Valid Names Results

Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, 1906 (Diaspididae: Aulacaspis)

Nomenclatural History

Diaspis (Aulacaspis) rosae; Maxwell-Lefroy 1903: 45. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 141).
Aulacaspis (Diaspis) tubercularis Newstead 1906a: 73. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, on Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Holotype, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name
Aulacaspis cinnamomi Newstead 1908b: 34-35. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, on Cinamomum zeylanicum, 07/01/1903. Holotype, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Willia1961a, 92). Illustr.
Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead, 1906; Sanders 1909a: 49. change of combination
Diaspis (Aulacaspis) cinnamomi mangiferae Newstead 1911: 86. Type data: SRI LANKA: Helwan, 31/08/1910. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Willia1961a, 92).
Aulacaspis cinnamomi mangiferae (Newstead, 1911); Sasscer 1912: 90. change of combination
Diaspis cinnamomi-mangiferae Newstead, 1911; Green 1919c: 433. change of combination
Diaspis mangiferae Newstead, 1911; Ramakrishna Ayyar 1919a: 13. change of combination
Aulacaspis mangiferae (Newstead, 1911); MacGillivray 1921: 317. change of combination
Aulacaspis sinnamomi Newstead, 1908; Kuwana 1926: 22, 30. misspelling of species epithet
Diaspis (Aulacaspis) cinnamomi (Newstead, 1908); Hall 1928: 279. change of combination
Diaspis (Aulacaspis) tubercularis (Newstead, 1906); Scott 1952: 35. change of combination
Pseudaulacaspis tubercularis; Walker, et al. 1974: 11. misspelling of genus name
Anlacaspis tubercularis; Rehmat, Anis, Khan, Fatma & Begum 2011. misspelling of genus name
Aucalaspis tubercularis; Meurgey 2011: 80. misspelling of genus name
Aulacaspis tuberclaris Newstead, 1906; Grové & De Beers 2017: 300. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

cinnamomum scale VelasqRi1969
cinnamon scale Fennah1947
escama blanca del mango Clavij1977
escama del mango Mosque1976
mango scale ColonFMe1998
white mango scale Jack1936
cochinilla de la nieve WatsonKo2022a

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 23 | Genera: 39

Anacardiaceae

Mangifera | DanzigPe1998
Mangifera indica | Malump2012b Takaha1929 CostaLPeWo2021

Annonaceae

Desmos | MillerDa2005

Arecaceae

Cocos | MillerDa2005
Cocos nucifera | Cohic1956

Burseraceae

Canarium | WilliaMi2010

Calophyllaceae

Calophyllum inophyllum | WilliaMi2010

Cucurbitaceae

Cucumis | MillerDa2005
Cucurbita | MillerDa2005
Cucurbita pepo | KondoMu2009
Luffa | MillerDa2005

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea laxa | PetersHaMo2020s2

Escalloniaceae

Polyosma | Takagi2010

Fabaceae

Acacia | ThuQuCh2021
Acacia auriculiformis | ThuQuCh2021
Acacia mangium | ThuQuCh2021

Iridaceae

Dietes | MillerDa2005
Dietes iridioides | Muntin1977 | (= Dietes prolongata)

Lauraceae

Actinodaphne sphaerocarpa | Takagi2010
Cinnamomum | MillerDa2005
Cinnamomum camphora | Tao1999
Cinnamomum cassia | ThuQuCh2021
Cinnamomum parthenoxylon | MartinLa2011
Cinnamomum verum | Newste1908b Varshn2002 Watson2002a | (= Cinnamomum zeylanicum) (= Cinnamomum ceylanicum)
Laurus | MillerDa2005
Laurus nobilis | Takagi1970
Lindera | Takagi2010
Lindera nacusua | Takagi2010
Lindera pipericarpa | Takagi2010
Lindera pulcherrima | Takagi2010
Litsea | MillerDa2005
Litsea glutinosa | Kuwana1926 | (= Litsea sebifera)
Litsea laurifolia | Mamet1957
Litsea monopetala | Mamet1943a | (= Litsea polyantha)
Litsea pungens | Tang1986
Litsea rotundifolia | MartinLa2011 | var. oblongifolia
Machilus | Takaha1929 MillerDa2005
Machilus wangchiana | MartinLa2011 | (= Persea kadooriei)
Neolitsea lanuginosa | Takagi2010
Persea | MillerDa2005 Takagi2010
Persea americana | KondoMu2016 Watson2002a
Phoebe | Tao1999

