Valid Names Results
Diaspidiotus gigas (Thiem & Gerneck, 1934) (Diaspididae: Diaspidiotus)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus populi Glaser 1877: 49. Type data: GERMANY: Rhein region, vicinity of Worms, on "Schwartzpappel" [=Populus].. Syntypes, female, junior homonym (discovered by Lindin1936, 152). Replacement name for Aspidiotus populi Baerensprung, 1849 Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
- Aspidiotus (Euraspidiotus) gigas Thiem & Gerneck 1934a: 131. Type data: GERMANY: host plant not indicated.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym replacing a junior homonym Replacement name for Aspidiotus populi Glaser, 1877 Notes: Type depository unknown.
- Aspidiotus multiglandulatus Borchsenius 1935: 46. Type data: RUSSIA: Dagestan, Levashinskii region, Hadjal-Mekhi, on Populus sp.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig1993,193). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 46). Illustr.
- Aspidiotus gigas Thiem & Gerneck, 1934; Ferris 1941e: 43. change of combination
- Quadraspidiotus gigas (Thiem & Gerneck, 1934); Balachowsky 1948: 18. change of combination
- Diaspidiotus gigas (Thiem & Gerneck, 1934); Borchsenius 1949d: 243. change of combination
- Quadraspidiotus gigans (Thiem & Gerneck, 1934); Bachmann 1956: 102. misspelling of species epithet
- Diaspidiotus gigas (Thiem & Gerneck, 1934); Danzig 1980: 340. revived combination (previously published)
- Aspidiotus multigrandulatus Borchsenius, 1935; Chou 1985: 311. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- poplar scale MillerDa2005
- topolevaya shitovka BazaroSh1971
- Willow Scale Koszta1996
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 6 | Genera: 8
- Betulaceae
- Alnus | Zahrad1972
- Malvaceae
- Tilia cordata | Balach1950b Zahrad1972 | (= Tilia parvifolia )
- Moraceae
- Ficus retusa | BicheArMe2022
- Myrtaceae
- Melaleuca leucadendra | BicheArMe2022 | (= Myrtus alba)
- Myrtus nivelii | BicheArMe2022
- Salicaceae
- Populus | Balach1950b BazaroSh1971 Borchs1935 Borchs1936 Danzig1962 Danzig1980b KaydanKoAt2009
- Populus alba | Balach1950b Zahrad1952 Zahrad1972
- Populus berolinensis | Zahrad1972
- Populus canadensis | Zahrad1972 | (= Populus euramericana)
- Populus canescens | Zahrad1972
- Populus deltoides | Zahrad1972
- Populus gracilis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Populus nigra | Bachma1953 Balach1950b Zahrad1972 | (= Populus pyramidalis)
- Populus tremula | Bachma1953 Martin1983 GomezM1960O MalumpOsPy2010 Zahrad1952 Zahrad1972
- Populus trichocarpa | Zahrad1972
- Salix | Bachma1953 Balach1950b BazaroSh1971 Danzig1978a Danzig1980b KaydanKoAt2009 Zahrad1972
- Salix acutifolia | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Salix alba | Zahrad1972
- Salix aurita | Zahrad1972
- Salix babylonica | MoghadWa2021
- Salix caprea | Zahrad1972
- Salix daphnoides | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Salix fragilis | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
- Salix pedicellata | Balach1950b
- Salix viminalis | BachmaGe1950
- Solanaceae
- Solanum sodomaeodes | BicheArMe2022
Foes:
Families: 8 | Genera: 17
- Anthocoridae
- Anthocoridae | Zahrad1972
- Temnostethus | Zahrad1972 | (= Ectemnus)
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus | Bachma1956 | (= Azotus)
- Ablerus celsus | Aligey2016 Zahrad1972 | (= Azotus matritensis)
- Aphytis mytilaspidis | Bachma1956 RosenDe1979 | (= Aphytis diaspidioti)
- Aphytis quadraspidioti | Li1996
- Coccobius danzigae | FallahJa2010
- Diaspiniphagus moeris | Aligey2016 | (= Diaspiniphagus similis)
- Encarsia citrina | Bachma1956 Zahrad1972 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encarsia gigas | LiLoCa1997
- Encarsia perniciosi | Bachma1956 | (= Prospaltella perniciosi)
- Pteroptrix dimidiata | Zahrad1972
- Pteroptrix maritima | Zahrad1972 | (= Archenomus maritimus)
- Coccinellidae
- Adalia bipunctata | Zahrad1972 | (= Coccinella bipunctata)
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | Zahrad1972
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | MaLiLi1997 MaLiLi1997a | (= Chilocorus kuwanae)
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus planiceps | FallahJa2010
