Valid Names Results

Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992 (Pseudococcidae: Paracoccus)

Nomenclatural History

Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 320. Type data: MEXICO: Tabasco, Benito Juarez, on Manihot esculenta. Holotype, female, by original designation Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name Illustr.
Paracoccus marginetus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992; Tanga, et al. 2021: 8. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

La cochenille du papayer MatileEtTi2000
papaya mealybug MillerMi2002 MillerWiHa2001
Chinche harinosa de la fruta bomba WatsonSi2022
cochenille du papayer WatsonSi2022
cochinilla de la papaya WatsonSi2022
marginal mealybug WatsonSi2022

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 58 | Genera: 189

Acanthaceae

Andrographis paniculata | SakthiKaKa2012 | a
Crossandra infundibuliformis | SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Crossandra undulifolia)
Pachystachys lutea | MatileEt1998

Aizoaceae

Trianthema portulacastrum | SakthiKaKa2012

Amaranthaceae

Achyranthes aspera | SakthiKaKa2012
Aerva javanica | SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Aerva tomentosa)
Aerva lanata | SakthiKaKa2012
Alternanthera sessilis | GalaniJaVi2011
Amaranthus spinosus | UmehGoAj2020
Amaranthus viridis | SakthiKaKa2012
Celosia | SakthiKaKa2012
Celosia argentea | SakthiKaKa2012
Digera muricata | SakthiKaKa2012

Anacardiaceae

Anacardium occidentale | UmehGoAj2020
Mangifera indica | GalaniJaVi2011
Spondias mombin | UmehGoAj2020
Spondias pinnata | GalaniJaVi2011

Annonaceae

Annona | EFSA2023a
Annona muricata | MatileEtTi2000
Annona reticulata | GamaBiMa2020
Annona squamosa | MatileEtTi2000 MillerMi2002

Apiaceae

Centella asiatica | GalaniJaVi2011

Apocynaceae

Adenium | EFSA2023a
Allamanda blanchetii | SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Allamanda violacea)
Alstonia macrophylla | GalaniJaVi2011
Calotropis gigantea | SakthiKaKa2012
Calotropis procera | GamaBiMa2020
Catharanthus roseus | SakthiKaKa2012
Gymnema sylvestre | SakthiKaKa2012
Nerium oleander | SakthiKaKa2012
Periploca nigrescens | GamaBiMa2020
Plumeria | HeuFuCo2007
Plumeria alba | MatileEt1998 MatileEtTi2000
Plumeria rubra | GalaniJaVi2011 MillerMi2002 | (= Plumeria acuminata)
Rauvolfia serpentina | SakthiKaKa2012
Voacanga africana | SimoGoTi2021

Araceae

Aglaonema | EFSA2023a
Philodendron lacerum | MestreHoHa2015
Xanthosoma sagittifolium | SimoGoTi2021

Arecaceae

Cocos nucifera | GalaniJaVi2011 SakthiKaKa2012
Phoenix dactylifera | SakthiKaKa2012
Roystonea regia | MartinBlSu2005

Asparagaceae

Polianthes tuberosa | SakthiKaKa2012

Asteraceae

Ageratum conyzoides | SakthiKaKa2012
Ambrosia peruviana | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992 | (= Ambrosia cumanensis)
Ambrosia psilostachya | EFSA2023a
Aspilia africana | SimoGoTi2021
Bidens | EFSA2023a
Bidens pilosa | Germai2013
Chromolaena odorata | UmehGoAj2020
Cyanthillium cinereum | SakthiKaKa2012 EFSA2023a | (= Vernonia cinerea),(= Vernonia cinerea)
Dahlia pinnata | EFSA2023a
Eclipta prostrata | EFSA2023a
Eupatorium cannabinum | SakthiKaKa2012
Eupatorium perfoliatum | DineshVe2016
Helianthus annuus | GalaniJaVi2011
Parthenium hysterophorus | BenDov1994 PatilPaPa2011 SakthiKaKa2012 WilliaGr1992
Sphagneticola calendulacea | SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Wedelia calandulacea)(= Wedelia chinensis)
Tagetes erecta | GalaniJaVi2011 SakthiKaKa2012
Tithonia diversifolia | SimoGoTi2021
Tridax procumbens | SakthiKaKa2012
Verbesina gigantea | EFSA2023a
Vernonia amygdalina | UmehGoAj2020
Xanthium strumarium | GamaBiMa2020
Zinnia elegans | SakthiKaKa2012