Loranthaceae

Gaiadendron | MillerDa2005

Meliaceae

Aglaia | MillerDa2005
Aglaia odorata | JansenAl2023
Azadirachta indica | JansenAl2023
Xylocarpus granatum | TakagiDe2009

Myrtaceae

Psidium | MillerDa2005

Pentaphylacaceae

Ternstroemia | Takagi2010

Pittosporaceae

Pittosporum | MillerDa2005
Pittosporum glabratum | Chen1983

Proteaceae

Protea | JansenAl2023

Rhizophoraceae

Bruguiera sexangula | TakagiDe2009
Rhizophora apiculata | TakagiDe2009

Rosaceae

Prunus | MillerDa2005

Rutaceae

Citrus | Borchs1966

Sapindaceae

Acer | MillerDa2005
Acer caudatifolium | Tao1978 | (= Acer kawakamii )
Dimocarpus | MillerDa2005
Dimocarpus longan | Tao1999
Litchi | MillerDa2005
Litchi chinensis | GroveScDe2014
Nephelium | MillerDa2005

Schisandraceae

Illicium cambodianum | Takagi2010

Zingiberaceae

Zingiber officinale | Watson2002a

Foes:

Families: 11 | Genera: 35

Coccinellidae

Cryptognatha auriculata | NotzP1974 PinoBiBo2020

Aphelinidae

Aphytis | AhmadGh1972
Aphytis chionaspis | NeserPr2001
Aphytis diaspidis | HertinSi1972
Aphytis hispanicus | PinoBiBo2020
Aphytis holoxanthus | RamosSaCo2018
Aphytis lingnanensis | RamosSaCo2018
Aphytis melinus | GhaniMu1974
Aphytis mytilaspidis | Watson2002a
Coccophagus bivittatus | UriasLGaHe2019
Coccophagus lycimnia | UriasLGaHe2019
Coccophagus pulvinariae | UriasLGaHe2019 | (= Coccophagus eritraensis)
Coccophagus scutellaris | UriasLGaHe2019
Encarsia | DelPinVeBi2023 | near E. lounsburyi
Encarsia berlesei | HertinSi1972 | (= Prospaltella berlesei)
Encarsia citrina | Risbec1937 Watson2002a | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
Encarsia fasciata | PinoBiBo2020
Encarsia lounsburyi | Comper1936 | (= Aspidiotiphagus lounsburyi)
Encarsia obtusiclava | HuangPo1998
Pteroptrix koebelei | Sankar1984 | (= Artas koebelei)
Pteroptrix machiaveli | RehmatAnKh2011

Cecidomyiidae

Cecidomyiidae | GroveDe2017
Dentifibula | KolesiDe2014
Triommata coccidivora | PinoBiBo2020

Cheyletidae

Cheyletidae | PinoBiBo2020

Chrysopidae

Ceraeochrysa claveri | PinoBiBo2020
Ceraeochrysa cubana | PinoBiBo2020
Chrysoperla | PinoBiBo2020
Chrysoperla carnea | PinoBiBo2020
Chrysoperla congrua | PinoBiBo2020 | (= Chrysopa otalatis)
Chrysoperla externa | PinoBiBo2020
Chrysopodes collaris | PinoBiBo2020 | (= Chrysopa collaris)
Leucochrysa | PinoBiBo2020
Leucochrysa cortesi | PinoBiBo2020 | (= Nodita cortezi)
Mallada boninensis | PinoBiBo2020

