Valid Names Results
Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan, 1889) (Diaspididae: Selenaspidus)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus articulatus Morgan 1889a: 352. Type data: GUYANA: Demerara, on Dictyospermum album; coll. McIntire.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Aspidiotus rufescens Cockerell 1891: 5. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Heus and Olive trees.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1892i, x). Notes: Type material probably lost; no type material was found in BMNH, USNM and UCDC; information from the curators to Y. Ben-Dov, December 2002.
- Aspidiotus refescens Cockerell, 1891; Cockerell 1891: 5. misspelling of species epithet
- Aspidiotus articulatus rufescens Cockerell, 1891; Cockerell 1892: 5. change in status (level)
- Aspidiotus (Selenaspidus) articulatus Morgan, 1889; Cockerell 1897i: 14, 23. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Selenaspis) articulatus; Leonardi 1898a: 51. misspelling of genus name
- Aspidiotus (Selenaspidus) articulatus simplex Grandpré & Charmoy 1899: 21. Type data: MAURITIUS: on Jasmin [=Jasminum] sp. and on avocado.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Mamet1958a, 370). Notes: Type-material lost (Mamet, 1941).
- Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan, 1889); Fernald 1903b: 284. change of combination
- Selenaspidus articulatus simplex (Grandpré & Charmoy, 1899); Fernald 1903b: 285. change of combination
- Selenaspidus articulatus simplex; (Grandpré & Charmoy, 1899); Fernald 1903b: 285. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "de Charm." as author.
- Pseudaonidia articulatus (Morgan, 1889); Marlatt 1908: 132. change of combination
- Aspidiotus articulatus simplex Grandpré & Charmoy, 1899; Lindinger 1909d: 3. change of combination
- Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan, 1889); Lindinger 1909d: 5. revived combination (previously published)
- Pseudaonidia articulata (Morgan, 1889); Malenotti 1916a: 339. change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender
- Selenaspidus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus (Morgan, 1889); Seabra 1922: 5. change of combination
- Aspidiotus simplex Grandpré & Charmoy, 1899; Ferris 1941e: 48. change in status (level)
- Selenaspidus articulatus; (Morgan, 1889); Balachowsky 1959: 362. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "Borgan" as author.
- Selenaspidus rufescens (Cockerell, 1891); Borchsenius 1966: 256. change of combination
- Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan, 1889); Borchsenius 1966: 253. revived combination (previously published)
- Selenaspidis articulatus; Waltman, et al. 2016. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- escama "rufous" CoronaRuMo1997
- Queresa redonda de los citricos Nunez2008
- rufous scale Dekle1965c McKenz1956 Merril1953 MerrilCh1923
- West Indian red scale SchmutKlLu1957
- morugan-maru-kaigaramushi Watson2022a
- Westindische Citrusschildlaus Watson2022a
- escama parda DiazNiPiMe2023
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 62 | Genera: 131
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium occidentale | WilliaWa1988
- Mangifera | Balach1951
- Mangifera indica | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Mamet1958a Marlat1908 WilliaWa1988
- Metopium toxiferum | EFSA2025b
- Schinus molle | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
- Spondias dulcis | WilliaWa1988
- Spondias purpurea | MerrilCh1923
- Tapirira guianensis | NormarOkMo2019
- Annonaceae
- Annona | Houser1918
- Annona atemoya | MartinWoCu2022
- Annona cherimola | EFSA2025b
- Annona muricata | WilliaWa1988
- Annona squamosa | WilliaWa1988
- Guatteria dumetorum | NormarOkMo2019
- Apocynaceae
- Allamanda cathartica | EFSA2025b
- Carissa macrocarpa | Brain1918 | (= Carissa grandiflora)
- Carissa spinarum | Borchs1966 Brain1918 Mamet1958a | (= Carissa edulis)
