Valid Names Results
Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana, 1914) (Coccidae: Coccus)Nomenclatural History
- Lecanium (Eulecanium) pseudomagnoliarum Kuwana 1914: 7. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo and Shizuoka, on Citrus.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan; accepted valid name
- Coccus citricola Campbell 1914: 222. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Claremont, on Citrus sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Clause1923, 225).
- Lecanium pseudomagnoliarum Kuwana, 1914; Sasscer 1915: 32. change of combination
- Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana, 1914); Clausen 1923: 225. change of combination
- Coccus aegaeus De Lotto 1973a: 291. Type data: TURKEY: Izmir, on Citrus sp.. Holotype, female, Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; junior synonym (discovered by Tranfa1976, 129).
- Coccus psuedomagnoliarum (Kuwana, 1914); Bartlet 1978: 61. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; misspelling of species epithet
- Coccus magnoliarum (Kuwana, 1914); Williams, D.J. 2017a: 208. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- citricola scale Gill1988 GillNaWi1977
- grey citrus scale BenDov1993
- Cochinilla blanda de los cítricos KondoWaGa2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 15 | Genera: 18
- Apocynaceae
- Nerium oleander | UygunSeEr1998
- Berberidaceae
- Berberis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Cannabaceae
- Celtis | Barbag1974
- Celtis australis | Marott1987
- Celtis occidentalis | FetykoSzKo2013
- Celtis sinensis | Dreist1996
- Eulophidae
- Tetrastichus | BasheeAsRa2014
- Fabaceae
- Acacia farnesiana | LazaroGoVa2022 | misspelled Acacia farmesiana
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans regia | BatsanKaKi2017
- Lamiaceae
- Clerodendrum trichotomum | ChoiLe2018
- Lauraceae
- Laurus nobilis | MarottTr1990
- Lythraceae
- Punica granatum | BatsanKaKi2017
- Myrtaceae
- Acca sellowiana | BatsanKaKi2017
- Pinaceae
- Pinus sylvestris | UlgentDo2019
- Rhamnaceae
- Rhamnus pallasii | BatsanKaKi2017
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Argyri1983 ArgyriIo1975 Barbag1974 DeLott1973a SmithBeBr1997 Sassce1915 UygunSeEr1998
- Citrus aurantium | BenDov1980 GillNaWi1977 Marott1987
- Citrus deliciosa | ArgyriIo1975 Marott1987
- Citrus limon | ArgyriIo1975 BenDov1980 Marott1987
- Citrus paradisi | MastenMaSi2017
- Citrus reticulata | BatsanKaKi2017 | including citrus reticulata x sinensis (=Citrus nobilis)
- Citrus sinensis | ArgyriIo1975 Barbag1974 BarbagPa1997 StathaKa2020
- Citrus trifoliata | BatsanKaKi2017 GillNaWi1977 | (= Poncirus trifoliata)
- Phellodendron amurense | ChoiLe2018
- Tetradium ruticarpum | Takaha1955b | (= Evodia rutaecarpa, Evodia ruticarpa)
- Tamaricaceae
- Tamarix | BatsanKaKi2017
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | Barbag1974
- Zelkova serrata | Takaha1955b
Foes:
Families: 9 | Genera: 21
- Anthocoridae
- Cardiastethus | UlgentSzUy2013
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus | BasheeAsRa2014
- Coccophagus caridei | KondoWaGa2022
- Coccophagus ceroplastae | Bartle1978 | (= Aneristus ceroplastae)
- Coccophagus eleaphilus | KondoWaGa2022
- Coccophagus hawaiiensis | Bartle1978
- Coccophagus ishiii | KondoWaGa2022
- Coccophagus japonicus | Bartle1978
- Coccophagus lycimnia | BasheeAsRa2014 BernalLuMo2001
- Coccophagus nigritus | KondoWaGa2022
- Coccophagus piceae | DervisStMi2024
- Coccophagus pulvinariae | MyartsRu2011
- Coccophagus scutellaris | MyartsRu2011
- Coccophagus shillongensis | DervisStGr2021 JaposhSt2017
- Coccophagus yoshidae | Bartle1978 | (= Coccophagus yoshidai)
- Encarsia citrina | BernalLuMo2001 | (= Encarsia citrinus)
- Marietta | BernalLuMo2001
- Marietta leopardina | KondoWaGa2022
- Marietta mexicana | KondoWaGa2022
- Coccinellidae
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | DervisDrGr2024
- Scymnus subvillosus | UlgentSzUy2013
- Encyrtidae
- Anicetus annulatus | Bartle1978
- Aphycus | BasheeAsRa2014
- Cerapterocerus mirabilis | KondoWaGa2022
- Cheiloneurus claviger | DervisStMi2024
