Valid Names Results

Carulaspis minima (Signoret, 1869) (Diaspididae: Carulaspis)

Nomenclatural History

Diaspis caruelii Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 736. nomen nudum (discovered by Goidan1960, 37-38). Notes: Targioni Tozzetti gives no description under this name, just that the host was Juniperi phoeniciae.
Diaspis minima Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 736. nomen nudum (discovered by Goidan1960, 37-38). Notes: Targioni Tozzetti gave no description under this name, just that the host was Thujae occidentalis. Targioni Tozzetti's original material is in Vienna (Boratynski, 1968a).
Diaspis minima Signoret 1869d: 438-439. Type data: on Thuja occidentalis and T. cupressus. Syntypes, unknown, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; accepted valid name
Diaspis carueli Signoret 1869d: 436. Type data: ITALY: Orbitello, near Florence, ?/04/186?. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; junior synonym (discovered by Boraty1957, 246-251).
Diaspis visci; Leonardi 1920: 192. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 160).
Carulaspis minima (Signoret, 1869); Borchsenius 1949d: 226. change of combination
Carulaspis Carueli (Signoret, 1869); Baccetti 1960: 26. misspelling of species epithet
Carulaspis caruelii (Signoret, 1869); Borchsenius 1966: 160. change of combination
Carulaspis carueli (Signoret, 1869); Fetykó, K., Kozár, F. & Daróczi, K 2010: 295. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

bermuda cedar scale RosenDe1978
minute cypress scale Borchs1966
juniper scale Blicke1965
escama pequeña del enebro KondoWa2022b

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 4 | Genera: 16

Cephalotaxaceae

Cephalotaxus | Watson2002a

Cupressaceae

Callitris | MillerDa2005
Calocedrus decurrens | UlgentDo2019
Chamaecyparis | Boraty1957 Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana | Boraty1957
Cryptomeria | KosztaKo1988F MillerDa2005
Cryptomeria japonica | BatsanKaKi2017
Cupressus | MillerDa2005 PellizPoSe2011
Cupressus arizonica | Goidan1960 JansenAl2023 | (=Hesperocyparis arizonica)
Cupressus macrocarpa | WilliaWa1988
Cupressus sempervirens | ErlerKoTu1996 | (including var. horizontalis and pyramidalis)
Cupressus × leylandii | Hender2011 | (= Cuprocyparis leylandii)
Hesperocyparis goveniana | UlgentDo2019 | (= Cupressus goveniana)
Juniperus | Boraty1957 Hender2011 MillerDa2005
Juniperus bermudiana | Simmon1958a
Juniperus communis | CaliskUl2017
Juniperus drupacea | CaliskUl2017 | (= Arceuthos drupacea)
Juniperus excelsa | UlgentDo2019
Juniperus foetidissima | BatsanKaKi2017
Juniperus oxycedrus | Foldi2000
Juniperus sabina | UlgentDo2019
Juniperus virginiana | BesheaTiHo1973
Platycladus | Borchs1966 HodgsoHi1990 | (= Biota)
Platycladus orientalis | Moghad2013 BicheArMe2022 | (= Thuja orientalis),(= Biota orientalis)
Sequoia | Goidan1960 MillerDa2005
Sequoia sempervirens | McKenz1956
Sequoiadendron giganteum | Goidan1960 | (= Sequoia giganteum)
Tetraclinis articulata | McKenz1956 | (= Callitris articulata)
Thuja | MillerDa2005 PellizPoSe2011 Signor1869d
Thuja occidentalis | Targio1868
Thuja plicata | Yasar2020

Pinaceae

Cedrus | MillerDa2005
Picea | MillerDa2005
Picea orientalis | UlgentDo2019

Taxaceae

Taxus | Moghad2013
Taxus baccata | BatsanKaKi2017

Foes:

Families: 11 | Genera: 22

Acaridae

Tyrophagus | Gaprin1956 | (= Monieziella)
Tyrophagus putrescentiae | Gaprin1956

Aphelinidae

Aphytis | HertinSi1972
Aphytis aonidiae | DeBachRo1976
Aphytis chilensis | RosenDe1979
Aphytis chrysomphali | DeSant1979 | (= Habrrolepis chrysomphali)
Aphytis hispanicus | Watson2002a
Aphytis mytilaspidis | Morley1909
Aphytis testaceus | Aligey2016
Diaspiniphagus moeris | Aligey2016 | (= Diaspiniphagus similis)
Encarsia | HertinSi1972 | (= Prospaltella)
Encarsia citrina | AbouEl2001 Aligey2016 HertinSi1972 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
Encarsia fasciata | Simmon1957 | (= Prospaltella fasciata)
Encarsia lounsburyi | Hawkin1994 HertinSi1972 | (= Aspidiotiphagus lounsburyi)