- Mascarenhasia arborescens | Borchs1966 Mamet1951 Mamet1958a
- Nerium oleander | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 Mamet1958a Marlat1908 McKenz1956
- Plumeria rubra | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Mamet1958a WilliaWa1988 | (= Plumeria acutifolia)
- Tabernaemontana | MerrilCh1923
- Tabernaemontana arborea | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Tabernaemontana divaricata | MartinWoCu2022
- Araceae
- Aglaonema commutatum | EFSA2025b
- Xanthosoma sagittifolium | WilliaWa1988
- Araliaceae
- Hedera helix | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
- Arecaceae
- Arecaceae | Houser1918
- Chamaerops humilis | EFSA2025b
- Cocos nucifera | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a Marlat1908 McKenz1956 WilliaWa1988
- Dictyosperma album | Lepage1938 Marlat1908 McKenz1956 Morgan1889a
- Dypsis | Borchs1966 Mamet1951 | (= Neodypsis)
- Dypsis decaryi | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 Mamet1958a | (= Neodypsis decaryi)
- Dypsis lutescens | Borchs1966 Mamet1949 Mamet1958a | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Elaeis | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
- Elaeis guineensis | Almeid1973b Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
- Hyphaene thebaica | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
- Phoenix dactylifera | Houser1918 WilliaWa1988
- Phoenix roebelenii | JansenAl2023
- Armadillidae
- Laureola indica | MerrilCh1923
- Asparagaceae
- Beaucarnea guatemalensis | JansenAl2023
- Cordyline | Lepage1938
- Cordyline fruticosa | Balach1951 Hempel1900a Marlat1908 MerrilCh1923 | (= Cordyline terminalis)
- Atherospermataceae
- Laurelia | MerrilCh1923
- Bignoniaceae
- Campsis radicans | Borchs1966 Mamet1950 Mamet1958a | (= Tecoma radicans)
- Jacaranda acutifolia | EFSA2025b
- Burseraceae
- Bursera simaruba | EFSA2025b
- Trattinnickia aspera | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum calaba | Houser1918
- Calophyllum inophyllum | WilliaWa1988
- Calophyllum longifolium | NormarMoKr2014
- Mammea | MerrilCh1923
- Mammea americana | EFSA2025b
- Cannaceae
- Canna × hybrida | EFSA2025b | (=Canna generalis)
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | MartinCuWo2004
- Celastraceae
- Maytenus oleoides | Marlat1908 | (= Celastrus laurinus)
- Chrysobalanaceae
- Chrysobalanus icaco | EFSA2025b
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia ovalifolia | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
- Cucurbitaceae
- Citrullus | LoayzaPaVe2003
- Cucurbita ficifolia | EFSA2025b
- Cucurbita pepo | EFSA2025b
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas circinalis | McKenz1956
- Cyperaceae
- Bulbostylis | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a | (= Stenophyllus)
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | EFSA2025b
- Elaeocarpaceae
- Sloanea meianthera | NormarOkMo2019 PetersHaMo2020s1
- Euphorbiaceae
- Acalypha | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
- Acalypha wilkesiana | WilliaWa1988 | (= Acalypha tricolor)
- Aleurites moluccanus | GomezM1941
- Codiaeum | WilliaWa1988
- Codiaeum variegatum | Dekle1965c WilliaWa1988
- Croton | McKenz1956
- Excoecaria | WilliaWa1988
- Hevea brasiliensis | WilliaWa1988
- Fabaceae
- Bauhinia | Almeid1973b Borchs1966 Mamet1950 Mamet1958a
- Bauhinia purpurea | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
- Bauhinia variegata | WilliaWa1988
- Ceratonia siliqua | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
- Dussia | NormarOkMo2019
- Gliricidia sepium | WilliaWa1988
- Lonchocarpus heptaphyllus | PetersHaMo2020s1 | (= Lonchocarpus latifolius)
- Mimosa caesalpiniifolia | EFSA2025b
- Phaseolus | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
- Senna alata | WilliaWa1988 | (= Cassia alata)
- Tamarindus | Marlat1908 WilliaWa1988
- Tamarindus indica | Dekle1965c WilliaWa1988
- Lauraceae
- Laurus nobilis | EFSA2025b
- Nectandra purpurea | NormarMoKr2014
- Persea | McKenz1956