- Diversinervus elegans | MyartsRu2011
- Encyrtus | BasheeAsRa2014
- Encyrtus aurantii | BernalLuMo2001 MyartsRu2011 | (= Encyrtus lecaniorum)
- Metaphycus | BasheeAsRa2014
- Metaphycus angustifrons | KondoWaGa2022
- Metaphycus citrinus | KondoWaGa2022
- Metaphycus dispar | StathaKa2020
- Metaphycus flavus | SengonUyKa1998
- Metaphycus gilvus | KondoWaGa2022
- Metaphycus helvolus | BasheeAsRa2014 BernalLuMo2001
- Metaphycus lichtensiae | KondoWaGa2022
- Metaphycus lounsburyi | GuerriNo2000
- Metaphycus luteolus | BernalLuMo2001 Blumbe1997
- Metaphycus melanostomatus | KondoWaGa2022
- Metaphycus orientalis | Bartle1978
- Metaphycus punctipes | KondoWaGa2022
- Metaphycus stanleyi | MyartsRu2011
- Microterys japonicus | KondoWaGa2022
- Microterys nietneri | BasheeAsRa2014 MyartsRu2011
- Microterys okitsuensis | Bartle1978
- Microterys tricoloricornis | KondoWaGa2022
- Trichomasthus albimanus | KondoWaGa2022
- Eulophidae
- Baryscapus | BasheeAsRa2014
- Dzhanokmenia kozlovi | BasheeAsRa2014
- Heterorhabditidae
- Heterorhabditis bacteriophora | GrujicGrNj2021
- Pteromalidae
- Pachyneuron muscarum | KondoWaGa2022
- Pyralidae
- Laetilia coccidivora | LazaroGoVa2022
- Steinernematidae
- Steinernema carpocapsae | GrujicGrNj2021
- Steinernema feltiae | GrujicGrNj2021
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 24
- Algeria | KhaladGu2019
- Australia
- Victoria | SmithBeBr1997
- Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijan SSR | BenDov1993
- China | KondoWaGa2022
- Croatia | Masten2007 MastenMaSi2017
- Cyprus | SismanUl2010
- France | BenDov1980 FoldiGe2018
- Georgia (Republic of) | BenDov1993
- Greece | Argyri1983 ArgyriIo1975 BenDov1993 DeLott1973a
- Hungary | FetykoSzKo2013
- Iran | BenDov1993 Kaussa1957 KozarFoZa1996 Moghad2013a
- Israel | BenDov1980 BenDov1993
- Italy | Barbag1974 Marott1987
- Sicily | Barbag1974 BarbagPa1997 Marott1987 Patti1976
- Japan | BenDov1993 Kuwana1917 Sassce1915
- Russia
- Krasnodar Kray | BenDov1993
- Serbia | DervisStGr2021
- Slovenia | Seljak2008 Seljak2010
- South Korea | BenDov1993 ESKSAE1994
- Spain | TenaGa2008
- Syria | BasheeAsRa2014
- Tunisia | ElimemJeLa2022
- Turkey | DeLott1973a KaydanUlEr2007 UygunSeEr1998
- Turkmenistan | Bustsh1960 Potaev1993
- United States
- Arizona | BenDov1993
- California | BenDov1993 Ferris1920b Sassce1915
- Maryland | BenDov1993
Keys
- CaoWaHo2022: pp.126 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccus species in China]
- ChoiLe2018: pp.122-123 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccus in Korea]
- WangFe2012a: pp.61 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult female Coccus known from China]
- Koszta1996: pp.337 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
- Gill1988: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, California]
- Kawai1980: pp.141-142 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Borchs1957: pp.294 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
Remarks
- Systematics: Subfamily: Coccinae A, Coccini (Choi & Lee, 2019) Coccus pseudomagnoliarum is similar to C. gymnospori (Green) and C. hesperidum but differs in lacking submarginal tubercles and tibio-tarsal articulatory scleroses (which are present in the latter 2 species). (Kondo, Watson & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2022)
- Structure: Adult female elongate oval, slightly convex, up to 7 mm long; dorsum of young female grey with dark brown mottling, while dark grey in older ones. In life greenish or greyish, with light or dark yellow mottling; dermal areolations present; dorsal tubercles absent; dorsal tubular ducts absent; dorsal setae with sharply pointed apices; marginal setae with simple pointed or spatulate apices; multilocular disc-pores usually with 6–10 loculi; ventral tubular ducts with a narrow inner ductule, few present on submaginal area of posterior abdomen; antennae each 8-segmented; legs without tibio-tarsal articulatory scleroses. (Choi & Lee, 2018) Color photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.13, a,b,c), Gill (1988), Tranfaglia & Viggiani (1988) Katsoyannos (1996).