Cheyletidae

Cheletogenes ornatus | Gaprin1956
Cheletomimus berlesei | Gaprin1956

Coccinellidae

Cephaloscymnus occidentalis | HertinSi1972
Chilocorus | HertinSi1972
Chilocorus bipustulatus | HertinSi1972
Chilocorus renipustulatus | HertinSi1972
Chilocorus stigma | HertinSi1972
Exochomus quadripustulatus | HertinSi1972
Lotis neglecta | HertinSi1972
Microweisea suturalis | HertinSi1972
Pharoscymnus | HertinSi1972
Pharoscymnus exiguus | HertinSi1972
Pharoscymnus setulosus | BelgueBiBe2017
Rhyzobius lophanthae | BelgueBiBe2017 HertinSi1972 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
Telsimia | HertinSi1972
Telsimia nitida | HertinSi1972
Zagloba ornata | HertinSi1972

Coniopterygidae

Aleuropteryx juniperi | Wheele1981
Aleuropteryx simillima | Wheele1980

Cybocephalidae

Cybocephalus | HertinSi1972
Cybocephalus rufifrons | HertinSi1972

Encyrtidae

Habrolepis rouxi | DeSant1979

Laelapidae

Androlaelaps casalis | Gaprin1956

Mymaridae

Alaptus | HertinSi1972
Alaptus auranti | HertinSi1972

Phytoseiidae

Typhlodromus baccettii | HertinSi1972

Signiphoridae

Signiphora louisianae | HertinSi1972 | (= Thysanus louisianae)

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 49

Algeria | MillerDa2005 RosenDe1978

Argentina | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a

Armenia | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a

Austria | KosztaKo1988F MillerDa2005

Azerbaijan | Aligey2016

Azores | MillerDa2005

Bermuda | Luck1981 MillerDa2005 Simmon1957

Brazil | Watson2002a

Bulgaria | KozarTzVi1979 TrenchTo2014

Chile | Charli1973 MillerDa2005

Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020

Colombia | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a

Crete | PellizPoSe2011

Croatia | MastenSi2008

Cuba | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a

Easter Island | WilliaWa1988

Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Hall1922

Eritrea | Watson2002a

Ethiopia | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a

France | KosztaKo1988F MillerDa2005

Georgia (Republic of) | Watson2002a

Germany | SchmutHo2016

Greece | Kozar1985 MillerDa2005

Guinea | MillerDa2005 RosenDe1978

Hawaiian Islands | MillerDa2005

Hawaii | Nakaha1981a
Oahu | Nakaha1981a

Hungary | KozarKoFe2013

Iran | Kaussa1957 KozarFoZa1996 MillerDa2005 Watson2002a

Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013

Israel | Bodenh1924 MillerDa2005

Italy | KosztaKo1988F MillerDa2005

Sicily | LongoMaPe1995

Jordan | BenDov2006a MillerDa2005 Watson2002a

Libya | Watson2002a

Madeira Islands | MillerDa2005

Malta | MifsudMaRu2014

Mexico | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a

Tamaulipas | NormarOkMo2019

Morocco | MillerDa2005 RosenDe1978

Portugal | MillerDa2005 RosenDe1978

Romania | KosztaKo1988F MillerDa2005

Russia | KosztaKo1988F

Caucasus | RosenDe1978
Krasnodar Kray | MillerDa2005

Sardinia | PellizFo1996

Slovenia | KondoWa2022b

South Africa | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a

Spain | McKenz1956 MillerDa2005

Sweden | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a

Turkey | CaliskUl2017 ErlerKoTu1996

Ukraine | MillerDa2005

Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | MillerDa2005 RosenDe1978

United Kingdom

England | Boraty1957 MillerDa2005

United States

Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
California | McKenz1956 MillerDa2005
Connecticut | Britto1923
Florida | FDACSB1982 MillerDa2005
Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
Kansas | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
Louisiana | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
Massachusetts | Britto1923
Missouri | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
New Mexico | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
New York | Britto1923 MillerDa2005
North Carolina | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
Oklahoma | MillerDa2005
Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005 Stimme1977
Tennessee | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
Texas | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
Utah | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
Vermont | MillerDa2005
Virginia | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
Washington | MillerDa2005
West Virginia | Watson2002a