Clavicipitaceae

Beauveria bassiana | ElkhatMoEl2021
Metarhizium anisopliae | ElkhatMoEl2021

Coccinellidae

Azya | Gordon1980 Mosque1976 PinoBiBo2020
Azya luteipes | Mosque1976 NotzP1974 PinoBiBo2020 | (= Azya pontbrianti) (= Azya trinitatis)
Azya orbigera | PinoBiBo2020
Chilocorus | Chazea1981 DjiratGeKa2017 Watson2002a
Chilocorus baileyi | PinoBiBo2020
Chilocorus bipustulatus | PinoBiBo2020
Chilocorus cacti | PinoBiBo2020
Chilocorus circumdatus | PinoBiBo2020
Chilocorus malasiae | Chazea1981
Chilocorus nigritus | PinoBiBo2020 Watson2002a
Chilocorus stigma | WaleMe2022
Coccidophilus | PinoBiBo2020
Cryptognatha | NotzP1974
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri | WaleMe2022
Novius amabilis | PinoBiBo2020
Pentilia | NotzP1974 PinoBiBo2020
Pentilia egena |
Pharoscymnus flexibilis | AhmadGh1972
Pharoscymnus horni | PinoBiBo2020
Platynaspis | FitaGeWa2021
Pseudaspidimerus trinotatus | PinoBiBo2020
Rhyzobius | PinoBiBo2020
Rhyzobius lophanthae | Watson2002a FitaGeWa2021
Rhyzobius pulchellus | PinoBiBo2020
Scymnus (Pullus) syriacus | PinoBiBo2020
Stethorus pusillus | PinoBiBo2020
Zagloba | NotzP1974
Zagloba beaumonti | PinoBiBo2020

Cybocephalidae

Cybocephalus | PinoBiBo2020
Cybocephalus binotatus | GroveDe2017
Cybocephalus flavocapitis | PinoBiBo2020
Cybocephalus micans | PinoBiBo2020
Cybocephalus nipponicus | PinoBiBo2020
Cybocephalus rufifrons | PinoBiBo2020 | ssp. flaviceps
Cybocephalus semiflavus | AhmadGh1972

Encyrtidae

Arrhenophagus chionaspidis | RamosSaCo2018
Habrolepis diaspidi | PinoBiBo2020
Metaphycus flavus | UriasLGaHe2019
Microterys flavus | UriasLGaHe2019

Eriophyidae

Cecidophyopsis | Watson2002a

Phlaeothripidae

Aleurodothrips fasciapennis | UriasLGaHe2019 Watson2002a

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 81

Andaman Islands | JoshiDu2020 Watson2002a

Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua | Watson2002a

Argentina | AmunCl2015

Aruba | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a WoodruBeSk1998

Australia | Watson2002a

Northern Territory | EFSA2022k
Queensland | EFSA2022k
Western Australia | EFSA2022k

Barbados | Watson2002a

Benin | Watson2002a

Bermuda | HodgsoHi1990 MillerDa2005

Brazil | MillerDa2005

Bahia | CostaLPeWo2021
Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
Goias | Watson2002a
Maranhao | RamosSaCo2018
Minas Gerais | Watson2002a
Pernambuco | CostaLPeWo2021
Rio Grande do Sul | WolffCo1993a
Rio de Janeiro | Watson2002a
Sao Paulo | SilvadGoGa1968

British Virgin Islands | MillerDa2005 WoodruBeSk1998

Burma (=Myanmar) | EFSA2022c

Canary Islands | ArtegaLoAy2003

Cape Verde | LagowsGoHo2022

Chile | Gonzal2016

China | Giliom1966 MillerDa2005

Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Tang1986
Hainan | Tao1999
Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Tang1986
Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | Watson2002a

Colombia | KondoKa1995 MillerDa2005

Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | Watson2002a

Dominican Republic | MillerDa2005 WoodruBeSk1998

Ecuador | JansenAl2023

Egypt | Hall1922 MillerDa2005 Watson2002a

El Salvador | EFSA2022k

Ethiopia | BabegeHaHa2017

Gambia | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a

Ghana | Halter1970

Grenada | MillerDa2005 WoodruBeSk1998

Guadeloupe | Balach1957c MillerDa2005

Guyana (=British Guiana) | Watson2002a

Haiti | NormarOkMo2019

India | Lit1997b MillerDa2005

Andhra Pradesh | EFSA2022k
Bihar | Ali1968
Gujarat | EFSA2022k
Haryana | EFSA2022k
Himachal Pradesh | Verma2014
Karnataka | Green1919c PrakasPa2015
Kerala | Watson2002a
Sikkim | Watson2002a
Tamil Nadu | Varshn2002
Uttar Pradesh | Watson2002a
West Bengal | Watson2002a