- Persea americana | Borchs1966 Mamet1949 WilliaWa1988
- Lecythidaceae
- Barringtonia asiatica | WilliaWa1988
- Lythraceae
- Lagerstroemia indica | WilliaWa1988
- Punica granatum | EFSA2025b
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia grandiflora | Houser1918
- Malpighiaceae
- Malpighia emarginata | MartinWoCu2022
- Malpighia glabra | EFSA2025b
- Malpighia urens | GomezM1941
- Malvaceae
- Apeiba aspera | NormarOkMo2019
- Apeiba tibourbou | NormarOkMo2019
- Hibiscus | Balach1959a Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
- Hibiscus syriacus | WilliaWa1988
- Mortoniodendron anisophyllum | NormarOkMo2019
- Theobroma cacao | WilliaWa1988
- Thespesia populnea | WilliaWa1988
- Marantaceae
- Calathea | WilliaWa1988
- Meliaceae
- Carapa guianensis | NormarMoKr2014
- Swietenia macrophylla | EFSA2025b
- Swietenia mahagoni | GomezM1941
- Trichilia emetica | Almeid1971
- Xylocarpus granatum | Maleno1916a | (= Xylocarpus obovatus)
- Monimiaceae
- Tambourissa | Matile1978
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 Mamet1958a Marlat1908
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | WilliaWa1988
- Brosimum utile | NormarMoKr2014
- Ficus benjamina | Balach1959a Merril1953 EFSA2025b | (= Ficus nitida),
- Ficus carica | EFSA2025b
- Ficus lutea | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a | (= Ficus verrucocarpa)
- Ficus retusa | EFSA2025b
- Ficus thonningii | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a | (= Ficus hochstetteri)
- Maquira guianensis | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Poulsenia armata | NormarOkMo2019
- Musaceae
- Musa | WilliaWa1988
- Musa paradisiaca | GomezM1941 | (= Musa sapientum)
- Myristicaceae
- Virola multiflora | NormarMoKr2014
- Myrtaceae
- Decaspermum | WilliaWa1988
- Eugenia | WilliaWa1988
- Eugenia uniflora | EFSA2025b
- Myrtus communis | EFSA2025b
- Psidium guajava | Marlat1908
- Syzygium jambos | MestreHaEv2011
- Ochnaceae
- Cespedesia macrophylla | NormarOkMo2019
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum | Borchs1966 GrandpCh1899 Mamet1943a
- Jasminum polyanthum | EFSA2025b
- Ligustrum lucidum | EFSA2025b
- Olea | McKenz1956
- Olea europaea | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Mamet1958a Marlat1908
- Orchidaceae
- Arundina graminifolia | WilliaWa1988 | (= Arundina bambusifolia)
- Oxalidaceae
- Averrhoa bilimbi | WilliaWa1988
- Averrhoa carambola | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Mamet1958a WilliaWa1988
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | Balach1951 Lepage1938 Marlat1908 MerrilCh1923
- Passifloraceae
- Passiflora edulis | WilliaWa1988
- Piperaceae
- Piper nigrum | EFSA2025b
- Poaceae
- Saccharum officinarum | WilliaWa1988
- Polygonaceae
- Homalocladium platycladum | Houser1918
- Muehlenbeckia | Houser1918
- Primulaceae
- Ardisia crenata | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Mamet1958a
- Rhamnaceae
- Ziziphus mauritiana | MatileEt2006
- Rosaceae
- Rosa | Marlat1908 McKenz1956
- Rubiaceae
- Benkara scandens | WilliaWa1988 | (= Gardenia scandens)
- Coffea arabica | Borchs1966 Lepage1938 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Mamet1958a Muntin1969 WilliaWa1988
- Coffea canephora | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a WilliaWa1988 | (= Coffea robusta)
- Coffea liberica | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a
- Coffea macrocarpa | Borchs1966 Mamet1949 Mamet1958a
- Gardenia | Cocker1899n Lepage1938 Marlat1908 McKenz1956 MerrilCh1923 WilliaWa1988
- Gardenia jasminoides | EFSA2025b
- Ixora coccinea | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a Newste1901a WilliaWa1988
- Tocoyena pittieri | NormarOkMo2019
- Rutaceae
- Citrus aurantiifolia | WilliaWa1988 EFSA2025b
- Citrus aurantium | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a WilliaWa1988
- Citrus japonica | WilliaWa1988 | (= Fortunella japonica)
- Citrus latifolia | EFSA2025b
- Citrus limon | Almeid1971 Houser1918 WilliaWa1988
