Valid Names Results

Parlatoria blanchardi (Targioni Tozzetti, 1892) (Diaspididae: Parlatoria)

Nomenclatural History

Aonidia Blanchardi Targioni Tozzetti 1892: 69-82. Type data: ALGERIA: Ourir Oasis, south of Melrir, on Phoenix dactylifera, by R. Blanchard. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Illustr.
Apteronidia blanchardi (Targioni Tozzetti, 1892); Berlese 1895a: 80. change of combination
Parlatoria victrix Cockerell 1895l: 56. Type data: UNITED STATES: Arizona, Tucson, on Phoenix dactylifera, by Toumey. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Leonar1903, 46). Illustr.
Parlatoria proteus palmae Maskell 1898: 229-230. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Northern District, near Lake Harry, on Phoenix dactylifera, by A. Molineux. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Leonar1903, 46-47).
Parlatoria blanchardi victrix Cockerell, 1895; Cockerell 1899t: 283. change in status (level)
Parlatoria (Websteriella) Blanchardi (Targioni Tozzetti, 1892); Leonardi 1899a: 7. change of combination
Parlatoria Blanchardi (Targioni Tozzetti, 1892); Leonardi 1901a: 544. change of combination
Parlatoria blanchardii (Targioni Tozzetti, 1892); Fernald 1903b: 318. misspelling of species epithet
Parlatorea blanchardi; Lindinger 1912b: 246. misspelling of genus name
Parlatorea (Websteriella) blanchardi (Targioni Tozzetti, 1892); Malenotti 1916a: 342. change of combination
Coccus blanchardi (Targioni Tozzetti, 1892); Ferris 1936a: 20. change of combination
Websteriella blanchardii (Targioni Tozzetti, 1892); Ferris 1937: SI-85. change of combination
Parlatoria brauchardi (Targioni Tozzetti, 1892); Borchsenius 1937a: 186. misspelling of species epithet
Parlatoria blanchardi (Targioni Tozzetti, 1892); Ferris 1937. revived combination (previously published) Notes: Apteronidia was determined to be a junior synonym of Parlatoria, reinstating the combination Parlatoria blanchardi.
Parlatoria palmae Maskell, 1898; McKenzie 1945: 53. change in status (level)
Apteronidia blanchardii; Ghauri 1962: 209. subsequent use Notes: This is also a misspelling of the species epithet.

Common Names

date palm scale Cocker1899t
la cochenille blanche MontaiMa1986
parlatoria date scale AAEE1931 Blicke1965

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 5 | Genera: 13

Apocynaceae

Vinca major | Newste1907a

Arecaceae

Chamaerops humilis | Moghad2013a
Howea belmoreana | BicheArMe2022
Hyphaene | MillerDa2005
Hyphaene thebaica | Balach1953g BenDov2012
Latania | Hall1922 MillerDa2005
Nannorrhops | Moghad2013a
Nannorrhops ritchieana | MoghadWa2021
Phoenix | MillerDa2005
Phoenix canariensis | Lupo1947 MillerDa2005
Phoenix dactylifera | Hall1922 MillerDa2005 Targio1892
Pritchardia | MillerDa2005
Washingtonia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
Washingtonia filifera | Balach1953g McKenz1945 | (= Pritchardia filifera)

Moraceae

Ficus elastica | BicheArMe2022
Ficus retusa | BicheArMe2022

Oleaceae

Chrysojasminum humile | Newste1907a | (= Jasminum revolutum)
Jasminum | Newste1906

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus mauritiana | KazimiGh1964

Foes:

Families: 8 | Genera: 22

Anthocoridae

Cardiastethus nazarenus | HertinSi1972

Aphelinidae

Aphytis mytilaspidis | Garcia1930 Laudeh1968
Aphytis paramaculicornis | RosenDe1979
Aphytis phoenicis | DeBachRo1976a
Coccobius | AhmadGh1972