Bignoniaceae

Spathodea campanulata | GamaBiMa2020
Tecoma stans | SakthiKaKa2012

Bromeliaceae

Ananas comosus | EFSA2023a

Burseraceae

Commiphora caudata | SakthiKaKa2012
Dacryodes edulis | SimoGoTi2021 UmehGoAj2020

Campanulaceae

Lobelia | SakthiKaKa2012

Capparaceae

Cadaba farinosa | GamaBiMa2020

Caricaceae

Carica | EFSA2023a
Carica papaya | BenDov1994 GermaiPaLu2010 HeuFuCo2007 MatileEt1998 MuniapShWa2011 SiriseWaHe2013 WilliaGr1992

Cleomaceae

Cleome viscosa | SakthiKaKa2012

Combretaceae

Terminalia catappa | SakthiKaKa2012

Commelinaceae

Commelina benghalensis | GamaBiMa2020

Convolvulaceae

Ipomoea | GamaBiMa2020
Ipomoea aquatica | GalaniJaVi2011
Ipomoea batatas | SimoGoTi2021
Ipomoea carnea | MillerMi2002
Ipomoea involucrata | SimoGoTi2021
Ipomoea pes-tigridis | SakthiKaKa2012

Costaceae

Cheilocostus speciosus | GalaniJaVi2011 | (= Costus speciosus)

Cucurbitaceae

Cucumis maderaspatanus | SakthiKaKa2012
Luffa acutangula | SakthiKaKa2012
Luffa cylindrica | GamaBiMa2020
Momordica | GamaBiMa2020
Momordica charantia | SakthiKaKa2012
Mukia maderaspatana | SakthiKaKa2012

Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
Acalypha indica | SakthiKaKa2012
Acalypha wilkesiana | MillerMi2002
Alchornea cordifolia | SimoGoTi2021
Bernardia corensis | EFSA2023a
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius | GamaBiMa2020
Codiaeum variegatum | SahuJoGa2019
Croton | SakthiKaKa2012
Croton bonplandianus | SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Croton sparsiflorus)
Euphorbia | GamaBiMa2020
Euphorbia hirta | SakthiKaKa2012
Euphorbia pulcherrima | GermaiSoBu2014
Euphorbia tithymaloides | GamaBiMa2020
Hevea brasiliensis | GalaniJaVi2011
Jatropha curcas | GalaniJaVi2011
Jatropha glandulifera | SakthiKaKa2012
Jatropha gossypiifolia | SakthiKaKa2012
Jatropha integerrima | HeuFuCo2007 MatileEt1998
Jatropha multifida | SakthiKaKa2012
Jatropha podagrica | SakthiKaKa2012
Jatropha tanjorensis | SakthiKaKa2012
Manihot chlorosticta | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
Manihot dichotoma | SimoGoTi2021
Manihot esculenta | BenDov1994 MatileEtTi2000 WilliaGr1992
Ricinus communis | MartinBlSu2005

Fabaceae

Abrus precatorius | EFSA2023a
Acacia | MillerMi2002
Acacia ferruginea | SakthiKaKa2012
Acacia leucophloea | SakthiKaKa2012
Arachis hypogaea | SakthiKaKa2012 | Arachis
Bauhinia | MillerMi2002
Bauhinia purpurea | SakthiKaKa2012
Cajanus cajan | MatileEt1998
Calliandra surinamensis | SimoGoTi2021
Calopogonium mucunoides | SimoGoTi2021
Cassia fistula | SakthiKaKa2012
Clitoria ternatea | SakthiKaKa2012
Crotalaria juncea | SakthiKaKa2012
Desmanthus virgatus | Germai2013
Erythrina abyssinica | MartinBlSu2005
Erythrina variegata | SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Erythrina indica)
Gliricidia sepium | MartinBlSu2005
Glycine max | SakthiKaKa2012
Lablab purpureus | EFSA2023a
Leucaena leucocephala | SakthiKaKa2012
Macroptilium atropurpureum | EFSA2023a
Mimosa pigra | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
Mimosa pudica | SakthiKaKa2012
Phaseolus | GamaBiMa2020
Phaseolus vulgaris | GalaniJaVi2011
Pithecellobium dulce | GamaBiMa2020
Prosopis juliflora | SakthiKaKa2012
Rhynchosia minima | SakthiKaKa2012
Senna alexandrina | SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Cassia angustifolia)
Senna auriculata | SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Cassia auriculata)
Senna multijuga | EFSA2023a
Senna siamea | GamaBiMa2020
Senna tora | SimoGoTi2021 | (= Cassia tora)
Sesbania grandiflora | GalaniJaVi2011
Sesbania punicea | PatilPaPa2011
Tamarindus indica | SakthiKaKa2012
Tephrosia noctiflora | Germai2013
Tephrosia purpurea | SakthiKaKa2012
Teramnus labialis | MatileEt1998
Vicia faba | EFSA2023a
Vigna mungo | SakthiKaKa2012
Vigna radiata | SakthiKaKa2012
Vigna unguiculata | GalaniJaVi2011 SakthiKaKa2012 | ssp. sesquipedalis,