- Biology: Develops one annual generation in California (Quayle, 1915), Israel (Ben-Dov, 1980), Greece (Argyriou & Ioanides, 1975), Australia (Smith et al., 1997). Females reproduce parthenogenetically. Usually found on leaf undersides along midveins and twigs. (Kondo, Watson & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2022)
- Economic Importance: Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957). Has been a serious pest, in the early 1900's, of citrus in USA, Arizona and California (Quayle, 1938; Ebeling, 1959; Kennett, 1988). But became less injurious in the 1940's following the application of DDT and other synthetic insecticides. It economic importance increased during the 1980's - 1990's, because these insecticides lost effectiveness (Trumble et al. 1995). Kennett (1988) reported on exploration for parasitoids in Japan. Dreistadt (1996) studied the scale during 1991-1994 in USA, California and found that its populations increased in comparison to previous years; the citricola scale was 5-25 times more abundant than Parthenolecanium corni, P. pruinosum and P. cerasorum; three control measures of the citricola scale were evaluated. Trumble et al. (1995) has developed in USA, California a binomial (presence-absence) sampling plan, which was validated for infestations of the citricola scale on orange trees. A minor pest of citrus in Israel (Ben-Dov, 1980), Italy (Longo & Russo, 1986) and Australia (Smith et al., 1997). Rugman, et al. (2010) presents a simple, quick and accurate method to identify any life stage of the ten major parasitoids of soft scales in California citrus, based on amplification of ribosomal DNA, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1973a) (as C. aegaeus), Tranfaglia (1974) (as C. aegaeus), Gill et al. (1977), Gill (1988) and by Kosztarab (1996). Description of the adult female, first-instar nymph and female second-instar nymph given by Borchsenius (1957).
Illustrations
Citations
- Argyri1983: distribution, host, 365
- ArgyriIo1975: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 161-162
- Barbag1974: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 137
- BarbagPa1997: chemical control, distribution, host, 57-62
- Bartle1959: biological control, 1-2
- Bartle1969: biological control, 875-878
- Bartle1978: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 61-62
- BartleBa1966: biological control, life history, physiology, 42-45
- BasheeAsRa2014: biological control, distribution, host, 48-52
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 254
- BenDov1980: distribution, host, 262-263
- BenDov1993: catalog, 87
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 26, 44
- BennetRoCo1976: biological control, economic importance, 359-395
- BernalLuMo1999: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 191-204
- BernalLuMo1999a: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1099-1107
- BernalLuMo2001: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 210-221
- Blumbe1997: biological control, ecology, 225-236
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 144-146
- Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 301-304
- Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Brann1919: chemical control, distribution, host, 104-107
- Bustsh1960: distribution, host, 170
- CamachCh2015: biological control, control, distribution, ecology, host, 4, 7, 11, 14
- CaoWaHo2022: key, 126
- CarmanElEw1954: chemical control, host, 1-11
- CarmanEw1950: biological control, distribution, host, 15A-16A
- CarmanEwJe1951: chemical control, host, 1-16
- CarmanEwJe1956: chemical control,
- CarmanEwJe1957: chemical control,
- CarmanEwJe1958: chemical control,
- CarmanEwJe1959: chemical control,
- CarmanEwJe1960: chemical control,
- CarmanEwJe1961: chemical control,
- CarmanEwJe1962: chemical control,
- CarmanEwJe1976: control, distribution, host, 14-68
- CebeciSe2004: distribution, host, 209-210
- Cendan1937: biological control, 337-339
- ChoiLe2018: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 132-133
- ChoiLe2019: phylogeny, taxonomy, wax secretion, 402, 404
- ChuecaGrMo2009: chemical control, distribution, host, 296-303
- Clause1923: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 225-226
- Comper1924: biological control, 13-23
- Comper1961a: biological control, 17-71
- ComperAn1961: biological control, distribution, host, 17
- Danzig1972: distribution, host, 200-201
- DeBach1949a: biological control, life history, 7
- DeLott1973a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 291-293
- Delucc1975: distribution, ecology, host, life history,
- DervisDrGr2024: biological control, natural enemies, 254
- DervisStGr2021: distribution, host, 1
- DervisStMi2024: natural enemies, 3,18, 20,22,24
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 113
- Dreist1996: chemical control, distribution, host, 481-487
- DreistClFl1994: control, description, economic importance, life history, taxonomy,
- Dzhash1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 180-181
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 111
- EhlerEn1984: biological control, chemical control, distribution, 1-47
- ElimemJeLa2022: distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies,
- ElmerEwCa1951: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 593-597
- Ewart1969: chemical control, 879-880
- EwartCa1951: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-10
- EwartCaJe1952: chemical control, host, 1-6
- EwartCaJe1953: chemical control, host, 1-7
- EwartCaJe1954: chemical control, 1-11
- EwartEl1953a: distribution, economic importance, host, 352
- EwartElGu1951: chemical control, 598-603
- EwartMe1956: chemistry, 441-447
- Ferris1920b: distribution, host, 36
- FetykoSzKo2013: distribution, host, illustration,