Chrysopidae

Chrysoperla carnea | HertinSi1972

Coccinellidae

Adalia | HertinSi1972
Adalia decempunctata | HertinSi1972
Axion plagiatum | Glick1922
Chilocorus bipustulatus | HertinSi1972 MoghadWa2021
Chilocorus cacti | Cocker1899t
Chilorcorus bipustulatus iranensis | TourneLeMo1976
Clitostethus arcuatus | HertinSi1972
Coccinella | HertinSi1972
Coccinella septempunctata | HertinSi1972
Exochomus nigripennis | HertinSi1972
Exochomus quadripustulatus | HertinSi1972
Hippodamia variegata | HertinSi1972 | (= Adonia variegata)
Nephus | Gharib1973
Nephus deserticola | HertinSi1972 | (= Scymnus deserticola)
Nephus quadrimaculatus | Gharib1973
Pharoscymnus | AhmadGh1972 Balach1925a HertinSi1972 Smirno1953
Pharoscymnus flexibilis | Batra1972
Pharoscymnus horni | AhmadGh1972
Pharoscymnus numidicus | BelgueBiBe2017 HertinSi1972 RosenDe1978 Smirno1953 RosenDe1978 | ssp. unicolor)
Pharoscymnus ovoideus | HertinSi1972 RosenDe1978 Smirno1953
Pharoscymnus setulosus | Balach1925a HertinSi1972 Smirno1953 | subsp. anchorago),
Pharoscymnus simmondsi | AhmadGh1972
Rhyzobius lophanthae | HertinSi1972 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
Scymnus gracilis | HertinSi1972
Scymnus interruptus | HertinSi1972
Scymnus morelleti | HertinSi1972
Scymnus nubilus | HertinSi1972 | (= Scymnus gracilis)
Scymnus pallidivestis | HertinSi1972
Scymnus soudanensis | HertinSi1972
Scymnus subvillosus | HertinSi1972
Scymnus suturalis | HertinSi1972
Stethorus punctillum | HertinSi1972

Cybocephalidae

Cybocephalus mesopotamicus | Gharib1973
Cybocephalus micans | BlumbeSw1974a HertinSi1972 | (= Cybocephalus dactylicus)
Cybocephalus nigriceps | BlumbeSw1974a
Cybocephalus palmarum | BelgueBiBe2017
Cybocephalus politus | HertinSi1972
Cybocephalus rufifrons | Balach1925a | including subsp. flaviceps
Cybocephalus semiflavus | AhmadGh1972
Cybocephalus seminulum | Balach1925a
Cybocephalus syriacus | HertinSi1972

Encyrtidae

Comperiella bifasciata | KazimiGh1964

Endomychidae

Mycetaea tafilaletica | HertinSi1972

Hemisarcoptidae

Hemisarcoptes malus | Coorem1951 HertinSi1972

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 32

Afghanistan | Nakaha1982

Algeria | CarpenEl1978 MillerDa2005 Palmer1905 Targio1892

Argentina | MillerDa2005

La Rioja | Lizery1942a

Australia | Gharib1973 MillerDa2005 Palmer1905

Bolivia | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982

Brazil | MillerDa2005

Pernambuco | SilvadGoGa1968
Rio de Janeiro | SilvadGoGa1968
Sao Paulo | Lepage1938

Chad | Nakaha1982

Egypt | AbdRab2001a Newste1906

France | Foldi2001

India | CarpenEl1978 MillerDa2005 Morris1939a

Andhra Pradesh | Ramakr1937
Punjab | Ali1969

Iran | Bodenh1944b CarpenEl1978 KozarFoZa1996 MillerDa2005

Iraq | Dowson1921 Morris1939a

Israel | Bodenh1924 CarpenEl1978 MillerDa2005

Italy | LongoMaPe1995 Lupo1947 MillerDa2005

Jordan | BenDov2006a Nakaha1982

Kenya | WatsonOuKa2021

Libya | CarpenEl1978 Lupo1947

Mali | Nakaha1982

Mauritania | BalachMa1970

Mauritius | Nakaha1982

Morocco | CarpenEl1978 LepineMi1931

Niger | Kaufma1977

Pakistan | Fletch1921 Gharib1973 MillerDa2005

Saudi Arabia | Beccar1971 MillerDa2005 Morris1939a

Somalia | Maleno1916a

Spain | Garcia1930

Sudan | Morris1939a Siddig1975

Syria | Gharib1973 Nakaha1982

Tunisia | CarpenEl1978 MillerDa2005 Paglia1934 Trabut1911

Turkey | Gharib1973 Morris1939a

Turkmenistan | Lashin1956 Nakaha1982

United States

Arizona | Cocker1896c Craw1896 MillerDa2005 MouradZa1998
California | Craw1896 MillerDa2005 Morris1939a MouradZa1998
Texas | MillerDa2005