Indonesia | MillerDa2005

Java | Newste1906a WilliaMi2010
Kalimantan (=Borneo) | EFSA2022k

Iraq | Lit1997b MillerDa2005

Israel | Borchs1966 Lit1997b MillerDa2005

Italy | MillerDa2005 PellizDa1997 Porcel1990

Sicily | LoVerdCeAl2020

Jamaica | Watson2002a

Japan | Lit1997b MillerDa2005

Kenya | MillerDa2005 Wheatl1960

Laos | EFSA2022c

Liberia | Watson2002a

Madagascar | Mamet1954 Mamet1959a MillerDa2005

Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011

Malawi | Watson2002a

Malaysia | RazaKhHa2023

Malaya | Giliom1966 MillerDa2005 TakagiDe2011
Sabah | EFSA2022k
Sarawak | EFSA2022k

Martinique | MillerDa2005 WoodruBeSk1998

Mauritius | Mamet1943a MillerDa2005 WilliaWi1988

Mexico

Colima | BautisRaCa2013
Jalisco | BautisRaCa2013
Nayarit | BautisRaCa2013
Sinaloa | BautisRaCa2013

Mozambique | Almeid1971 MillerDa2005

Nepal | EFSA2022c

Netherlands | JansenAl2023

New Caledonia | Cohic1956

Nicobar Islands | JoshiDu2020 RazaKhHa2023

Pakistan | AhmadGh1972 MillerDa2005

Papua New Guinea | EFSA2022k

Philippines | MillerDa2005 TakagiDe2011

Luzon | Lit1997b

Portugal | RazaKhHa2023

Puerto Rico & Vieques Island

Puerto Rico | Martor1976 MillerDa2005 NakahaMi1981

Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1957 MillerDa2005 WilliaWi1988

Rodriques Island | Lit1997b MillerDa2005 WilliaWi1988

Russia | RazaKhHa2023

Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | MillerDa2005 YamaguNoOm2000

