Valid Names Results

Paraputo Laing, 1929 (Pseudococcidae)

Nomenclatural History

• Paraputo Laing 1929a: 473. Type species: Paraputo ritchiei Laing by original designation . (= Ripersia anomala, Newstead ) accepted valid name
• Cataenococcus Ferris 1955: 3. Type species: Dactylopius olivaceus Cockerell by original designation . junior synonym (discovered by Tang1992: 304)
• Catenococcus Ferris 1955: Fig. 5;. . misspelling of genus name
• Ferrisicoccus Ezzat and McConnell 1956: 31;. DanzigGa2015:27 . incorrect synonymy (discovered by ZhangWaWa2023: 129)
• Kaicoccus Takahashi 1958: 5;. DanzigGa2015:27 . incorrect synonymy (discovered by ZhangWaWa2023: 129)
• Lachnodiopsis Borchsenius 1960e: 923. Type species: Lachnodiopsis szemaoensis Borchsenius by original designation . junior synonym (discovered by Willia2004a: 484)
• Lomatococcus Borchsenius 1960e: 920. Type species: Lomatococcus ficiphilus Borchsenius by original designation . junior synonym (discovered by DanzigGa2015: 27)
• Catenococcus McKenzie 1960: 691;. by present designation . misspelling of genus name
• Anaparaputo Borchsenius 1962a: 224;. . incorrect synonymy (discovered by ZhangWu2022: 159)

Remarks

• Systematics: Subfamily Pseudococcinae. Paraputo is morphologically similar to the genus Formicococcus Takahashi in possessing a broadly oval to rotund body, stout legs, prominent ostioles, and cerarii each containing multiple conical setae. However, these genera can be separated by the presence of an anal lobe bar in Formicococcus that is lacking in most species of Paraputo. A few species of Paraputo also resemble species of Dysmicoccus Ferris in possessing sclerotized areas on the ventral surface of the anal lobe and in having multiple conical setae in the cerarii; however, in Dysmicoccus, tibia + tarsus is usually longer than trochanter + femur, whereas in many species of Paraputo, it is noticeably shorter (Williams 2004). (Joshi, et al., 2024)

  Recent authors (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin, 2015; Williams, 2004a) disagree about the use of the anal bar and anal ring as generic characters in the classification of Formicococcus, Kaicoccus and Paraputo. Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2015) reject the use of the presence of the anal barir as a generic character state because of its variability and use the presence of more than 6 setae in the anal ring as a critical generic character state. Williams (2005) rejects the use of more than 6 setae in the anal ng as a generic character state and follows the use of the presence of an anal bar as important consistent with the use of previous authors (Ezzat & McConnell 1956; Cox 1989; McKenzie 1967). He supports his hypothesis by discussing examples of specimens that have more than 6 setae on one side of the anal ring and 6 on the other. ScaleNet has been fairly consistent in incorporating the decisions of the most recent publication which in this case would be Zhang, Wang and Watson, 2023. Zhang & Wu, 2017, have questioned this definition. Tanaka (2022) also stated that their (Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin) taxonomic treatment appears to be ... erroneous, and those species with anal lobe bars that they moved into Paraputo should be returned to their previous generic assignments. Therefore, we have moved these two genera back into synonymy with Dysmicoccus. It is clear that a more detailed study is required to better understand the importance of such character states, in particular using a combination of molecular and morphological characters. Based on the revision by Zhang & Wu (2022), The monotypic genus Anaparaputo Borchsenius (which had been placed as a junior synonym of Paraputo by Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin (2015)) has been placed as a junior synonym of Formicococcus.

• Structure: Body of adult female oval to rotund. Derm membranous. Antennae each with 6–8 segments. Legs well-developed, usually stout, femur often about twice as wide as tibia; tibia + tarsus shorter than trochanter + femur; translucent pores normally present on hind coxae, sometimes on hind femur and tibia, occasionally also on coxae of second pair of legs, but rarely completely lacking; claw stout, without a denticle. (Tanaka, 2022)
• General Remarks: Definition and characters by Balachowsky (1954g), De Lotto (1964), McKenzie (1967), Williams (1969d), Miller & McKenzie (1971), Matile-Ferrero (1978) Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Tang (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Good definition and characters of the synomym, Lomatococcus given by Borchsenius (1960e) and by Tang (1992).