- Encyrtidae
- Comperiella bifasciata | Trjapi1989
- Metaphycus nadius | GuerriNo2000 Trjapi1989 | (= Metaphycus duplus)
- Trichomasthus dissimilis | Trjapi1989
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hemisarcoptes | FainRi1998
- Microphysidae
- Loricula elegantula | Zahrad1972
- Loricula pselaphiformis | Zahrad1972
- Staphylinidae
- Astenus | Zahrad1972
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 27
- Algeria | Balach1950b
- Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijan SSR | Borchs1935
- Bulgaria | Balach1950b Tsalev1968
- Canada
- New Brunswick | Nakaha1982
- Nova Scotia | Nakaha1982
- Ontario | Nakaha1982
- China | Tang1984
- Henan (=Honan) | Shen1993
- Croatia | Masten2007 | Bachma1953
- Czech Republic | Zahrad1952 Zahrad1977
- France | Balach1950b FoldiGe2018
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 Borchs1935 Borchs1936
- Germany | Balach1950b SchmutHo2016
- Greece | ThiemGe1934a
- Hungary | KozarKiSa2004 Nakaha1982
- Iran | RouhanVaMa2018a
- Italy | Balach1950b
- Kazakhstan
- Alma Ata Oblast | BazaroSh1971
- Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2010
- Netherlands | Jansen2001 Reyne1957
- Poland | Komosi1968a SimonKa2011
- Romania | Savesc1982 Teodor2018
- Russia
- Caucasus | BazaroSh1971
- Dagestan AR | Danzig1993
- Irkutsk Oblast | Danzig1980b
- Novosibirsk Oblast | Danzig1980b
- Primor'ye Kray | BazaroSh1971
- St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast | Danzig1962 Danzig1962b
- Volgograd Oblast | Gavril2004
- Voronoezh Oblast | Gavril2003a
- Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR | Danzig1978a Danzig1980b
- Slovakia | Zahrad1952
- Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010
- Spain | BlayGo1993 GomezM1960O Martin1983
- Switzerland | BachmaGe1950
- Turkey | Balach1950b KaydanKoAt2009 KaydanUlEr2007
- Ukraine | BazaroSh1971
- United States
- Idaho | Nakaha1982
- Montana | Nakaha1982
- New Mexico | Nakaha1982
- Ohio | Nakaha1982
- Oregon | Nakaha1982
- Pennsylvania | Nakaha1982
- Rhode Island | Nakaha1982
- Utah | Nakaha1982
- Washington | Nakaha1982
- Wisconsin | Nakaha1982
- Wyoming | Nakaha1982
Keys
- MoghadWa2021: pp.78-79 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspidiotus in Iran]
- NucifoWaRu2020: pp.589 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspidiotus on Betulaceae]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-35 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- Koszta1996: pp.575 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
- Danzig1993: pp.179-182 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
- Terezn1986: pp.97-98 ( Adult (F) ) [Ukraine]
- Chou1985: pp.311 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of China]
- Danzig1980b: pp.340 ( Adult (F) ) [Far East of USSR ]
- KosztaKo1978: pp.172 ( Adult (F) ) [Hungary]
- BazaroSh1971: pp.211 ( Adult (F) ) [Central Asia]
- Danzig1965: pp.127 ( Adult (F) ) [Former USSR]
- Danzig1965: pp.127 ( Adult (F) ) [Former USSR]
- Reyne1957: pp.33 ( Adult (F) ) [Netherlands]
- Zahrad1952: pp.114-115 ( Adult (F) ) [Czech Republic]
- Balach1950b: pp.404 ( Adult (F) ) [Mediterranean]
- Borchs1935: pp.127-128 ( Adult (F) ) [Former USSR]
Remarks
- Systematics: D. gigas separated into two cryptic species with interspecies divergence of 12.3% and all analysis of ABGD, GMYC, and PTP supported this separation. (Qin, et al., 2018)
- Structure: Female scale circular or subcircular, 2.4-2.8 mm; very flat; color dark brown; mingles with the bark; exuviae central, red orange. Male scale of similar structure, oval; exuviae subcentral, dark brown; 1.8-2 mm (Balachowsky, 1950b). Slide-mounted adult female with sclerotised prosoma at maturity. Median lobes (L1) large, slightly convergent, each lobe rounded apically, with a conspicuous notch on outer margin; median space with 2 small setae. Second lobes (L2) small, convergent, triangular. Third lobes (L3) same shape as L2 but smaller. Fourth lobes (L4) completely absent. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2021)
- Biology: Specimens of D. gigas are found on the bark of tree branches and trunk; small populations are difficult to detect.