Saint Croix | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1983

Saint Lucia | Watson2002a

Seychelles | GermaiAtBa2008

Sierra Leone | Watson2002a

South Africa | GroveScDe2014 Kuwana1926 MillerDa2005 NeserPr2001

Spain | PinoBiBo2020

Sri Lanka | Ali1969 MillerDa2005

Suriname | Watson2002a

Taiwan | Ferris1921a MillerDa2005

Tanzania | Lit1997b MillerDa2005

Thailand | MillerDa2005 Takaha1942b

Togo | Watson2002a

Trinidad and Tobago | MillerDa2005

Tobago | WoodruBeSk1998
Trinidad | WoodruBeSk1998

U.S. Virgin Islands | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1983

Uganda | DeLott1967a MillerDa2005

United States

Florida | FDACS2010 HodgesHa2016 MillerDa2005

Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | Chazea1981

Venezuela | MillerDa2005 Penell1942

Vietnam | ThuQuCh2021 Watson2002a

Zambia | Watson2002a

Zanzibar | Giliom1966 MillerDa2005

Zimbabwe | Hall1928 MillerDa2005

Keys

JianXi2024: pp.595-597 ( Adult (F) ) [Aulacaspis from China]
JoshiMoMe2023: pp.244-245 ( Adult (F) ) [Indian species of Aulacaspis]
JoshiBhSa2023: pp.187 ( Adult (F) ) [Indian species of Aulacaspis]
TianXi2022: pp.174-176 ( Adult (F) ) [Aulacaspis species from China]
WeiJiZh2016: pp.18-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Aulacaspis from China]
SuhJi2009: pp.1041-1043 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of armored scales intercepted on imported plants (slide mounted females)]
MillerDa2005: pp.29-31 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
MillerDa2005: pp.20 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
ColonFMe1998: pp.87 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis of Puerto Rico]
WolffCo1993a: pp.154 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspidid species on mango in Brazil]
Chen1983: pp.35 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
Chou1982: pp.128 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Aulacaspis]
Muntin1977: pp.2 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Aulacaspis from southern Africa]
Ezzat1958: pp.244 ( ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis of Egypt]
Balach1954e: pp.242 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Palearctic Aulacaspis] Key as: Aulacaspis mangiferae
Kuwana1926: pp.22 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis] Key as: Aulacaspis sinnamomi
MacGil1921: pp.317 ( ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
MacGil1921: pp.317 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis] Key as: Aulacaspis mangiferae

Remarks

Systematics: GenBank accessions numbers: HM474090, HM474091, HM474092
This species lacks submarginal and submedian ducts on the second abdominal segment, which distinguishes it from its closest relative in the Philippines, Aulacaspis sumatrensis. A. tubercularis is characterized by having a pair of elongate scleroses on the beak as described by Balachowsky. These peribuccal scleroses have been found in all the specimens available for the present study, and are quite well developed in the examined type specimen of A. tubercularis (Takagi, 1970). Aulacaspis tubercularis together with other seven species (A. acuta, A. alisiana, A. alyxiae, A. lagunae, A. scaphocalycis, A. scurrulae and A. taipingensis) were put by Takagi (2010) to a provisional tubercularis species group. All of these species have variable characters and not all of them are clearly distinguishable among each other. Moreover, A. tubercularis has many forms more or less similar throughout Asia and there is a strong uncertainty whether the original species reported from Himalaya on plants of Lauraceae can be the same species that infests also mango (Mangifera indica) (Takagi, 2010). A. tubercularis appears to be separated into two cryptic species with interspecies divergenceof 11.5% and all analysis of ABGD, GMYC, and PTP supported this separation. (Qin, et al., 2018)
Structure: Female scale circular, flat, thin and often wrinkled; opaque white. Exuviae near margin is translucent, dusky ochreous, with median ridge black, forming a distinct median line. Male scale small, sides nearly parallel; distinctly tricarinate (Kuwana, 1926). A detailed morphological description and illustration of eggs, nymph, adult male and female is given by Risbec (1937) and Takagi (1970).
