Valid Names Results
Parthenolecanium rufulum (Cockerell, 1903) (Coccidae: Parthenolecanium)Nomenclatural History
- Lecanium quercus; Signoret 1873a: 427. misidentification
- Eulecanium alni rufulum Cockerell 1903: 21. Type data: FRANCE: La Vienne, on Carpinus sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
- Lecanium pulchrum Reh 1903: 410. Type data: FRANCE: Haute-Garonne, Terne-et-Garonne, Toulouse and Poitier, on Castanea vesca. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1922, 309). Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).
- Eulecanium pulchrum; Sanders 1906: 9. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "King" as author.
- Lecanium pulchrum; Marchal 1908a: 304. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "King" as author.
- Palaeolecanium rufulum (Cockerell, 1903); Lindinger 1932f: 184. change of combination
- Lecanium (Pterolecanium) pulchrum; Šulc 1932: 53. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "King" as author.
- Eulecanium pulchrum; Schmutterer 1952: 548. subsequent use Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
- Eulecanium pulchrum; Bodenheimer 1953a: 97. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1957, 374).
- Eulecanium pulchrum; Schmutterer 1954: 72. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "King" as author.
- Parthenolecanium rufulum; Borchsenius 1957: 373. subsequent use
- Lecanium pulchrum; Gómez-Menor Ortega 1959: 173. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "King" as author.
- Eulecanium rufulum; Bolu 2012: 110. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- oak soft scale KosztaKo1988F
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 9 | Genera: 17
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera indica | Almeid1973 VanHarCoWi1990
- Betulaceae
- Carpinus betulus | Terezn1981
- Carpinus orientalis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Corylus avellana | Terezn1981
- Cyperaceae
- Carex | PellizCa1991a
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | Terezn1981
- Ericaceae
- Vaccinium | PolavaDaMi2000
- Vaccinium myrtillus | Komosi1977 Marott1987
- Fabaceae
- Cytisus | GertssSc2020 | (= Sarothamnus)
- Gleditsia triacanthos | DelBen1991
- Robinia pseudoacacia | Marott1987
- Fagaceae
- Castanea sativa | Marott1987 Terezn1981 Reh1903
- Fagus orientalis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Quercus | Kozar1980 Kozar1983a KozarOrKo1977 KozarSu1979 KozarWa1986 TerGri1962 KozarDr1993 KozarPaPa1991 RainatPe2008
- Quercus cerris | KozarOrKo1977
- Quercus iberica | BatsanKaKi2017
- Quercus lusitanica | GomezM1960O
- Quercus petraea | KozarDr1993 KozarOs1987 KotejaZa1983
- Quercus pubescens | Kozar1980 Kozar1983a KozarOrKo1977 Marott1987 Masten2007
- Quercus pyrenaica | GomezM1960O
- Quercus robur | BoratyWi1964 Komosi1977 KotejaZa1983 Kozar1980 KozarOrKo1977 Lagows1986 MalumpOsPy2010 KozarDr1991 KozarGuBa1994 BugajNJuKa2021 DervisGr2023
- Quercus rubra | UlgentErYa2022
- Rosaceae
- Crataegus monogyna | KozarSu1979 GomezM1960O
- Prunus | BugajNJuKa2021
- Rosa | Terezn1981
- Rosa canina | KozarDr1993
- Rosa gallica | BatsanKaKi2017
- Rubus | Terezn1981
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | Terezn1981