Keys

• ZarkanErAp2023: pp.158 ( Adult (F) ) [Mealybug genera in Indonesia]
• PachecKaSi2019: pp.529 ( Adult (F) ) [Genera on annonaceous plants]
• DongZhWu2017: pp.594-595 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcinae in China]
• DanzigGa2015: pp.16 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic genera]
• Willia2005a: pp.3357 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Pacific region]
• Willia2004a: pp.44 ( Adult (F) ) [Genera of southern Asia]
• Willia2004a: pp.486-491 ( Adult (F) ) [Paraputo species of southern Asia]
• Millar2002: pp.189-195 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae genera of South Africa]
• Tang1992: pp.277 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region] Key as: Anaparaputo
• Tang1992: pp.277 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region] Key as: Lomatococcus
• Tang1992: pp.277 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic and Oriental Region] Key as: Lachnodiopsis
• Tang1992: pp.297 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions] Key as: Anaparaputo
• Tang1992: pp.305-306 ( Adult (F) ) [species Palaearctic and Oriental Region]
• WilliaGr1992: pp.74-75 ( Adult (F) ) [Central and South America]
• WilliaGr1992: pp.38, 43 ( Adult (F) ) [Central and South America]
• WilliaWa1988a: pp.19 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific Region]
• AvasthSh1987: pp.4 ( Adult (F) ) [India]
• Wang1982TC: pp.22 ( Adult (F) ) [China] Key as: Anaparaputo
• Wang1982TC: pp.22 ( Adult (F) ) [China] Key as: Lomatococcus
• Wang1982TC: pp.22 ( Adult (F) ) [Genera of China]
• Wang1982TC: pp.70 ( Adult (F) ) [Paraputo species China] Key as: Paraputo
• MillerMc1973: pp.490-491 ( Adult (F) ) [species North America]
• MillerMc1971: pp.567 ( Adult (F) ) [South America]
• McKenz1967: pp.46 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
• McKenz1967: pp.81 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
• Beards1966: pp.405 ( Adult (F) ) [Federated States of Micronesia]
• Willia1960: pp.419 ( Adult (F) ) [Solomon Islands]

Associated References

• Balach1954g: taxonomy, pp. 17
• Beards1966: taxonomy, pp. 430
• BenDov1994: catalog, pp. 33, 69, 208, 214, 282
• BenDovWi2006: taxonomy, pp. 251-256
• Borchs1960e: description, taxonomy, pp. 920
• Borchs1962a: description, taxonomy, pp. 224
• DeLott1964: description, taxonomy, pp. 344
• DongZhWu2017: key, pp. 595
• Ferris1955: description, taxonomy, pp. 3, 5
• FoldiKo2006: taxonomy, pp. 306
• Gavril2018: reproduction, pp. 224
• Gavril2021b: reproduction, pp. 245
• JoshiAmMe2024: diagnosis, distribution, key, pp. 567-569
• Laing1929a: description, taxonomy, pp. 473
• Matile1978: taxonomy, pp. 50-52
• McKenz1960: taxonomy, pp. 691
• McKenz1967: description, taxonomy, pp. 80-81
• Millar2002: taxonomy, pp. 185-233
• MillerMc1971: taxonomy, pp. 567
• MorrisMo1966: taxonomy, pp. 8, 30, 102, 111, 146
• PachecKaSi2019: host, key, pp. 529
• Tang1992: description, taxonomy, pp. 277, 297, 304-305
• Tao1999: taxonomy, pp. 8, 17, 21
• Willia1969d: description, taxonomy, pp. 103
• Willia2004a: description, taxonomy, pp. 484-491
• Willia2005a: description, taxonomy, pp. 3343-3358
• WilliaGr1992: description, taxonomy, pp. 38, 43, 73-75
• WilliaGu2010: taxonomy, pp. 66-68
• WilliaWa1988a: description, taxonomy, pp. 151
• ZarkanErAp2023: key, pp. 160

88 Species