- Citrus maxima | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a WilliaWa1988 EFSA2025b | (= Citrus decumana),
- Citrus paradisi | Houser1918
- Citrus reticulata | WilliaWa1988 EFSA2025b EFSA2025b
- Citrus sinensis | Houser1918 WilliaWa1988 EFSA2025b
- Salicaceae
- Dovyalis caffra | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a | (= Aberia caffra)
- Salvadoraceae
- Salvadora persica | EFSA2025b
- Santalaceae
- Viscum tuberculatum | EFSA2025b
- Sapindaceae
- Cupania scrobiculata | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Litchi chinensis | WilliaWa1988
- Melicoccus bijugatus | EFSA2025b
- Nephelium | WilliaWa1988
- Sapotaceae
- Chrysophyllum | Marlat1908
- Chrysophyllum argenteum | NormarOkMo2019
- Chrysophyllum oliviforme | MestreHaEv2011
- Englerophytum magalismontanum | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a | (= Chrysophyllum argyrophyllum)
- Labramia bojeri | Borchs1966 Mamet1954 Mamet1958a | (= Mimusops chapelieri)
- Manilkara zapota | EFSA2025b
- Mimusops | Almeid1971
- Simaroubaceae
- Simarouba glauca | EFSA2025b
- Solanaceae
- Brunfelsia americana | EFSA2025b
- Brunfelsia nitida | MerrilCh1923
- Brunfelsia uniflora | EFSA2025b
- Theaceae
- Camellia japonica | EFSA2025b
- Camellia sinensis | Borchs1966 Mamet1958a WilliaWa1988
- Urticaceae
- Pilea urticifolia | Borchs1966 Mamet1949 Mamet1958a
- Verbenaceae
- Lantana camara | WilliaWa1988
- Vitaceae
- Vitis vinifera | Marlat1908 WilliaWa1988
Foes:
Families: 7 | Genera: 16
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus stylatus | AnneckIn1971 | (= Azotus stylatus)
- Aphytis chrysomphali | QuezadCoDi1972
- Aphytis diaspidis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis holoxanthus | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis lingnanensis | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis roseni | DeBachGo1974 RosenDe1979
- Coccobius paolii | AnneckIn1971 | (= Physcus paolii)
- Encarsia citrina | AnneckIn1971 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus agilior)
- Clavicipitaceae
- Aschersonia aleyrodis | QuezadCoDi1972
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus cacti | QuezadCoDi1972
- Pentilia egena | AzeredRoCa2004 BenvenGrBo1997
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | Parede2019 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
- Scymnus | QuezadCoDi1972
- Encyrtidae
- Habrolepis rouxi | Greath1976
- Metaphycus helvolus | Parede2019
- Zaomma ficusae | AnneckIn1971 | (= Adelencyrtus ficusae)
- Nectriaceae
- Fusarium | EvansPr1990
- Nectria diploa | EvansPr1990
- Peraceae
- Pera arborea | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora lutea | Woolle1990
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 81
- Angola | Almeid1973b
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | WalkerWaEv1974
- Australia | Mamet1958a
- Bahamas | Watson2022a
- Barbados | Mamet1958a Marlat1908
- Belize | Watson2022a
- Benin | EFSA2025b
- Bermuda | Watson2022a
- Bolivia | Watson2022a
- Brazil | Hempel1900a Marlat1908
- Amapa | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Amazonas | AlmeidPeMa2018
- Bahia | MartinFoCu2015
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
- Goias | SilvaPeCh2020
- Minas Gerais | EFSA2025b
- Para | AlmeidPeMa2018 MartinFoCu2015
- Parana | Watson2022a
- Rio Grande do Norte | MartinCuWo2004
- Rio Grande do Sul | EFSA2025b
- Rio de Janeiro | MartinFoCu2015
- Sao Paulo | MartinFoCu2015
- Cameroon | Mamet1958a
- Chad | Mamet1958a
- China | Suh2016
- Colombia | Balach1959a Kondo2001 Kondo2008a
- Comoros | Matile1978
- Costa Rica | Mamet1958a
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | Mamet1958a
- Cuba | Houser1918 MestreHaEv2011
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | Mamet1958a
- Dominica | Watson2022a
- Dominican Republic | JansenAl2023
- Ecuador | YustCe1956
- El Salvador | QuezadCoDi1972
- Eritrea | DeLottNa1955 Mamet1958a
- Ethiopia | Watson2022a
