cochineal insect, while Coccus sativus Lancry, 1791 and Coccus mexicanus Lamarck, 1801, are regarded as nomina oblita that are synonymous with Dactylopius coccus. Dactylopius coccus O. Costa, 1829, has been placed on the Official List of Species Names in Zoology. (Name Number 2851) (see ICZN, 1983).
Structure: Its pulverulent white cover and a size larger than the rest of the species of the genus distinguish D. coccus. (Chavez, et al., 2011) Colour photograph of adult female by Foldi (2003b).
Economic Importance: This scale insect was first observed at the XVI century in Mexico by the Spaniards who subsequently introduced it to other Spanish territories as well as to Spain. The body of the adult female of this scale insect is the source of the red carmine dye. It was, and still cultivated for that purpose in Central and South America as well as in the Canary Islands (Donkin, 1977). The insect was, and still is bred for that purpose in Central and South America as well as in the Canary Islands (Donkin, 1977). Portillo & Arreola (1994) recorded a form of Nopalea cochenillifera from Peru resistant to the cochineal. Goeden (1978) discussed the use of this species in biological control of Opuntia spp. Cochineal extract was listed as one of the food ingredients capable of eliciting allergic sensitization, although it would rarely be classified as allergic (Taylor & Hefle, 2001). It is also an introduced pest in Brazil and the Mediterranean basin. It was never reported as a damaging pest of prickly pear until it arrived in Ethiopia, where it is a severe pest
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female given by Ferris (1955a), De Lotto (1974a) (while referring to the illustration by Ferris, 1955a) and by Perez Guerra & Kosztarab (1992). Description and illustration of first-instar, second-instar female, second-instar male, prepupa, pupa and adult male by Perez Guerra & Kosztarab (1992). Portillo (1995) distinguished between the fine cochineal species Dactylopius coccus and a group of wild cochineal species comprising D. austrinus, D. ceylonicus, D. confertus, D. confusus, D. opuntiae, D. salmianus, D. tomentosus and D. zimmermani.

Illustrations

Ferris1955a

Citations

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AbrahaEd1964: chemistry, 19-25
AckachPoJa2003: chemistry, 1029-1034
AdwanAbOm2024: phylogenetics, 6, 9
AguirrGu1999: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-389
AldamaLl2003: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 11-19
AlleviAnBi1998: chemistry, distribution, host, 575-582
AlleviAnCi1987: chemistry, 5469-5472
AlvarePoVi1996: economic importance, life history, 19-31
Anonym2016: distribution, host,
AquinoBa2002: chromosome, structure, 6-10
AquinoGaCo1994: chromosome, structure, 7-23
Arndt1940: chemistry, economic importance,
BabithSaPa2003: chemistry, 258-266
BalakiVaKa2006: chemistry, 54-60
BaranoZySz2004: chemistry, 54-57
Barany1978: chemistry, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 85-92
BarberCaIn1972: distribution, economic importance, host, 10-20
BarberInPi1995: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-216
BarcenAq1997: host, life history, 21
BarretRoLo2020: natural enemies,
BenDov2005a: catalog, taxonomy, 263
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Bohmer2000: chemistry, economic importance, 57-60
BorgesTeDi2012: chemistry,
Brana1966: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 77-91
Bustam2002: economic importance, 21-23
BustamVeRo2024: bacteria, genome, symbiont,
CalvoSa2000: chemistry, 439-443
CampanRoTu2015: DNA, dispersal, ecology, evolution, phylogenetics,
CamposLl1999: economic importance, life history,
CamposLl2003: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 143-155
Cardon1999: chemistry, economic importance, 18-29
Cardon1999a: chemistry, economic importance, 50-55
Cardon2007: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 607-666
Castil1993: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 1-94
ChavezTeCa2011: distribution, host, 62, 64-65
ChavezTeFr2010: chemistry, 671-679
ChenLiBe2004: life history, 301-303
ClapsDe2001: distribution, host, 80
Cocker1899j: taxonomy, 259-275
Cocker1900g: taxonomy, 991, 992
Cocker1902k: taxonomy, 454
Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 346
ConstaStSa2002: chemistry, 203-220
CoronaToNu2015: ecology, economic importance,
Costa1835: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 16, 17
CruzDiCrDo1994: distribution, host, life history, 125-130
CruzHeGaRo2003: chemistry, 37-45
CuevaIzCr2001: chemistry, economic importance, 144
Dalrym1984: chemistry, economic importance, 3-7
DeHaroCl1995: taxonomy, 16-17
DeHaroCl1999: distribution, 128
DeLott1959: distribution, taxonomy, 151
DeLott1974a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 179-180
DeNobr1848: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 342-348
Decary1930: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, 101-117