- Ulmus minor | DervisGr2023
Foes:
Families: 5 | Genera: 12
- Anthribidae
- Anthribus nebulosus | Schmut1972a
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus lycimnia | Schmut1972a
- Pteroptrix maritima | DervisStMi2024
- Encyrtidae
- Adelencyrtus intersectus | DervisStMi2024
- Blastothrix | Ulgent2001
- Blastothrix erythrostetha | DervisStMi2024
- Blastothrix longipennis | Ulgent2001
- Blastothrix sericea | DervisStMi2024
- Cheiloneurus claviger | DervisStMi2024
- Discodes coccophagus | DervisStMi2024
- Metaphycus insidiosus | Ulgent2001
- Metaphycus zebratus | DervisStMi2024
- Microterys lunatus | DervisStMi2024
- Microterys sylvius | Schmut1972a
- Zaomma lambinus | DervisStMi2024
- Eupelmidae
- Eupelmus urozonus | DervisStMi2024
- Pteromalidae
- Pachyneuron muscarum | DervisStMi2024
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 28
- Armenia | TerGri1962
- Austria | KosztaKo1988F
- Balearic Islands
- Majorca | GomezM1960O
- Bulgaria | Kozar1985 TrenchGoTr2008 TrenchGoTr2009 Tsalev1965 Tschor1939
- Crete | KozarPaPa1991
- Croatia | Masten2007
- Czech Republic | Zahrad1977
- France | Cocker1903 FoldiGe2018
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017
- Germany | SchmutHo2016 Zahrad1977
- Greece | TrenchGoTr2009
- Hungary | Kozar1980 KozarDr1993 KozarKiSa2004 KozarKo2002b KozarOrKo1977 KozarSu1979 KozarWa1986
- Italy | Marott1987 MatilePe2002 RainatPe2008
- Latvia | MalumpOs2008
- Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2009 MalumpOsPy2010
- Luxembourg | GertssSc2020
- Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011
- Moldova | KozarOs1987
- Poland | Koteja1984e KotejaZa1983 LagowsKo1996 SimonKa2011
- Romania | Kozar1985 Savesc1982 Teodor2018
- Russia
- Voronoezh Oblast | Gavril2003a
- Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010
- Spain | GomezM1959
- Switzerland | KozarGuBa1994
- Turkey | CebeciSe2004 KaydanUlEr2007 UlgentTo2001
- Ukraine | BenDov1993
- United Kingdom
- England | MalumpBa2012
- Yugoslavia | Kozar1983a
Keys
- Tang1991: pp.189 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- Borchs1957: pp.349 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
Remarks
- Biology: Life history: in Germany by Schmutterer (1952, 1954); Poland by Dziedzicka (1968); Europe by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988); Turkey by Ecevit et al. (1987). The number of individuals of P. rufulum found on oaks growing in degraded areas near a nitrogen fertilizer factory in Puławy, Poland were more than 60 times greater than those found in natural habitats in Polesie National Park [33]. This may indicate that difficult environmental conditions, including soil contamination and low humidity in post-industrial areas, are somehow favorable for the reproductive success of some scale insect species. (Kalandyk-Kolodziejczyk, et al., 2023) Life history in Serbia in Dervišević, et al., 2023.
- Economic Importance: Ecevit et al. (1987) studied the life history, natural enemies and chemical control on hazelnut in Turkey.
- General Remarks: Good description and illustration of adult female by Schmutterer (1954), Gomez-Menor Ortega (1960), Savescu (1961), Boratynski & Williams (1964), Kosztarab & Kozar (1978, 1988).