Keys

MoghadWa2021: pp.188-189 ( Adult (F) ) [Parlatoria in Iran]
Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
MillerDa2005: pp.29-33 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
Gill1997: pp.216 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Parlatoria]
Danzig1993: pp.83 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
BazaroSh1971: pp.148 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
Balach1958b: pp.321 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
Ezzat1958: pp.249 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria of Egypt]
McKenz1956: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
Balach1953g: pp.776 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
McKenz1952: pp.14 ( ) [Revised key to species of Parlatoria]
Borchs1950b: pp.170 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
Hall1946a: pp.527 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Parlatoria species of the Ethiopian Region]
McKenz1945: pp.78 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:58 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
Morris1939a: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]
Palmer1905: pp.145 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Parlatoria]

Remarks

Systematics: Parlatoria blanchardi appears to be somewhat related to P. ephedrae, differing in the total absence of ventral duct tubercles on the prosoma (McKenzie, 1945).
Structure: Scale cover of adult female in life subcircular, 1.0–1.2 mm long, light to dark brown with pale, slightly off-centre exuviae. Scale cover of male smaller than female, white, elongate with parallel sides, with pale terminal exuviae. Slide-mounted adult female subcircular or slightly oval. Antennal tubercle spiniform. Thoracic tubercles conspicuous, each forming a broad hemispheric pigmented spot at least 3 times as wide as antennal tubercle. Anterior spiracles each associated with 2 or 3 disc pores. Pygidium with 3 pairs of lobes; median and second lobes (L1 and L2) similar in size, without notches; third lobes (L3) each with outer margin serrate; fourth lobes L4) each replaced by a plate. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2021)
Biology: Parlatoria blanchardi has two generations per year in Egypt, three-four in Iran, two-three in Saudi Arabia and five in Iraq (El-Kareim, 1998). In the southwestern U.S., Stickney et al. (1950) found that egg hatch required 7 11 days in mid-March and 2 7 days in late March to early April. In March the first molt took place 21 27 days after hatching. Reproduction occurred throughout the year with a slight slow down during the winter months. Hussain (1974) found 4 generations per year in Iraq as did Khoualdia et al. (1993) in Tunisia. Avidov and Harpaz (1969) noted 4 5 generations annually in the lower Jordan Valley of Israel. Development required 16 days in late summer, 28 47 days in autumn and early winter, and 32 36 days in late winter and spring. During the same time periods, preoviposition was 96, 78, and 58 days, respectively. In late summer and autumn males represented about 25% of the population. In winter almost all scales were females. Crawlers were most abundant from October to November, and February and May. In Mauritania (Tourneur et al. 1975) parlatoria date scale populations peaked in the cooler periods from April to May at 21 to 32 °C, with a secondary peak in December. Populations are lowest in August at 40 °C and again during cold weather in February. Ghauri (1962) found a 10:1 ratio of winged to wingless males in material from West Pakistan and he described both forms. El-Kareim (1998) demonstrated that adult females release a sex pheromone when they are about 10 days old. Use of pheromone baited traps showed that adult males are active in the morning just as the sun rises. Winged males predominated in the spring, and wingless ones were most abundant in the summer generation. Generally, wingless individuals were more abundant at the end of each generation. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
Economic Importance: El-Kareim (1998) states that adult males of Parlatoria blanchardi were more attracted to blue and white sticky traps then yellow, green or red. Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. This species is a pest of commercial dates and other palms (Gill, 1997). Beardsley and González (1975) listed parlatoria date scale as one of the 43 major armored scale insect pests of the world. In Algeria, a major infestation of this scale caused the death of nearly 100,000 date palms in 1920 (Rosen 1990). Carpenter and Elmer (1978) noted that heavy infestations on the pinnae cause them to wither and die. This damage often rendered the dates unfit for human consumption and reduced tree vigor, but seldom killed trees. Stickney (1934) considered this scale to be the most serious insect enemy of the date palm and noted that it contributed to the death of neglected palms (Stickney et al. 1950). Bénassy (1990) provided a summary of the economic importance of this scale. Chemical control is difficult because all stages of the scale are present all year round, and there is a tendency for the scales to conceal themselves in areas where pesticides cannot efficiently reach them. The most effective method of control focuses on a pest management strategy of using few pesticides and several predators (Bénassy 1990). Biological control has been very successful in many situations (Rosen 1990). In a trial using pheromone baited blue sticky traps to attract and kill males, trees containing the traps had as much as a 39% reduction in scale numbers compared to control trees (El-Kareim 1998). Khoualdia et al. (1993) provided evidence that certain cultivars (particularly Kentichi) are more resistant to attack than others. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration by McKenzie (1945).