- Fiji | HodgsoLa2011 WilliaWa1988
- French Guiana | Watson2022a
- Galapagos Islands | CaustoPeSi2006 LincanHoCa2010 PeckHeLa1998
- Ghana | Mamet1958a
- Grenada | Mamet1958a
- Guadeloupe | Balach1957c
- Guatemala | JansenAl2023
- Guiana | Mamet1958a
- Guinea | Mamet1958a
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Mamet1958a
- Haiti | Mamet1958a PerezG2008
- Honduras | Watson2022a
- India | Mamet1958a
- Jamaica | Cocker1891 Cocker1892i Newste1917b
- Japan | Mamet1958a
- Kenya | Mamet1958a
- Madagascar | Borchs1966 Mamet1950 Mamet1951 Mamet1954 Mamet1958a Mamet1959a
- Mali | EFSA2025b
- Martinique | Balach1957c
- Mauritius | Borchs1966 GrandpCh1899 Mamet1943a Mamet1949 Mamet1953a Mamet1958a
- Mexico | Cocker1899n Marlat1908
- Montserrat | Mamet1958a
- Mozambique | Almeid1971 Mamet1958a
- Namibia (=South West Africa) | Muntin1969
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- Nicaragua | Marlat1908
- Niger | EFSA2025b
- Nigeria | Watson2022a
- Panama | Cocker1899n Marlat1908 NormarMoKr2014
- Peru | Beders1969 Beingo1969a Nunez2008
- Philippines | VelasqRi1969
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998 Mamet1958a Martor1976
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1957 Mamet1958a
- Saint Lucia | Malump2012b
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Watson2022a
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Sao Tome | Castel1963 Mamet1958a Seabra1921 Seabra1925
- Sierra Leone | Watson2022a
- Solomon Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Somalia | Maleno1916a
- South Africa | Brain1918 BrainKe1917 Mamet1958a Marlat1908
- South Sudan | EFSA2025b
- Sri Lanka | Mamet1958a
- Suriname | Mamet1958a
- Taiwan | Mamet1958a
- Tanzania | Mamet1958a
- Togo | Mamet1958a
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | Mamet1958a RosenDe1979
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983
- Uganda | Borchs1966 Gowdey1917 Mamet1958a
- United Kingdom
- England | Mamet1958a Marlat1908 Newste1901a
- United States
- Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
- Florida | Dekle1965c Marlat1908 Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 Morril1911 Wilson1917
- Venezuela | Mamet1958a
- Vietnam | Suh2016
- Zambia | Watson2022a
- Zanzibar | Mamet1958a
- Zimbabwe | Hall1929 Mamet1958a
Keys
- WeiScNo2021: pp.17-23 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini from Panama]
- RamosPeKo2017: pp.8145-8152 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Diaspididae on Citrus spp. from Colombia]
- EvansWaMi2009: pp.63-67 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae species found on avocado]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-34 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.256 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
- Mamet1962: pp.158 ( Adult (F) ) [Afrotropical]
- Mamet1958a: pp.365-366 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- McKenz1956: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
- Brain1918: pp.131 ( Adult (F) ) [South Africa]
- Lindin1909d: pp.4-5 ( Adult (F) ) [Genus Selenaspidus]
- Marlat1908: pp.134 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
Remarks
- Structure: Female scale greyish-white, depressed, more or less circular; exuviae in the centre (Morgan, 1889a). Female scale, flat, circular, white, the centrally placed exuviae being darker; male scale almost white, oval, exuvia subcentral (Ferris, 1938a). Scale of female, circular, flat, semi-transparent, white to yellowish-brown in colour; exuviae subcentral, yellowish; diameter of scale about 2.3 mm. Scale of male smaller than that of female, elongate-oval, white to brownish in colour; exuviae towards one end (Mamet, 1958a). Eggs small (0.2 mm long), oval and flat. Winged adult males are rarely seen as they live for less than 1 day (Watson, 2022a).
- Biology: Loayza et al. (2003) reported on successful laboratory-rearing of this species on Citrullus silvestris (Cucurbitaceae).