DiazSoSoNu1999: economic importance, host, life history, 110-111
Dodd1927: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-44
DomingJiGa2023: chemical,
Donkin1977: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 1-84
DragoMaSa2002: chemistry, 1969-1974
Eastwo1984: chemistry, economic importance, 9-19
Edelst1963: chemistry, 15-17
FAO2001: chemistry, economic importance, 1-107
FerreiFeSa2003: distribution, host, life history, 1560-1568
FerrerMaAn2005: chemistry, 243-250
Ferris1955a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 86-87
Flores1995: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 35-41
Flores2002: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 16-20
Foldi2003b: taxonomy, 28
FordGoGr1987: chemistry, 897-902
Franci2002: chemistry, 173-206
FranciMa2002: chemistry, 297-330
FranciWa2002: chemistry, economic importance, 173-206
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 7, 23
GarzaZVa1999: economic importance, host, life history, 112
Gavril2018: reproduction, 228
GavrilKu2019: economic importance, 204
Goeden1978: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 362-363
GoldenBuSt2000: distribution, host, life history,
GonzalHeBu2024: endosymbiont, histology,
GonzalMeCa2002: chemistry, economic importance, 6968-6974
GovelaPeVi2021: economic,
Gram1984: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-299
GrantGaCa1987: chemistry, 913-917
Green1912a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 82-84
Greenf2004: economic importance, history, 1-338
Halpin1996: chemistry, 76
Harris2001: biological control, distribution, host,
Harris2002: biological control, 74-76
Haude1998: chemistry, 240-270
HeShDe2003: distribution, host, life history, 604-609
Hernan1999: economic importance, 105-118
HernanDeRo2003: chemistry, 37-45
Herrer1983: distribution, economic importance, host, 26-30
Hodgso2020: description, diagnosis, illustration, taxonomy, 68-70
Hordes1980: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-237
HurdShTo2019: history, 553
ICZN1983: taxonomy, 77-80
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 24
KarapaCh2006: chemistry, 74-84
KarapaDaTs2005: chemistry, 739-749
KatoHaTs2004: chemistry, 241-251
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 93
KebedeBiAy2023: control, host,
KingDu1998: chemistry, 847-853
KlugeZiCi1986: biological control, 295-303
KondoGu2022: economic importance, 1
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 13
Koszta1987: economic importance, 218
KozarDr1998f: catalog, 170
KozielSa2001: distribution, 1-5
KreiteMaDi1998a: economic importance, life history, 201-206
LaGrCo1963: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-327
Lamarc1801: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 288
LambdiAqGr2002: chemistry, 11-15
Lancry1791: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 486
LeesonAl1999: chemistry,
Legget1944: chemistry, economic importance, 1-95
LeonDoBu2021: endosymbionts,
Lillie1979: chemistry, economic importance, 57-61
Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 450
Lindin1911a: distribution, host, 7
Lindin1943a: taxonomy, 457
Lindin1943c: taxonomy, 249-250
Linnae1758: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 457
LizasoMoGa2000: chemistry, 549-552
LlandeCa1999: economic importance, host, 61-68
LlandeNi1999a: distribution, economic importance, host,
LlandeNi1999a: distribution, host, life history, 23-29
MacGreSa1984: distribution, host, taxonomy, 218-219
Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 145
Mamet1950: distribution, host, 19
Mann1969: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 139-150
MarinLCi1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 115-120
MarinLCi1983: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 81-83
Martog1992: chemistry, 1-226
Massch1967: chemistry, 1080-1085
MatallCaMi2002: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, 22-25
MazaBaNiLl1999: chemistry, life history,
McClel2004: distribution, host, 69-74
Mendez1999: distribution, host, life history, 69-78
MendezGa1999: economic importance, host, life history, 31-59
MendezGoLo2004: chemistry, 1331-1337
MendezPaTi2003: economic importance, 165-171
MendezVeBr1995: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 42-47
MiddleDeDi2024: behavior, chemical ecology, 11
Miller1996: catalog, distribution, 69
MohammGh2008: distribution, 150
MojicaSaGa2022: chemistry,
MoraBl1999: distribution, economic importance, host, 137
MoranNeHo1986: biological control, 261-268
NanDeWu2013: phylogenetics, 173
Nobel1995: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 77-83
PachecSuCl2022: biology, control, description of male, diagnosis, disease transmission, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 390-391
Pelham1963: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 635-639
PerezG1991: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 1-181