Illustrations

Citations

AAEE1931: taxonomy, 1285, 1305
AbdElK1998: biological control, distribution, life history, taxonomy, 301-307
AbdRab1999: biological control, distribution, 1121
AbdRab2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 175
AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 37
AbdulwMo2021: bacteria, control, entomopathogenic fungi,
AhmadGh1972: biological control, distribution, host, 91
AlAnsiAlFa2020: natural enemies, 42
AlJbouHe2023: life history,
AlShurMo2020: host, life history,
AldosaAlHa2023: control, host,
Ali1969: distribution, host, taxonomy, 75-76, 80
AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 996-1003
Archan1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 61, 141, 149
Avidov1961: distribution, structure, 173, 510, 528
BakryAlEl2021: natural enemies, 1252
Balach1925: distribution, host, 689
Balach1925a: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 167-172
Balach1953g: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 776, 782-787
Balach1958a: distribution, host, 40
Balach1958b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 320, 322-324
BalachMa1970: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 1082-1083
BalachMe1935: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, 602-610
BasheeAsRa2014: biological control, distribution, host, 52
Batra1972: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 44
BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 148, 150-152
Beccar1971: distribution, host, 194
BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 124, 127
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 32, 44
Berles1895a: distribution, host, 80
BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 508
Blicke1965: taxonomy, 296, 313
BlumbeSw1974a: biological control, distribution, 3, 8
Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 59
Bodenh1935: distribution, host, 248
Bodenh1937: distribution, host, 218
Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 85, 86
Borchs1937: taxonomy, 102
Borchs1937a: distribution, host, 186
Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 170
Borchs1963a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 22, 260, 261
Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 188-189
BounfoJeWa2005: dispersal, distribution, 96
CarpenEl1978: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 4-5
Chiesa1948: taxonomy, 270
Cocher1969: distribution, 91
Cocker1895l: description, distribution, host, 56
Cocker1896c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 52
Cocker1897o: distribution, 5
Cocker1899t: biological control, distribution, host, 283
Cocker1907: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 185-190
Coorem1951: biological control, distribution, economic importance, 30
Craw1896: distribution, host, taxonomy, 42-43
Danzig1972: distribution, taxonomy, 218
Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 83, 86-87
DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 325-326
DeBachRo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 145, 177
DeBachRo1976a: biological control, 544
DeitzTo1980: distribution, taxonomy, 40
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
Dowson1921: chemical control, distribution, 65
Dziedz1961: taxonomy, 212
ElMinsElHa1974a: distribution, host, 269
ElShaf2012: host, 518
ElShafAbAl2017: host, 4
ElmerCaCl1968: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, 80-81
Essig1915a: distribution, economic importance, host, 191
Essig1926: distribution, economic importance, host, 304
Ezzat1958: distribution, taxonomy, 249
Fernal1903b: distribution, host, structure, 318, 321
Ferrie1927: biological control, 57
Ferris1936a: illustration, taxonomy, 20, 38
Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-85
Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:58
Fletch1921: distribution, host, 20
Foldi2001: distribution, 306
Foldi2003a: 7
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
Forbes1907: chemical control, economic importance, host, 193-207
Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, 10, 57, 80
Gaillo1967: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 130-135
Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, 54
Gavril2018: reproduction, 242
Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 353
Gharib1973: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 7-9
Ghauri1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 54-64, 209
Gill1997: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 216-217, 222
Glick1922: distribution, host, 58-59
GomezM1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 54, 71-72
GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 631
Greath1973: distribution, host, 30
GruwelWoKo2016: phylogeny, 173, 175, 176
Hall1922: distribution, host, taxonomy, 42
Hall1923: distribution, host, 50
Hall1946a: taxonomy, 527
HayetChIn2021: control, natural enemies,
HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, 186
HodekHo2009: biological control, 235
Hodgso2020: key, 146
Iperti1970: biological control, distribution, host, 105-118
IpertiBr1969: biological control, 149-157
IpertiLa1968: biological control, distribution, host, 543-552
IpertiLa1969: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 17-30
Kaufma1977: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 882-884
Kaussa1968: distribution, 81
Kaussa1970: distribution, host, 7
KazimiGh1964: biological control, distribution, host, 37