- Economic Importance: The rufous scale is a polyphagous, tropicopolitan species (see Distribution, Host plants and CABI1981b). It is mainly a pest of citrus in several regions (Boyce, 1948; Schmutterer et al., 1957; Ebeling, 1959; Beingolea, 1963d; Beardsley & Gonzalez, 1975; Talhouk, 1975; Rose, 1990c). Has been also recorded a pest of other crops such as coffee, cocoa, avocado, mango, banana and palms (Schmutterer et al., 1957).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Marlatt (1908), Brain (1918), Ferris (1938a), Balachowsky (1951, 1959a), McKenzie (1956), Mamet (1958a), Chou (1985, 1986), Gill (1997) and by Colon-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud (1998). Color photograph in Watson (2022a).
Illustrations
Citations
- Aguila1980: biological control, distribution, host, 83-91
- Almeid1971: distribution, host, 15
- Almeid1973b: distribution, host, 11
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
- AltierNi1999: biological control, 975-991
- AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
- AnneckIn1971: biological control, distribution, host, 2,29,35
- AzeredRoCa2004: biological control, distribution, host, 569-576
- Balach1951: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 691-694
- Balach1957c: distribution, host, 200
- Balach1959a: distribution, host, 362
- Ballou1912a: distribution, host, 412-425
- Ballou1913: distribution, host, 61-65
- Ballou1922a: distribution, host, 239
- Bartra1974: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 60-68
- BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 106
- BeardsGo1975: economic importance, 49
- Beders1969: chemical control, distribution, host, 933-940
- Beingo1969a: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 119-129
- Beingo1969d: biological control, 827-838
- Beingo1977: biological control, distribution, host, 1-2
- BenDov1990c: taxonomy, 113
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, 762-770
- Bennet1974: biological control, 87-96
- BenvenGrBo1997: biological control, 105-106
- BergmaStBr1988: distribution, host, 27-28
- Bondar1914: distribution, economic importance, host, 1064-1106
- Bondar1915: distribution, economic importance, host, 44-47
- Borchs1966: catalog, 253-254,256
- Bourne1921: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Brain1918: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 135
- BrainKe1917: distribution, 184
- Bunzli1935: distribution, host,
- BurgerUl1990: economic importance, 313-327
- Buxton1920: distribution, host, 287-303
- CABI1981b: distribution, host, 1-2
- CanaleVa1999: biological control,
- CarrilHoAl2024: distribution, host, 562
- CassinRo2005: distribution, host, 1017-1021
- Castel1963: distribution, 140
- CaustoPeSi2006: distribution, 138
- CaveMa1994: biological control, distribution, host, 3-8
- CeballHe1988a: biological control, life history, 137-140
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 257-259
- Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 657
- ChuaWo1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 548
- ClapsDo2003: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 30
- ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 27
- Cocker1891: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 5
- Cocker1892b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 333
- Cocker1892c: control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 380-382
- Cocker1892i: distribution, host, taxonomy, x
- Cocker1893cc: distribution, host, 100
- Cocker1896b: distribution, 334
- Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 14,23
- Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 24
- Cocker1900k: taxonomy, 350
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 80-82
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, host, 38-41
- CorreaAnLi1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 312-313
- Costa1997: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 294
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- Danzig1972: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 221
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, 355
- DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
- DeBachGo1974: biological control, distribution, host, 259-265
- DeLottNa1955: distribution, host, 53-60
- DeSant1940: biological control, 29-44
- DeSant1979: biological control,
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 131
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 150
- DiazNiPiMe2023: biology, diagnosis, economic control, host, illustration, life cycle, male, morphology, 18-19
- DicksoFl1955: distribution, host, 614-615
- DomeniBaSc1997: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 227
- DonesEv2011: distribution, host, 2
- DooleySm2013: catalog, 13
- Dumble1954: distribution, economic importance, host, 1
- DziedzKa1990: distribution, host, 39-43
- EFSA2022b: dispersal, distribution, host, 20-21
- EFSA2025b: biology, control, diagnosis, dispersal, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy,
- Ebelin1949: control, distribution, host, life history,
- Edward1936: distribution, economic importance, host, 335-337
- EvansPr1990: biological control, 3-17
- EvansWaMi2009: taxonomy, 63-67
- Fawcet1948: biological control, 627-664
- FengWe2011: taxonomy, 173
- Fernal1903b: 284, 285
- FernanFr1989: chemical control, distribution, host, 325
- Ferris1937c: illustration, taxonomy, 51,97
- Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 265
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 41