Uruguay | MillerDa2005

Yugoslavia | ZakOga1967

Keys

SzitaFeGe2023: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae on imported fruits in Hungary]
MoghadWa2021: pp.54 ( Adult (F) ) [Carulaspis in Iran]
Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
Hender2011: pp.81 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Carulaspis adult females in New Zealand]
SuhJi2009: pp.1041-1043 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of armored scales intercepted on imported plants (slide mounted females)]
MillerDa2005: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
Koszta1996: pp.433 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Carulaspis of Northeastern North America]
Danzig1993: pp.381 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Carulaspis]
WilliaWa1988: pp.79 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Carulaspis in the Tropical South Pacific Region]
KosztaKo1988F: pp.329 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Carulaspis] Key as: Carulaspis carueli
Danzig1971d: pp.844 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae] Key as: Carulaspis minima
Lupo1966: pp.43 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Carulaspis]
Danzig1964: pp.649 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Carulaspis]
Boraty1957: pp.247 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the British species of Carulaspis]
Balach1954e: pp.203 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Carulaspis]
Borchs1950b: pp.206 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Carulaspis]
Britto1923: pp.366 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Diaspis of Connecticut] Key as: Diaspis carueli
Newste1901b: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis] Key as: Diaspis Carueli

Remarks

Systematics: Genbank accession number: KF887361 (Campbell, et al., 2014) There has been much confusion about several species of the Carulaspis genus. Carulaspis minima and C. carueli have both been synonymized with C. visci (Lindinger, 1934) and have also been misidentified as C. juniperi. Targioni Tozzetti (1868) first proposed the names Diaspis minima and D. caruelii but gave no description, hence, his names must be considered nomen nuda. Signoret (1869d) is the author of both names as his descriptions were the first. Boratynski (1957) was the first to synonymize C. minima and C. carueli and although he did not follow page precedence by declaring C. minima the senior name, it is our opinion that his decision must be upheld as he was the first reviser of the species (according to Article 24 of the ICZN). Baccetti (1960) considered the names of Targioni Tozzetti to be nomina nuda and concurred that the author should be Signoret. He also agreed that C. minima and C. carueli were synonyms, but chose C. carueli as the senior name based on page preference. Danzig and Kerzhner (personal correspondence, 1999) argue that Boratynski cannot be considered as the first reviser because he examined and treated material of C. minima only. Thus, even though Boratynski specifically mentioned C. minima to have precedence over C. carueli, Danzig and Kerzhner believe that Boratynski's treatment has no validity as first reviser. Baccetti, on the other hand, examined material from the type localities of both species and followed the page precedence principle recommended in the ICZN (Recommendation 24A). We do not agree with the invalidation of Boratynski's act of synonymy as the first reviser simply because we find no mention of the requirement that the author examine authentic material of both species before making a decision as first reviser. Article 24(b) states "the first author to have subsequently cited together such names or nomenclatural acts published on the same date, or different original spellings of the same name, and to have chosen one of them to have precedence over the other(s), has determined the precedence of the chosen name, nomenclatural act or spelling..." Because C. minima has been used as the senior name by several authors and because Boratynski (in our opinion) is the first reviser, we consider C. minima to be the senior synonym.
Structure: Eggs lemon yellow. Adult female chestnut color with greenish tint, pygidium yellow. (Bacceti, 1960). Female scale rounded, dirty white. Male scale lengthened, very small, white, tricarinated (Signoret, 1869). Young adult female body yellow with green mottling, that of egg-filled adult female red; eggs yellow to reddish yellow. The exposed body of an egg-filled adult female of very similar species C. juniperi is chestnut brown, whereas in C. minima, it is red. (Kondo & Watson, 2022a)
Biology: C. minima is typically a Mediterranean species and is found mostly in southern Europe, western Asia and south Africa (Bacetti, 1960). Carulaspis minima has one generation per year. Oviposition begins in the middle of May and the eggs can be found until June. The crawlers appear during June and soon after settling moult into 2nd instars which can be found from about the middle of June until July. During the period of July through August, the males moult three times, passing through pre-pupal and pupal stages. Adult males emerge in August. During the same period, females moult only once into young adult females at the end of July or early August. After mating, the males die and the fertilized females overwinter without apparent change in size. In the following spring, they grow rapidly and after oviposition in May their dead and shriveled bodies can be found under the scales together with batches of eggs (Boratynski, 1957). The minute cypress scale occurs mainly in the southern U.S. since it prefers a warm climate. It has 1 generation a year in the northern part of its distribution and possibly 2 in the south. Baccetti (1960) reported 2 generations a year in Italy and Boratynski (1957) found 1 generation in England. It is interesting that in the same locality in Italy, the minute cypress scale life cycle is about 2 weeks ahead of the juniper scale's life cycle, while in England, the opposite occurs. In Pennsylvania they are in synchrony (Stimmel 1979). In this state, the overwintering stage is the fertilized adult female; oviposition is in late April to mid-May; eggs hatch in about 1 week; peak crawler emergence is late May; second instars appear in mid-June; adults are present beginning in late June; and adult males were predominant in early July. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a widespread and serious pest. Many species of Coccinellidae were introduced in Bermuda to control C. minima, but few species became established and they were unable to control C. minima. It is thought that predation of lizards (Anolis spp.) diminished the Coccinellidae populations to ineffective numbers (Simmonds, 1958a). This scale may be a serious pest of juniper. In Bermuda, in combination with Lepidosaphes pallida (Green), it nearly decimated the endemic Bermuda cedar, Juniperus bermudiana (Bennett and Hughes 1959). Damage to the host may include die back of the branches, leaf drop, and even death. Trees weakened by this scale are susceptible to other pests. Beardsley and González (1975) considered it to be one of the 43 principal armored scale pests in the world, and Miller and Davidson (1990) include it in their list of armored scale pests. Dekle (1977) indicated that this species is an important pest of ornamental hosts in commercial nurseries and control sprays with pesticides may be required. Gill (1982) considered it to be a minor pest of ornamental cypress and juniper in California. Gill (1997) stated that it was not a pest except in some wholesale nurseries. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
General Remarks: Description of eggs, nymphs, adult male and female by Baccetti (1960).