Biology: Eggs are laid under the hard shell of the female and remain there until the crawlers hatch (Wheatley, 1960). The life history of this species was studied intensively in South Africa (Labuschagne et al. 1995) in preparation for implementing an integrated pest management system. The white mango scale does not have discrete generations in South Africa primarily because the ovipositional period is about 45 days long (82 days for one particularly long-lived female). Since the duration of a generation (from egg to egg) was about 52 days under a regime of 26ºC day-time temperatures and 13ºC night-time temperatures, it is possible that the offspring of an adult female could begin laying eggs before the mother had finished oviposition. Thus, over a period of a year, the generations became completely overlapping and all life stages were present at all times of the year. Based on these observations, a generation takes about two months to complete; thus, it is feasible for there to be 5 or 6 generations each year, depending on temperature. Duration of the life stages was about 13 days for the crawler, 15 for the second instar, and 12 days before the adult female began laying eggs. Labuschagne et al. (1995) provided evidence that temperatures of above 30ºC caused high scale mortality and that populations tended to build up on the cooler sides of the mango tree. Halteren (1970) investigated the life history of this species on mango in Ghana and suggested that a generation required 35 to 40 days from egg laying to the adult female stage. If a 12-day preoviposition period is added, as suggested in Labuschagne et al. (1995), then generation times reported in South Africa and Ghana are fairly consistent. Male development was much quicker than in the female, taking 23 to 28 days (Halteren 1970). He did not observe the long oviposition period mentioned by Labuschagne et al. (1995), but indicated that adult females laid eggs for 8 to 12 days and deposited a total of 80 to 200 eggs. Eggs hatched in 7 or 8 days. (Miller & Davidson, 2005). Bautista-Rosales, et al., 2013 found that data suggested that in addition to temperature, rainfall influenced the abundance of white mango scale, and the sexes required relatively different environmental conditions; females were most abundant between 18 and 22°C and 73 and 78% relative humidity, while males were most abundant between 25 and 28°C and less than 70% relative humidity. White scale females were more abundant in organic than conventional mango orchards possibly because of the six monthly applications of fertilizer, suggesting that pests increased with excessive use of fertilizer, especially nitrogen and phosphorus.
Economic Importance: Aulacaspis tubercularis can become extremely numerous on mango in South Africa (Munting, 1977). Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. This species is a serious pest of mangos in many parts of the world. In Ethiopia, A. tubercularis has emerged as the second most important mango pest after anthracnose disease. (Otieno, 2021) According to Labuschagne et al. (1995) damage is primarily cosmetic, causing blemishes in the fruit that make it unsightly, but does not detract from the flavor or texture. Halteren (1970) suggests that feeding causes significant damage to the leaves forming chlorotic areas around the body of the insect. Literature that discusses this species as a pest of mango is as follows: Brazil (Wolff and Corseuil 1993); Colombia (Kondo and Kawai 1995); Japan (Kinjo et al. 1996); Mauritius (Moutia and Mamet 1947); Mozambique (Almeida 1972); Pakistan (Mahmood and Mohyuddin 1986); Philippines (Webster 1920); Portugal (Fernandes 1989); Puerto Rico (Gallardo-Covas 1983); Rhodesia (Chorley 1939); South Africa (Labuschagne et al. 1995); Venezuela (Penella 1942). The parasitic wasp, Aphytis chionaspis Ren (given as Aphytis sp. in many papers), and the predaceous nitidulid beetle, Cybocephalus binotatus Grouvelle, have been used as biological control agents against this pest in IPM programs in mango orchards in South Africa (Labuschagne et al. 1996). (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration of adult male and female, larva and eggs by Risbec (1937). More recent description of adult female by Takagi (1970).