Kehat1967a: biological control, distribution, host, 119
Kehat1967b: biological control, distribution, host, 1053-1065
KehatSw1964: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 101-110
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 18
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 68
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 86
KuwanaMu1932: taxonomy, 15
Lamb1974: distribution, 43
Lashin1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 125
Laudeh1968: biological control, distribution, host, 271-275
LaudehChIp1970: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 147-160
LaudehFr1970: distribution, host, life history, 247-251
LaudehOrIp1969: biological control, distribution, host, 395-406
Leonar1899a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 44-47
Leonar1901a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 544-545
Leonar1903a: description, distribution, economic importance, illustration, taxonomy, 5, 38, 44-47
Lepage1938: catalog, distribution, host, 413-414
LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 248
Lesche2000: biological control, 919
Lindin1912b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 246
Lindin1934: taxonomy, 15, 27
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 142
Lindin1958: taxonomy, 371
Lizery1942a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 320-321
Lizery1943: taxonomy, 457
Lobdel1937: physiology, 78, 80
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 128
LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 147
Lupo1947: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 40, 48-54
MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 253
Maleno1916a: distribution, host, 342
Martin1958: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 120-121
Martin1983: distribution, host, 58
Maskel1898: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 229-230
Mason1908: distribution, host, 175
Matile1984c: distribution, host, 222
MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
McKenz1945: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 53, 54, 58, 78
McKenz1952: taxonomy, 14
McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34, 137, 139
MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 304
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 312
Misra1924CS: distribution, host, 350
Moghad2004: distribution, host, 2
Moghad2008: distribution, 156
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 45
MoghadTa2010: distribution, 37-38
MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, key, natural enemies, taxonomy, 12, 188, 190-191, 248
MoharuBa2015: distribution, host, 99-100
MontaiMa1986: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 44-45
Morris1939a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 7-8, 29
MouradZa1998: biological control, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 389-395
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 65
Newste1906: distribution, host, taxonomy, 70
Newste1907a: chemical control, distribution, host, 12
Newste1911: distribution, host, 92
NikolsYa1966: biological control, 204
Nixon1945: distribution, economic importance, 35
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 27, 84
Paglia1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 185-195
Palmer1905: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 135-136, 145
PellizGe2010a: distribution, host, 503
PooleGe1997: distribution, 351
Ramach1922: distribution, host, 10
Ramakr1937: distribution, host, 147
Razig2014: distribution, economic importance, host, 64
Richar1960AM: distribution, host, 693
RosenDe1978: biological control, distribution, host, 113-114
RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, 762
RouhanVaMa2018a: distribution, host, 3
Rungs1948: biological control, distribution, host, 113
Salama1972: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 403-404
Schmut1969: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 112-113
Seghat1977: distribution, host, 18
Shalab1961: distribution, host, 216
Siddig1975: biological control, distribution, host, 13-19
SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, distribution, 182
Smirno1953: biological control, distribution, host, 144-160
Smirno1954: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-42
Smirno1957: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-100
Stansl1984: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 29-39
Stickn1934a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-67
SticknBaSi1950: distribution, economic importance, host, 3-8
Takagi1969a: taxonomy, 6
Talhou1969: distribution, host, taxonomy, 109-110
Targio1892: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 69-82
TorabiVaHo2010: distribution, host, 156
Tourne1970: biological control, 99
TourneHu1975: biological control, distribution, host, 773-782
TourneLeMo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 763-773
TourneND1971: biological control, distribution, host, 847-857
TournePhHu1975: distribution, host, 681-685
Trabut1910: distribution, host, 19-20
Trabut1911: distribution, host, 64
Varshn2002: distribution, host, 4
Vayssi1921: distribution, 357
Vilard1974: 74
Watson2001: list, 177
Watson2002: taxonomy, 177
Watson2021: distribution, 524
WatsonOuKa2021: distribution, host, 82
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 219
WilliaBe2009: catalog, 11
Wilsie1913: distribution, host, 538