Illustrations

Citations

AbdRabEv2021: distribution, 32
AbouEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 186
AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997-1003
Arnett1985: economic importance, 241
Baccet1960: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 26, 64, 101-102
Baccet1961: distribution, illustration, 752-758
BaetaN1954: host, 192
Baker1972: description, distribution, host, 111
Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 203, 209, 210-212
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 257
BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 144-146
BeardsGo1975: taxonomy, 49
BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 122, 127
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, 44
BenDovSoBo2012: distribution, 67
Bennet1974: biological control, 88
Bennet1974a: distribution, ecology, 226
BennetHu1959: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 423
BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 9
BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 504
Bielen1975: physiology, 180
BielenWe1967: physiology, 118
Blicke1965: taxonomy, 294, 307
Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 39
Boraty1957: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 246-249, 251
Boraty1968a: host, taxonomy, 33, 34
BoratyDa1971: taxonomy, 64
BoratyWi1964: taxonomy, 88
Borchs1949d: taxonomy, 226
Borchs1950b: taxonomy, 206
Borchs1963a: taxonomy, 127
Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 160
Borchs1973: distribution, taxonomy, 127
Britto1923: description, distribution, host, 366, 367
Brown1965: taxonomy, 83-84
Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 186, 197
CaliskUl2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 340-341
CampbeLaHu2014: DNA, genebank, phylogeny, 531, 532
CampbeLaHu2014: DNA, genebank, 531, 534
Carnes1907: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 200-201
ChalliWi1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 220-222
Charli1972: taxonomy, 215
Charli1973: distribution, host, 113
Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, 310-311
Comsto1883: distribution, host, taxonomy, 86, 94, 96
Comsto1916: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 459-460, 547, 555, 5
Danzig1964: taxonomy, 649
Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 844
DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 203-204
Davies1981: taxonomy, 151
Davies1983: taxonomy, 144
DaviesBo1979: taxonomy, 101
DeBachRo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 144, 176
DeMarz1996: biological control, distribution, 135, 142
DeSant1979: biological control, 226, 311, 331
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
ErlerKoTu1996: distribution, host, 56
FDACSB1982: distribution, host, 10
Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 229, 231
FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 295
Foldi2000: distribution, host, 83
Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 307
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 9,23
Gaprin1956: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 115-116, 133
Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
GersonSc1981: taxonomy, 201
Gertss2011: distribution, host, 43
Ghauri1962: structure, taxonomy, 142, 212
Giliom1966: catalog, distribution, host, 423
Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, ill
Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 71, 73-74
Goidan1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 2, 23, 34
GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 186, 192-195
GonzalCh1968: distribution, 110
Greath1973: distribution, host, 29
Greath1989: biological control, 31
Hadzib1983: distribution, host, 191, 192, 275
Hall1922: description, distribution, host, 33-34
Hall1946a: distribution, host, 548
Hawkin1994: biological control, 162
Hellri2004: distribution, host, 87
Hender2011: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 8,10,29,81,85-86,225
Henry1976: biological control, 195
HertinSi1972: biological control, 177, 178
Hodgso2020: key, 146
HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 5, 7, 12, 21
IspartYa2020: distribution, host, 57
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 25
JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 63
JohnsoLy1976: distribution, economic importance, host, 88
Kaussa1957: distribution, host, 1
Kaweck1962: taxonomy, 22
KaymakYa2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 45
KnechtNe1959: distribution, host, illustration, 90-92
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 14
KondoWa2022f: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 453-457
Koszta1996: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 433, 434, 436
KosztaKo1978: description, distribution, illustration, 149, 151
KosztaKo1988F: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 329-330
Koteja1974b: structure, taxonomy, 84