- Flande1951b: biological control, 93-98
- Flande1959b: biological control, 125-142
- FlandeBa1964: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 320-322
- FlandeBa1964a: biological control, distribution, host, 39-42
- FlintVa1981: biological control, 1
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 230
- Gill1988: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 29-30,34
- GillKo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 161-163
- GillNaWi1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 33-37
- GraftoGuDa2022: economic importance, life history,
- GraftoLeSt2006: biological control, chemical control, 733-744
- GrujicGrNj2021: biological control, natural enemies,
- Hadzib1983: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 129-130
- HoffmaRiSh1998: biological control, 268-293
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 62
- JaposhSt2017: distribution, host, natural enemies, 651-653
- Jeppso1969: chemical control, economic importance, physiology, 917-921
- KansuUy1979: biological control, distribution, host, 565-567
- KapranTe2015: illustration, natural enemies, 196
- Katsoy1996: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 15,20-21,81-83
- Kaussa1957: distribution, host, 2
- Kawai1972: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 11
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 144-145
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 91
- Kennet1988: biological control, distribution, host, 445-447
- KhaladBoMa2024: distribution, species richness, survey,
- KhaladGu2019: distribution, ecology,
- Kiritc1932a: 252
- Kobakh1965: biological control, 323-330
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 10
- KondoWa2024: distribution, 2
- KondoWaGa2022: control, diagnosis, distribution, natural enemies, taxonomy, 253-254
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, host, 65
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 77
- Kuwana1914: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 7
- Kuwana1917: distribution, host, taxonomy, 22-24
- LazaroGoVa2022: distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies,
- LinKoGu2013: distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 251-252, 258
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, host, 122
- LongoRu1986: distribution, economic importance, host, 41
- Marott1987: distribution, host, life history, 101
- MarottTr1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 110
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- MastenMaSi2017: economic importance, host, illustration,
- MetcalMe1993: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- MifsudFsMa2012: natural enemies, 17
- Miller1996: catalog, distribution, 70
- Moghad2013a: ecology, host, 9
- MyartsRu2011: biological control, 65-72
- NRC1969: biological control, chemical control, ecology, economic importance, taxonomy,
- Oncuer1974: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 6-18
- OuyangChSc2010: chemical control, distribution, host, 1400-1404
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
- Patti1976: distribution, host, 301-306
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 60,72
- Perkin1982: biological control, chemical control, economic importance, 5
- Potaev1993: distribution, host, 35, 37
- Quayle1915: chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 405-421
- Quayle1917: taxonomy, 373-376
- RiehlBrMc1980: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 319
- RugmanFoGu2010: biological control, distribution, 265-275
- RzaevaYa1985: biological control, 55-58
- Sailer1983: distribution, economic importance, 15-38
- SalehBa2023: natural enemies,
- Sassce1915: distribution, host, taxonomy, 31,32
- SchweiLuMo2003: biological control, distribution, host, 1375-1387
- Scott1933: biological control, distribution, host, 298-299
- Seljak2008: distribution, host, 121-127
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 104
- SengonUyKa1998: biological control, distribution, host, 128-131
- SismanUl2010: distribution, host, 219-224
- SmithBeBr1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 39-41
- StathaKa2020: biology, illustration, natural enemies, phenology,
- Steinw1930: description, illustration, taxonomy, 563-564
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 5
- Takaha1955a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 70
- Tang1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 95-96
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 55
- TenaGa2008: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 341-347
- Tranfa1974a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 141-144
- Tranfa1976: distribution, host, 129
- TranfaVi1988: control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18
- Trembl1988a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 232-233
- TrumblGrBr1995: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 897-902
- TurgutUl2007: ant association, 314
- UedaQuIt2008: distribution, molecular data, taxonomy, 2319-2326
- Ulgent2003: structure, 393-398
- UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 483
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S116
- UygunSeEr1998: distribution, host, 183-191
- WangFe2012a: taxonomy, 61
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 208, 213
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 7,16,39
- Woglum1922: distribution, economic importance, host, 400,417
- Woglum1923: chemical control, distribution, host, 1-59
- Woglum1925a: chemical control, 2
- Woglum1942a: biological control, distribution, host, 155
- Woglum1946: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-2
- WoglumLaLa1947: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 818-820
- Yang1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 170,191