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, 446:40
- FisherDe1976: biological control, 43-50
- Fleury1934: distribution, host, 483-500
- FonsecAu1932a: distribution, host, 202-214
- FontenRoSu1987: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-28
- FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, host,
- GarciaPiGr1997: chemical control, distribution, host, 160
- Gentry1965: distribution, economic importance, host,
- GermaiDeLa2016: list of species, 3
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 24
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 258,260
- GomezM1941: distribution, host, 142
- GonzalHeSi1991: biological control, distribution, host, 433-441
- Gowdey1917: distribution, host, 189
- Gowdey1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 31
- GrandpCh1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21
- Graven1996: biological control, distribution, host, 710
- GravenFeSa1992: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 215-222
- GravenLeMo1988: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 209-218
- GravenPaYa1993: chemical control, 16-25
- GravenYaFe1992: chemical control, 101-111
- Greath1978a: biological control, distribution, host,
- Green1907: distribution, host, 203
- GruwelWoKo2016: phylogeny, 173, 175, 176
- Hall1929: distribution, host, 356
- Hall1939: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 100
- Hamble1947: distribution, host, 949-956
- Hargre1927: distribution, economic importance, host, 113-128
- Hargre1937: distribution, economic importance, host, 505-520
- Hempel1900a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 499
- Herrer1964: distribution, host, life history, 1-8
- Hinckl1963: biological control, distribution, host,
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 26
- Houck1999: biological control, life history, 97-118
- Houser1918: distribution, host, 167-168
- Hoz1983: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 21-33
- HuffakGu1990a: biological control, economic importance, 473-492
- Hunt1939: distribution, host, 548-566
- Ibarra1990: distribution, host, 207-231
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 28,34
- Jeppso1969: chemical control, economic importance, physiology, 917-921
- Johnst1915: biological control, distribution, host, 1-33
- Jorgen1934: distribution, host, taxonomy, 278
- JoshiBhSa2023: host plant, 185
- Kerveg1932: distribution, economic importance, host, 1653
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 45
- Kondo2008a: distribution, host, 25-29
- Kondo2010: distribution, host, 41-44
- KondoKa1995: distribution, host, 57-58
- KondoMu2016: distribution, host, illustration, 8
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 19
- KonstaGu1987: distribution, host, 162
- Larter1937: distribution, host, 65-72
- LePell1959: distribution, host, 33-48
- Leonar1897: taxonomy, 286
- Leonar1898a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-53
- Leonar1914: distribution, host, taxonomy, 203
- Lepage1938: catalog, 420-421
- Lepesm1947: distribution, host, 214
- LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 5
- Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 451
- Lindin1909d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3,5-7,11
- Lindin1910b: distribution, host, 42
- Lindin1932f: taxonomy, 204
- LoayzaPaVe2003: distribution, host, life history, 493-496
- MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 452
- Maleno1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 339-340
- Mallam1954: distribution, 24-60
- Malump2012b: distribution, host, 211,212
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 78
- Mamet1941: taxonomy, 24
- Mamet1943a: 167
- Mamet1949: catalog, 64
- Mamet1950: distribution, host, 23
- Mamet1951: distribution, host, 230
- Mamet1953a: taxonomy, 152
- Mamet1954: distribution, host, 21
- Mamet1957: distribution, 369
- Mamet1958a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 370-374
- Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 390
- Maranh1946: taxonomy, 164-179
- MarinLPa2001: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 53-57
- Marlat1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 132-136
- MartinCuWo2004: distribution, host, 655-657
- MartinFoCu2015: distribution, host,
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 8
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 1-303
- Maskew1916: distribution, host, 308-309
- Matile1978: distribution, host, 67
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 174
- MatileNo1984: distribution, host, 67
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 85-86
- MerloAl1989: chemical control, distribution, host, 324
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 79-80
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 248-249
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, host, 14
- Meurge2011: distribution, 81
- MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 305
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 385-387
- Moreir1921a: distribution, host, 124-126
- Moreir1921b: distribution, host, 182
- Moreir1929a: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 3
- Morgan1889a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 352
- Morril1911: distribution, host, 277
- MorseNo2006: molecular biology, phylogeny, 338-349
- MoutiaMa1947: distribution,
- MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, phylogeny, 209
- Muntin1969: distribution, host, 142