Kozar1983a: distribution, taxonomy, 148
Kozar1985: distribution, 203
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 66
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 85, 99, 115, 135, 151, 172
KozarTzVi1979: distribution, host, 131
KozarzMi1984: biological control, distribution, host, 406-407
Kuznet1966: distribution, host, 46-47
Kuznet1967: taxonomy, 221, 265
Kuznet1970: taxonomy, 1649
LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 80
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 183, 192-195
Lesche2000: biological control, 919
Lindin1958: taxonomy, 366
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 125
LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 144
Luck1981: biological control, distribution, host, 139
Lupo1938: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 122, 129-134
Lupo1957a: taxonomy, 427
Lupo1966: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 37, 39, 43
Lupo1966a: taxonomy, 42
Malump2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 52-53
MalumpBa2012: distribution, economic importance, host, 28,38,41
MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 52-53
Martin1983: distribution, 50
MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-118
McKenz1956: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 30, 91
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 507
MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 301
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 100
MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 144
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 18
MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 8, 54, 55-56, 241
Morley1909: biological control, 257
MorseNo2006: phylogeny, taxonomy, 340
Myarts1972: distribution, 54
Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, 395
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 16-17
Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 152, 162-165
NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 204
Nishid2002: catalog, 141
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 14, 65
NucifoWa2001: distribution, host, 208
OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 38
Panis1981: distribution, 7
Pelliz2011: distribution, 311
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 61,67
PellizFo1996: distribution, 121
PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295,297
PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 27
PooleGe1997: distribution, 347
Rosen1978: biological control, distribution, 25
RosenDe1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 100-102
RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, 756
RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 57
Seghat1977: distribution, host, 12
Signor1869d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 436, 438
Simmon1957: catalog, distribution, host, 4
Simmon1958a: biological control, distribution, host, 601
SoriaCaMu1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, 273, 275-276
Stimme1977: chemical control, distribution, host, 19-20
Stimme1977: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 19-20
Stimme1979: distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 222-229
Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 319, 326
SuhJi2009: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 1039-1054
SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 468
SzitaFeGe2023: key, 5
Targio1868: taxonomy, 736
Teodor2018: distribution, history, 41
TerGri1954: distribution, host, 67
TerGri1954: distribution, host, 67
TerGri1962: distribution, host, 147, 156, 157
TerGri1969a: taxonomy, 91
Terezn1966: illustration, taxonomy, 32
Terezn1967a: taxonomy, 474
Terezn1968b: host, 44, 49
Terezn1975: distribution, host, taxonomy, 18, 57, 73
Terezn1982: distribution, taxonomy, 62
Terezn1986: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 65-66
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
TripatTe1984: life history, 24
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 484
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S118
UlgentOzMu2019: distribution, host, 54, 59
VieiraCaPi1983: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 113-114
Vinis1981a: taxonomy, 62
WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
Watson2001: list, 177
Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
Watson2002a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
Weidha1968: taxonomy, 256
Wheele1980: biological control, distribution, taxonomy, 51
Wheele1981: biological control, 173
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 220
WilliaWa1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 79, 80
Wilson1963: biological control, distribution, host, 5
Yanin1971: taxonomy, 46
Yasar2020: distribution,
Zagain1956: taxonomy, 87
Zahrad1972: distribution, host, 428
ZakOga1967: distribution, host, 215