PerezGKo1992: chemistry, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 15-49
PerezS1999: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-22
PerezS1999a: economic importance, 119-136
Pimien1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 87-95
PimienNeMu1995: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 1-308
PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 27
Portil1992: distribution, economic importance, host, 50-55
Portil1993: economic importance, life history, 25-34
PortilAr1994: distribution, host, 90-95
PortilFl1991: distribution, economic importance, host, 77-87
PortilVi1998: biological control, 43-49
PortilVi1998a: economic importance, host, 1-6
PortilVi1998b: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-21
PortilVi2002: distribution, economic importance, host, 249-251
PortilVi2006: biological control, dispersal, distribution, host, 249-255
PortilViTr1994: chemistry, economic importance, 38-42
PowellHo1979: distribution, host, taxonomy,
PuchalOrAc2003: chemistry, 1252-1258
PulzWoCa2008: taxonomy, 72
Ramire2014: life cycle, morphology, reproduction,
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RamireLlRa2008: anatomy, morphology, 1-5
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ReyesPPeRo2024: chemistry, cytology, radiation, structure,
Robles1999: ecology, host, life history, 113-114
RodrigFaNi2005: chemistry, life history, 305-306
RodrigFaSe2005: chemical ecology, chemistry, 323-329
RodrigGaGo2024: host,
RodrigMeNi2001: ecology, life history, 73-77
RodrigNi2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 85-89
RodrigPo1989: distribution, economic importance, host, 49-53
RodrigVa2024: chemistry, history, 2
RoqueR2022: economic importance,
RubioMe2001: chemistry,
RubioSaNo2001: chemistry,
RubioSaNo2001: chemistry,
RussoMa1996: distribution, economic importance, life history, 10-13
RussoMaSu2001: distribution, host, life history, 333-338
Saltzm1986: chemistry, economic importance, 1-84
Saltzm1992: chemistry, economic importance, 474-481
SaltzmKeCh1963: chemistry, economic importance, 241-251
Sandbe1994: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-215
SarkanMeEv1961: chemistry, economic importance, 39-40
SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 426
Schwep1979: chemistry, 14-23
Schwep1986: chemistry, economic importance, 153-174
SchwepRo1986: chemistry, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 255-283
SerranDoBo2015: history,
SerranSoHa2013: chemistry, economic importance, 6081-6090
Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 846
Signor1875c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 347-349
Silva1995: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-316
SilvaMeDe2013: distribution, economic importance, 5237
SmithMiDa2005: chemistry, 1010-1030
SongWaTa2024: phylogeny, 4, 8-9
Speigh2001: distribution, 1-5
Sternl1980: economic importance, host, 17-21
SteuriFe2001: chemistry, 66-72
Sweetm1935: biological control, 373-377
TabarPAlAc2003: chemistry, 415-419
Taylor1984: chemistry, economic importance, 22-25
Taylor1986: chemistry, 53-61
TaylorHe2001: chemistry, economic importance, 64-69
Tekele1995: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 48-55
Tekele1995a: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 56-61
Tekele2001: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, 1-191
Thomso1971: chemistry, 1-5
TiedemYa1995: chemistry, 195-206
TovarPPaMe1999: economic importance, host, life history, 115-116
TovarPaGa2005: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, 1-191
Turok1996: economic importance, 91-94
UematsHiSu2002: chemistry, 335-342
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S118
Valles1965: biological control, 259-279
Valles1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-143
VanDamMaCh2015: dispersal, distribution, genetics, phylogenetics,
Varshn1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 36
VeaGr2015: phylogeny, 64
VeaGr2016: evolution, 4
VeraPoSaRo2016: symbionts, 1-15
ViguerPo1995: distribution, host, 24-25
ViguerPo1995a: chemistry, 41-48
ViguerPo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 135-136
ViguerPo1999: diagnosis, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 79-92
ViguerPo1999a: economic importance, 93-104
Waller1986: chemistry, economic importance, 145-155
Walton1984: chemistry, economic importance, 30-34
Warren1914: description, distribution, host, 387391
Willia1969a: taxonomy, 324
Willia2007b: taxonomy, 441, 427-490
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 217
WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 163, 165, 167
Wood1986: economic importance, 4-8
Woodwo1903: taxonomy, 31
Wouter1985: chemistry, 119-128
WouterVe1989a: chemistry, 189-200
XieXuZh2004a: chemistry, 512-518
YangYaLi2001: distribution, economic importance, host, 85-89
Yannak2003: distribution, economic importance, 1-5
ZacariToMe2020: economic importance,
ZhangShXu2002: economic importance, 719-726