Valid Names Results

Phenacoccus hordei (Reuter, 1904) (Pseudococcidae: Phenacoccus)

Nomenclatural History

Westwoodia hordei Lindeman 1886: 367. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on barley. Syntypes, female, Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; accepted valid name
Trionymus hordei (Lindeman, 1886); Cockerell 1904: 40. change of combination
Pseudococcus elongatus Reuter 1904a: 251. replacement name Replacement name for Phenacoccus graminis Reuter
Pseudococcus graminis Reuter 1904: 66. Type data: FINLAND: Lofsdal, Pargas and Osterbotten, on Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Helsinki: University of Helsinki, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Finland; synonym and homonym (discovered by Borchs1949, 231). Notes: Homonym of Phenacoccus graminis (Maskell)
Phenacoccus cholodkovskyi Marchal 1908: 245. Type data: RUSSIA: Southern Russia (locality not given), on Triticum vulgare. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1949, 231). Illustr.
Erium hordei (Lindeman, 1886); Lindinger 1935a: 122. change of combination
Phenacoccus hordei (Lindeman, 1886); Borchsenius 1949: 231. change of combination
Phenacoccus avetianae Borchsenius 1949: 230. Type data: ARMENIA: on unidentified plant. Syntypes, female, Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig2003, 329).
Caulococcus hordei (Lindeman, 1886); Tang 1992: 429. change of combination
Phenacoccus hordei (Lindeman, 1886); Ben-Dov 1994: 323. revived combination (previously published)
Phenacoccus aventianae Borchsenius, 1949; Kozár et al. 2013. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

barley mealybug KosztaKo1988F

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 8 | Genera: 27

Apiaceae

Eryngium | KaydanKiKo2005
Zosima absinthifolia | BenDov1994 Malump2011 TerGri1973

Asteraceae

Leontodon | BugajNJuKa2021

Brassicaceae

Sinapis | Malump2011

Crassulaceae

Orostachys spinosa | Danzig2006a

Fabaceae

Medicago | BenDov1994 TerGri1966 TerGri1973
Medicago sativa | Malump2011
Trifolium | BenDov1994 Malump2011 TerGri1966 TerGri1973
Vicia | BenDov1994 KosztaKo1988F

Iridaceae

Iris | Malump2011
Iris uniflora | Malump2011

Lamiaceae

Thymus | KaydanKiKo2005
Ziziphora clinopodioides | Danzig2006a Malump2011

Poaceae

Agropyron | BenDov1994 TerGri1966
Agrostis capillaris | BugajNJuKa2021
Anthoxanthum odoratum | Gertss2000
Arrhenatherum elatius | BenDov1994 Schmut1952
Avena sterilis | YerlikBaKa2023
Brachypodium | BugajNJuKa2021
Bromus | BenDov1994 Borchs1949 KaydanUlEr2007
Elymus repens | BenDov1994 KozarTrPe1984 Marott1987a Schmut1952 | (= Agropyron repens)
Festuca | BenDov1994 Borchs1949 TerGri1973
Festuca ovina | BugajNJuKa2021
Hordeum | BenDov1994 Lindem1886
Hordeum vulgare | KaydanUlEr2007
Koeleria glauca | BugajNJuKa2021
Phleum phleoides | BugajNJuKa2021
Phleum pratense | BenDov1994 Reuter1904
Poa bulbosa | BenDov1994 TerGri1966 TerGri1973
Poa cenisia | BugajNJuKa2021
Poa pratensis | BenDov1994 Reuter1904
Poaceae | KotejaZa1979
Secale cereale | BenDov1994 Kozar1980
Triticum aestivum | BenDov1994 Marcha1908 MilonaKo2008 | (= Triticum vulgare)

Foes:

Families: 2 | Genera: 2

Acaridae

Tyrophagus | KosztaKo1988F

Encyrtidae

Coccidencyrtus phenacocci | KosztaKo1988F Schmut1955b

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 17

Armenia | BenDov1994 Borchs1949 TerGri1966

Finland | BenDov1994 Reuter1904

France | BenDov1994 Foldi2001 Goux1933a KosztaKo1988F

Germany | BenDov1994 Schmut1952 Schmut1980

Greece | MilonaKo2008 MilonaKoKo2008a

Hungary | BenDov1994 Kozar1980 KozarKiSa2004 KozarKo2002b KozarKoSc1999

Iran | Moghad2013

Italy | BenDov1994 KozarTrPe1984 LongoMaPe1995 Marott1987a

Kazakhstan | DanzigGa2014

Aktyubinsk Oblast | Danzig2003
Ural'sk Oblast | Danzig2003

Moldova | BenDov1994 KozarOs1987

Netherlands | BenDov1994 Reyne1957

Poland | BenDov1994 KotejaZa1979 KotejaZa1983 Lagows1996

Russia

Lipestsk Oblast | Gavril2003a
Saratov Oblast | DanzigGa2014
St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast | Danzig2003
Tambov Oblast | Danzig2003
Volgograd Oblast | Danzig2003