- NagarkSa1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 553-542
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 82
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 15
- Newell1923: distribution, host, 263-266
- Newste1896a: distribution, host, 133
- Newste1901a: distribution, host, 81-82,127
- Newste1901b: 284
- Newste1917b: distribution, host, 133
- NormarMoKr2014: distribution, host, 38-39
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 33, S1, S6
- NotzP1974: biological control, distribution, host, 127-143
- Nunez2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 331-332
- OteroCaMo1996: biological control, distribution, host, 530-535
- PaivaPiSi1997: chemical control, distribution, host, 161
- PalaroSiPa1997: chemical control, distribution, host, 161
- PeckHeLa1998: distribution, host, 219-237
- PereirSaAs1997: distribution, host, life history, 223
- PerezG2008: distribution, 215
- PerrusCa1993: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 401-404
- PerrusCa1997: distribution, host, life history, 321-326
- PerrusCaSo1997: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 241
- Petch1921a: biological control, 89-167
- PetersHaMo2020: host distribution, 7
- PetersHaMo2020s1: DNA, distribution, host,
- PintoBuGr1997: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 239
- PorcelPe2019: distribution, host, 186
- PratesBr1989: chemical control, distribution, host, 321
- Prinsl1983: biological control, distribution, 27
- PrunaAl1973: distribution, host, 1-12
- PruthiMa1945: control, distribution, host, life history, 1-42
- QuezadCoDi1972: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 9-11
- RamosPeKo2017: illustration, key, 8152
- Robins1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 28-29
- RodrigGoAz1997: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 132
- Rose1990c: distribution, economic importance, 535-542
- Rosen1987: biological control, taxonomy, 191
- Rosen1990: biological control, 413-415
- Rosen1990a: biological control, 503
- Rosen1993: biological control, 411-416
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 405-409,533-539,
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
- Salaza1999: control, 28
- SantosGr1995: chemical control, distribution, host, 411-414
- Sassce1923: distribution, host, 152-158
- Schmut1969: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 115-116
- Schmut1990a: distribution, host, 393
- Schmut2001: distribution, host, 339-345
- SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 494
- SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 93
- SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
- Seabra1921: distribution, host, 98
- Seabra1925: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 29-30
- SeabraVa1918: distribution, host, 162-164
- SenoGa1999: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 715-720
- SilvaMiBu2004: biological control, 1321-1325
- SilvaPaPi1997: chemical control, distribution, host, 161
- SilvaPeCh2020: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration,
- Silves1915: distribution, host, 262
- SoaresMaCa1998: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 124-129
- SolanoHa2025: distribution, host, record, survey,
- Strong1922: distribution, host, 775-780
- Sudoi1995: chemical control, distribution, host, 119-123
- Suh2016: key, 321
- Suris1999: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 23-24
- SurisC1984: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 110
- SurisC1993: description, distribution, host, 121-127
- SurisCa1987: distribution, host, 27-31
- SurisHeVa1989: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-8
- SurisVa1988: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 38-44
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 116
- Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 431
- VelasqRi1969: distribution, host, 195-208
- Viggia1984: biological control, 257-276
- VilelaZuCa2001: economic importance,
- WalkerWaEv1974: distribution, host, 12
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- Watana1997: biological control, distribution, host, 103
- WatanaTaCo2000: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 49-64
- WatanaTaNa2000: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 81-97
- WatanaYo1992: biological control, 63-65
- WatanaYoSi1994: biological control, distribution, host, 193-200
- Watson1918: distribution, host,
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2021: distribution, 524
- Watson2022a: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 538
- WatsonBe1937: control, distribution, host,
- WeiScNo2021: key, 17
- Wester1918: distribution, economic importance, host, 5-57
- Wester1920: distribution, host,
- Whitne1933: distribution, host, 59-70
- Wille1941: distribution, host, 3-26
- Willia1970DJ: distribution, host, taxonomy, 33
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 218
- WilliaWa1988: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 11,240-241
- Wilson1917: distribution, host, 56-57
- Wilson1921: distribution, host, 20-34
- WilsonGo1962: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 41-61
- WoodruBeSk1998: distribution,
- Woolle1990: biological control, 167-176
- XavierDeSc1997: biological control, distribution, host, 135
- YamamoFeBe1989: chemical control, distribution, host, 414
- YustCe1956: distribution, host, 425-442
- deAzerRoCa2004: biological control, distribution, host, 569-579
- deVill2001h: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 227