Illustrations

DiazNiPiMe2023

Citations

AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 32
AhmadGh1972: biological control, distribution, host, 84
Ali1968: distribution, host, taxonomy, 134
Ali1969: distribution, host, taxonomy, 70, 72
Almeid1969: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 154
Almeid1971: description, distribution, 8-9
Almeid1972: distribution, host, 3
AlvareLiLu2020: phylogeny, 5
AmunCl2015: distribution, host, 3
AriasCRoHe2022: natural enemies, 90
ArtegaLoAy2003: chemical control, distribution, 40-46
BabegeHaHa2017: dispersal, distribution, economic importance, illustration, 26-32
Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 242, 246-250
Balach1957c: distribution, taxonomy, 202
Ballou1945: distribution, host, 91
BautisRaCa2013: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 221-230
Berry1959: taxonomy, 213
Borchs1966: catalog, 141
Brown1965: physiology, 206
Chazea1981: biological control, distribution, 12, 14
Chen1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 35, 56-57, 144
Chorle1939: distribution, 602
Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 128, 135-136
Chou1986: illustration, 535
Clavij1977: distribution, host, 115
Cocher1969: distribution, 71, 73
Cohic1956: distribution, host, 39
Cohic1958: distribution, host, 16, 23
ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 88-89
Comper1936: biological control, distribution, 295
CostaLPeWo2021: distribution, host, illustration,
CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 201
Davatc1958: distribution, host, 152
DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 116
DeVillDu1981: chemical control, host, illustration, 9-13
DelPinBiWo2021: control, economic importance,
DelPinVeBi2023: biological control, natural enemies,
DiazNiPiMe2023: biology, diagnosis, economic control, host, illustration, life cycle, male, morphology, 7, 15-17
DjiratGeRu2018: ecology,
Dumble1954: distribution, host, 40, 88
EFSA2021a: distribution, economic importance, host, 22, 34-35, 127-128
EFSA2022c: dispersal, economic importance, 29-30, 43, 55, 83-93
EFSA2022k: control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy,
ElkhatMoEl2021: entomopathogenic fungi, 4
Ezzat1958: distribution, taxonomy, 244
FDACS2010: distribution, host, 3
Fennah1947: distribution, 65
Ferris1921a: distribution, host, 212-213
FitaGeWa2021: biological control, illustration, natural enemies,
FitaGeWa2021: DNA, illustration, natural enemies, phylogeny,
FitaGeWa2023: control,
Fletch1919: distribution, host, 298
Fonsec1963: description, distribution, host, illustration, 32-35
Fonsec1964: description, distribution, host, 515
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 8,23
Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, 18
Gallar1983: distribution, economic importance, host, 179
GermaiAtBa2008: distribution, host, 127-135
GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 23
Ghabbo1999: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 87
GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 342
GhaniMu1974: biological control, distribution, host, 49
Giliom1966: catalog, distribution, host, 422
Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, illustration, 106-107
Gordon1980: biological control, 151
GreathPo1977: distribution, 268
Green1919c: distribution, host, 433
Green1922a: taxonomy, 1014
Green1930c: taxonomy, 293
GroveDe2017: distribution, economic importance, host, natural enemies, 299-300
GroveDeDa2013: distribution, host, 377-384
GroveScDe2014: biological control, economic importance, host, 413
HabtegMeKi2020: chemical control,
Hadden1928: distribution, 13
Hall1922: description, distribution, host, 34
Hall1923: distribution, taxonomy, 47
Hall1926a: taxonomy, 37
Hall1927d: distribution, host, taxonomy, 275-277
Hall1928: distribution, host, 279
Hall1946a: distribution, host, 505, 549, 552
Halter1970: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 83-85
Hashem2021: diagnosis, host, illustration, key, 141-142
HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, 176
HodgesHa2016: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration,
HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 14
Hosny1943: distribution, 121-122
Hua2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 148
HuangPo1998: biological control, 1928
Jack1935: distribution, 564
Jack1936: distribution, host, 333
Jack1937: distribution, host, 573
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 25,33
JoshiMoMe2023: distribution, host, key, 241
JouberGrDe2004: chemical control, 493-499
JuarezVaVa2014: description, host, illustration, physiology, 100-107
KolesiDe2014: biological control, 102
Kondo2001: distribution, host, 43
Kondo2010: distribution, host, 1
KondoKa1995: distribution, host, 56
KondoMu2009: economic importance, host, 18-22
KondoMu2016: distribution, host, illustration, 4-5
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 14
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 82
Kuwana1926: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 22, 30-32
LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, list, 6
LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 9
LeeLeSe2024: natural enemies, 7
Lesche2000: biological control, 919
Lindin1910: taxonomy, 325, 330
Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 209
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 130
Lindin1957: taxonomy, 547
Lindin1958: taxonomy, 366
Lit1997b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 91-92
LoVerdCeAl2020: control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, illustration,
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 125
LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 149
MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 317
Malump2012b: distribution, host, 210,212
Malump2014a: distribution, host, 74
Mamet1943a: 157
Mamet1948: distribution, 47
Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 32-33
Mamet1954: distribution, host, 16
Mamet1956b: distribution, host, 305, 306
Mamet1957: distribution, host, 370, 377
Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 379
MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 39
MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 3
Martor1976: distribution, host, 166
Maxwel1903: taxonomy, 45
MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
Medler1980: distribution, host, 88
Meurge2011: distribution, 80
MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 137
Miller2005: distribution, 485
MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 301
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 90
Misra1924CS: distribution, host, 348
Mohamm1963: distribution, host, taxonomy, 133
MoharuBa2015: distribution, host, 99-101
Mosque1973: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 58-59
Mosque1976: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 26-29, 85
MoutiaMa1946: biological control, 460
MoutiaMa1947: distribution, host, 9
Muntin1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 4, 6-7
Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 9
NakahaMi1981: distribution, host, 33
NeserPr2001: biological control, distribution, host, 199-201
Newste1906a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 73-74
Newste1908b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34-35
Newste1911: description, illustration, taxonomy, 86
NiuCaWe2023: genebank, phylogeny, 304, 310
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 14, 74
NotzP1974: biological control, distribution, 140
Otieno2021: biology, control, distribution, ecology, illustration,
Paik1978: taxonomy, 307
PellizDa1997: distribution, host, 175
PellizGe2010a: distribution, host, 499
PellizPo2014: distribution, host, 6
Penell1942: distribution, host, 13
PerezG2008: distribution, 215
PetersHaMo2020s2: DNA, disease transmission, host,
Pierce1917: economic importance, taxonomy, 146
PinoBiBo2020: biology, control, distribution, ecology, illustration,
PinoVeBo2021: control, phenology,
Porcel1992: distribution, host, taxonomy, 36
PrakasPa2015: distribution,
QinZhYu2018: DNA sequencing, ecology, natural enemies, taxonomy, 5-11
Ramakr1919a: distribution, host, 13
Ramakr1919b: distribution, host, 96
Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 354
Ramakr1924: distribution, host, 341
Ramakr1930: description, distribution, host, 14, 50
RamosSaCo2018: distribution, host, natural enemies, 274
RazaKhHa2023: biology, control, distribution, ecology, illustration, life cycle,
RehmatAnKh2011: biological control, distribution, 276
Risbec1937: biological control, description, distribution, illustration, 77-81, 178
Sander1909a: catalog, taxonomy, 49
Sankar1984: biological control, distribution, host, 2, 18
SankarNaNa1984: biological control, distribution, host, 409
Sassce1912: distribution, host, 90
SayedDu2019: entomopathogenic fungi,
Scott1952: taxonomy, 35, 41, 42, 60
SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, distribution, 172
Simmon1924: distribution, 54
Simmon1925: distribution, host, 19
Simmon1938: distribution, 21
Stocks2013a: distribution, host, 243, 354
Su1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 62
Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 316, 325
SuhJi2009: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 1039-1054
Takagi1969a: distribution, taxonomy, 4, 24
Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 83-85, 87
Takagi2010: distribution, host, illustration, morphology, taxonomy, 62, 64
TakagiDe2009: distribution, host, structure, 108-109
Takaha1928: taxonomy, 327
Takaha1929: distribution, host, taxonomy, 18, 19, 71
Takaha1931b: distribution, host, 377
Takaha1932a: host, 103
Takaha1933: distribution, host, 27, 59
Takaha1934: taxonomy, 4
Takaha1935: taxonomy, 13
Takaha1936: taxonomy, 81
Takaha1942b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 38, 39
TandonLa1977: description, distribution, host, 193
Tang1977: taxonomy, 190
Tang1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 221, 296
Tao1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 104
Tao1999: distribution, host, 77
ThuQuCh2021: dispersal, economic importance, host, illustration, 6,10-11,13
TianXi2022: distribution, key, 174, 176
TremblCa1972: physiology, 431
UriasLGaHe2019: ecology, natural enemies,
UriasLNaGo2016: economic control, 115-126
Varshn2002: distribution, host, 57
Varshn2002: distribution, host, 58
VegaRoCo2023: control, ecology, host,
VelasqRi1969: distribution, taxonomy, 196
Verma2014: distribution, host, taxonomy, 51-57
WaleMe2022: biology, ecology, natural enemies,
WalkerWaEv1974: distribution, host, 11
Wardle1929: taxonomy, 440
Watson2001: list, 177
Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
Watson2002a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
Watson2021: distribution, 523
WatsonKo2022a: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 449-453
WeiJiZh2016: key, 20
Wester1920: host, 64
Wheatl1960: chemical control, distribution, host, 129-130
Willia1961a: taxonomy, 92
WilliaMi2010: distribution, host, structure, taxonomy, 46,48
WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 63
WolffCo1993a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 151-161
WongChCh1999: distribution, illustration, 20, 60
WoodruBeSk1998: distribution, taxonomy, 107
YamaguNoOm2000: distribution, host, 133
Yang1982: taxonomy, 243, 244, 267, 268
YunusHo1980: distribution, host, 33
ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 163