- Economic Importance: Schmutterer et al. (1957) considered this species a pest of Populus spp. in several countries in Europe and Central Asia.
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Balachowsky (1948, 1950b), Zahradník (1952, 1972), Bazarov & Shmelev (1971), Tang (1984), Tereznikova (1986), Danzig (1980b, 1993) and by Kosztarab (1996).
Illustrations
Citations
- AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
- Bachma1953: distribution, host, 178
- Bachma1956: biological control, 102
- BachmaGe1950: distribution, host, 117
- Balach1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 18-23
- Balach1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 465-469
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 257
- BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 213-215
- BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 106
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, 367-370
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 500
- BlayGo1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 567-571
- Borchs1935: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 132-133
- Borchs1936: distribution, host, 131
- Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 130-131
- Borchs1939: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 9,29
- Borchs1949d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 243
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 226,231
- Borchs1966: catalog, 330
- Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 220,262
- ChiMiQu1997: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 10-14
- ChiYaZh2003: biological control, chemistry, 20-22
- ChiZhHu1997: biological control, chemical ecology, distribution, host, life history, 15-21
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 311-312
- Chumak1957: biological control, distribution, host, 533-547
- Chumak1961: biological control, distribution, host, 313-338
- Danzig1962: distribution, host, 22
- Danzig1962b: distribution, taxonomy, 25
- Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 653
- Danzig1977b: taxonomy, 57
- Danzig1978a: distribution, host, 78
- Danzig1980b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 340-341
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 193-194
- DanzigKo1991: distribution, 1-15
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, 231-232
- DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
- FainRi1998: biological control, distribution, host, 33-39
- FallahJa2010: host, natural enemies, 303
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 43,46
- Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
- FoldiDe1998: distribution, host, taxonomy, 201
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
- FreyFr1995: chemistry, taxonomy, 777-780
- FreyFr1995a: chemistry, structure, 100
- Gavril2003a: distribution, host, 114
- Gavril2004: distribution, host, 528
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 237
- Glaser1877: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 48-49
- GomezM1960O: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 166-168
- GuerriNo2000: biological control, distribution, host, 157-159
- HuDaHu1982: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 160-169
- Huba1960: taxonomy, 39-50
- Janezi1954: distribution, host, 124
- Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 25
- KaydanKoAt2009: distribution, host, 45
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 94
- Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 27
- KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 167
- KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 16
- Komosi1968a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-54
- Komosi1974a: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-84
- Komosi1986: distribution, host, 3-12
- Komosi1986a: distribution, host, 13-20
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 15
- Koszta1990: biological control, structure, 307-311
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 577-578
- KosztaKo1978: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 172
- Koteja1990c: life history, 243-254
- Kozar1995b: taxonomy, 51
- KozarHiMa1996: description, taxonomy, 433-437
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 61
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
- Lagows1998a: distribution, host, 63-71
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
- Lellak1963: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 611-648
- Lellak1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 297
- Li1996: biological control, distribution, host, 98-101
- LiLoCa1997: biological control, distribution, host, 225-226
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 546
- LiuLiYa1997: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 5-9
- LiuYaLi1987: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 30-34
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 128
- MaLiLi1997: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 64-67
- MaLiLi1997a: biological control, life history, 59-61
- MalumpOsPy2010: distribution, host, 259
- Martin1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 66
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 305
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 154-156
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 78, 87-88, 243
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 77
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 19, S5, S6
- NucifoWaRu2020: key, 589
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 61,68
- QinZhYu2018: DNA sequencing, ecology, natural enemies, taxonomy, 5-11
- Reyne1957: distribution, host, taxonomy, 26,33
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 731
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- RouhanVaMa2018a: diagnosis, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3, 4-5
- RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
- RzaevaYa1985: biological control, 55-58
- Savesc1982: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 323-325
- Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 77,97
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 59
- SchmutKlLu1957: 484
- SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
- SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 108
- Shen1993: distribution, host, 60
- ShirazVaMi2013: distribution, host, 1382
- SimonKa2011: distribution, 240
- Smetni1991: chemistry, 92-129
- Tang1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 62,64
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 114-115
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 42, 50
- Terezn1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 101-103
- ThiemGe1934a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 130-158,208-238
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 188,244,295
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S119
- Xie1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 103-107
- XieXuLi1995: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 114-118
- Yasar1995a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 110-112
- Yasnos1994: biological control, distribution, host, 317-333
- Zahrad1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 136-138
- Zahrad1972: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 434-435
- Zahrad1977: distribution, taxonomy, 121
- Zahrad1990a: description, distribution, host, 650-651
- ZhaoYaCh2002: chemistry, 18-20