Illustrations
Citations
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 255
- BenDov1976b: taxonomy, 226-227
- BenDov1993: catalog, 226-227
- Bodenh1953a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 97-100
- Bolu2012: biological control, 110
- BoratyWi1964: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 105-107
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 147
- Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 373-376
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 296
- CamachCh2015: distribution, ecology, host, 8, 13
- CebeciSe2004: distribution, host, 211
- Cocker1896b: distribution, host, 332
- Cocker1903: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21
- Danzig1972: distribution, host, 204
- Danzig1980a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 594
- Danzig1985: distribution, taxonomy, 111
- DelBen1991: distribution, host, life history, 1-13
- DervisGr2019: biological control, natural enemies,
- DervisGr2023: biological importance, biology, distribution, host, illustration,
- DervisStMi2024: natural enemies, 3,19,20,21,22,23,24,25
- Dzhash1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 181
- Dziedz1968: description, host, illustration, taxonomy, 157-162
- Dziedz1988: distribution, host, 96
- EcevitIsYa1987: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 3-34
- Fernal1903b: 181
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 6,22
- Gavril2003a: distribution, host, 113
- Gertso2016: distribution, host, 152
- GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 133
- GomezM1959: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 173-176
- GomezM1960O: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 186-189
- Hadzib1983: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 142-143
- Janezi1954: distribution, host, 126
- Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
- KalandWaPo2023: reproduction, 11
- Kaweck1957: distribution, host, taxonomy, 196-197
- Kaweck1971: distribution, host, taxonomy, 257-258
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 92
- Kiritc1936: distribution, host, 73
- Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 25
- KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 163
- KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 15
- Komosi1977: distribution, host, taxonomy, 22
- KondoGu2022: economic importance, 5
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 11
- KosztaKo1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 116
- KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 225-226
- Koteja1974b: structure, taxonomy, 81
- Koteja1984e: distribution, host, 676
- KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, 482
- Kozar1975: control, distribution, host, 1-24
- Kozar1976a: distribution, economic importance, host, 35-47
- Kozar1980: distribution, host, 68
- Kozar1983a: distribution, host, 146
- Kozar1985: distribution, 203
- Kozar1991: distribution, host, 82
- Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 140
- KozarDr1991: distribution, host, 363
- KozarDr1993: distribution, host, 74-75
- KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, 155
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 59
- KozarKo2002b: distribution, host, 376
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 53
- KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 73
- KozarOs1987: distribution, host, 93
- KozarPaPa1991: distribution, host, 65
- KozarSu1979: distribution, host, 235
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 78
- KozarWa1986: distribution, host, 116
- Kozarz1992: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 78-80
- Lagows1986: distribution, host, 476
- Lagows1986a: distribution, host, 178
- Lagows1998a: distribution, host, 63-71
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
- LagowsKo1996: distribution, host, 32
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 67,84,97,123
- Lindin1932f: taxonomy, 184
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 123
- LongoRu1990: distribution, host, 113-114
- Malump2011a: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 50-53
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, 22
- MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 50-51,53
- MalumpOs2008: distribution, host, 108
- MalumpOsPy2009: distribution, host, 123
- Marcha1908: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 304-309
- Marott1987: distribution, host, life history, 107
- Martin1984MP: distribution, host, 74
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- MastenSeSi2016: distribution, host, 231-235
- MatilePe2002: distribution, host, 355
- PellizCa1991a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 195
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 60, 65, 70
- PolavaDaMi2000: distribution, host, 558
- RainatPe2008a: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 233
- RainatPe2009: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 85-91
- Reh1903: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 410
- Rehace1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 55-56
- Sander1906: catalog, 9
- Savesc1961: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 37-38
- Savesc1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 294-297
- Schmut1952: distribution, host, life history, 548
- Schmut1952b: distribution, host, 20
- Schmut1954: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 72-75
- Schmut1972a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 412-413
- Schmut1980: taxonomy, 51
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 43, 86
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 106
- SimonKa2011: distribution, 239
- StepanRaLa2008: taxonomy, 73-74
- Sulc1932: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 53-64
- Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
- Tang1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 196-197
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 40
- TerGri1962: distribution, host, 138
- Terezn1963: distribution, host, 186
- Terezn1963a: distribution, host, 52
- Terezn1963b: distribution, host, 155
- Terezn1963c: distribution, host, 1527
- Terezn1966: distribution, host, 30
- Terezn1981: distribution, host, taxonomy, 179-181
- Trembl1988a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 243
- TrenchGoTr2008: distribution, host, 137-141
- TrenchGoTr2009: distribution, host, 219-220
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 68
- Tsalev1965: biological control, distribution, host, 25
- Tschor1939: distribution, host, 89
- Ulgent2001: biological control, distribution, host, 369-375
- Ulgent2003: structure, 393-398
- UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 485
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S117
- UlgentKaKo2013: distribution, host, 28
- UlgentTo2001: distribution, host, 213-217
- UnalAyKa2016: honeydew, host, 104
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 213