Sweden | Gertss2000 Gertss2001

Turkey | KaydanKiKo2005 KaydanUlEr2007

Ukraine | BenDov1994 Borchs1949 Lindem1886

Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | BenDov1994 Borchs1949

United Kingdom

England | Malump2011

Keys

MoghadWa2022: pp.87 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species in Iran]
Moghad2019: pp.454 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus in Iran]
DanzigGa2014: pp.269-277 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic Phenacoccus species]
Moghad2013: pp.46 ( ) [Key to species of Phenacoccus Cockerell in Iran]
Malump2011: pp.368 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult female Phenacoccus native to Britain]
Danzig2006a: pp.197-200 ( Adult (F) ) [A Key to Species of the Genus Phenacoccus]
MarottRuMa1997: pp.438 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
Tang1992: pp.528 ( Adult (F) ) [China] Key as: Phenacoccus avetianae
KosztaKo1988F: pp.123 ( Adult (F) ) [Central Europe]
Terezn1975: pp.211 ( Adult (F) ) [Ukraine]
TerGri1973: pp.135 ( Adult (F) ) [Armenia] Key as: Phenacoccus avetianae
TerGri1973: pp.135 ( Adult (F) ) [Armenia]
Borchs1949: pp.211 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region] Key as: Phenacoccus avetianae
Borchs1949: pp.211 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]

Remarks

Systematics: Important diagnostic characters for adult female P. hordei are as follows: 18 pairs of cerarii (some on the thorax may be indistinct and it may appear that there are as few as 14 pairs); the posterior pair (C18) with 2-3 thick conical and 1-3 small setae and 7-16 triocular pores. P. hordei is morphologically similar to the spruce mealybug P. piceae (Löw), as both species have numerous multilocular pores on the dorsal surface of the abdomen and thorax. Phenacoccus piceae may be distinguished from P. hordei by the dorsal oral collar tubular ducts being twice as broad as the ventral ducts and it feeds on Picea spp.; the dorsal oral collar tubular ducts of P. hordei are either similar in size to the ventral ducts or about one and a half times as broad, and it does not feed on Picea. The dwarf mealybug P. pumilus Kiritshenko also has dorsal multilocular pores but they are less numerous and only form transverse rows on the 5th to 7th abdominal segments; the dorsal multilocular pores of P. hordei form transverse rows on all abdominal segments. (Malumphy, 2011)
Structure: All developmental stages occur on roots and surrounding substrate. Adult females are oval, pink and up to 3.3 mm in length. The white wax ovisacs are conspicuous and their shape varies according to the constraints of the oviposition site. The eggs are bright yellow, oval and up to 0.37 mm in length. (Malumphy, 2011)
Biology: The biology of P. hordei has been studied in Germany (Schumutterer, 1952) where it was found to have two or three generations each year. It over-wintered as second instars, rarely as third instars, and adults developed by the end of March or beginning of April. Each female laid an average of 159 eggs by mid-May; eggs hatched after 10-14 days and developed into adults by the end of July. Eggs are laid again by the end of August and if climatic conditions are suitable they can develop into adults by the second half of September. Eggs are again laid to produce the over-wintering generation. Occurring on the roots of plants, especially grasses. Life cycle and natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).
Economic Importance: Rarely a minor pest of grasses (Kosztarab & Kozár , 1988F).
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Schmutterer (1952), Tereznikova (1963a), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (2003).

Illustrations

Citations

BenDov1994: catalog, 309, 323
Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 231-232
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 309
CaballKaRa2024: history, 1657
CebeciAr2006: distribution, host, 140
ChoiLe2022: phylogeny, 358
Danzig2003: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 329-331
Danzig2006a: illustration, structure, taxonomy, 198, 201
Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
FoldiGe2018: distribution, list, 12
Gavril2003a: distribution, host, 111
Gavril2004: distribution, host, 524
GavrilKu2005: distribution, taxonomy, 17-34
Gertss2000: distribution, host, 149
Gertss2001: distribution, 123-130
Goux1933a: distribution, host, 234-235
Hellri2004: distribution, host, 83
Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
KalandSi2014: distribution,
KaydanKiKo2005: distribution, host, 90
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 101
Kiritc1936: distribution, host, 71, 74, 75
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 24
KosztaKo1988F: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 129
Koteja2000a: distribution, 172
KotejaZa1979: distribution, host, taxonomy, 673
KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, 473
Kozar1980: distribution, host, 67
KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 57
KozarKo2002b: distribution, host, 375
KozarKoSc1999: distribution, host, 111-114
KozarOs1987: distribution, host,
KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 91, 106, 124, 143, 160-161, 187, 199
KozarTrPe1984: distribution, host, 5
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 70
LagowsKo1996: distribution, host, 31, 34
Lindem1886: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 367-373
Lindin1935a: taxonomy, 122
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 119
Malump2011: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 165-171
Marcha1908: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 245-248
Marott1987a: distribution, host, 110
MilonaKo2008: distribution, host, 35-38
MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
Moghad2013: distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 51-52
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 68
Moghad2019: key, 454
MoghadWa2022: diagnosis, distribution, illustration, key, 11, 87, 95-96, 147
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 63,70
Reyne1957: distribution, host, 41
Schmut1952: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 397-399
Schmut1955b: biological control, distribution, host, 516
Schmut2002: distribution, record, 239
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 27
SimonKa2011: distribution, 235
Tang1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 429, 533-534
TerGri1966: distribution, host, 89
TerGri1973: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 153-159
Terezn1963a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 45-46
Terezn1975: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 222-225
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S125
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 248
WilliaMa2012: distribution, 85, 86
YerlikBaKa2023: distribution, host, illustration, list, 6, 7