Heliconiaceae

Heliconia | SakthiKaKa2012

Lamiaceae

Anisomeles malabarica | SakthiKaKa2012
Clerodendrum | UmehGoAj2020
Clerodendrum paniculatum | SimoGoTi2021
Coleus forskohlii | SakthiKaKa2012
Coleus monostachyus | SimoGoTi2021
Leonotis ocymifolia | GamaBiMa2020 | var. raineriana (= Leonotis mollissima)
Leucas aspera | GamaBiMa2020
Mentha arvensis | SakthiKaKa2012
Ocimum basilicum | GamaBiMa2020
Origanum majorana | SakthiKaKa2012
Tectona grandis | MartinBlSu2005

Lauraceae

Persea americana | MillerMi2002

Lythraceae

Lawsonia inermis | SakthiKaKa2012
Punica granatum | GalaniJaVi2011 SakthiKaKa2012

Malpighiaceae

Malpighia emarginata | SakthiKaKa2012
Malpighia glabra | MatileEt1998 SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Malpighia punicifolia)

Malvaceae

Abelmoschus esculentus | GalaniJaVi2011 SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Hibiscus esculentus)
Abelmoschus moschatus | SakthiKaKa2012
Abutilon hirtum | FallahAbSa2014 SakthiKaKa2012
Abutilon indicum | EFSA2023a EFSA2023a
Abutilon pannosum | GamaBiMa2020 | var. figarianum
Adansonia digitata | GamaBiMa2020
Ceiba pentandra | SakthiKaKa2012
Corchorus capsularis | SakthiKaKa2012
Corchorus olitorius | SimoGoTi2021
Durio | EFSA2023a
Gossypium | SakthiKaKa2012
Gossypium hirsutum | GamaBiMa2020
Guazuma | MillerMi2002
Guazuma ulmifolia | MartinBlSu2005 | (= Guazuma tomentosa)
Hibiscus | BenDov1994 HeuFuCo2007 MatileEt1998 WilliaGr1992
Hibiscus acetosella | SimoGoTi2021
Hibiscus cannabinus | GamaBiMa2020
Hibiscus mutabilis | ChatteHa2017
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | MatileEt1998
Hibiscus sabdariffa | SakthiKaKa2012
Malvaviscus arboreus | MatileEt1998
Sida | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
Sida acuta | SakthiKaKa2012
Sida rhombifolia | SimoGoTi2021
Sida spinosa | GamaBiMa2020 | (= Sida alba)
Theobroma cacao | SakthiKaKa2012
Triumfetta pentandra | SimoGoTi2021

Meliaceae

Melia azedarach | SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Azadirachta indica)(= Melia dubia)

Moraceae

Artocarpus | GalaniJaVi2011
Artocarpus altilis | GalaniJaVi2011
Artocarpus heterophyllus | SakthiKaKa2012
Ficus | GalaniJaVi2011
Ficus exasperata | SimoGoTi2021
Ficus preussii | SimoGoTi2021
Morus alba | SakthiKaKa2012
Morus nigra | EFSA2023a

Musaceae

Musa | EFSA2023a
Musa paradisiaca | GalaniJaVi2011 | (= Musa sapientum)

Myrtaceae

Eugenia uniflora | EFSA2023a
Psidium guajava | GalaniJaVi2011 PatilPaPa2011

Nyctaginaceae

Boerhavia diffusa | SakthiKaKa2012
Boerhavia erecta | SakthiKaKa2012

Oleaceae

Jasminum | GalaniJaVi2011
Ligustrum | EFSA2023a

Oxalidaceae

Averrhoa carambola | EFSA2023a EFSA2023a

Passifloraceae

Passiflora edulis | GamaBiMa2020

Pedaliaceae

Sesamum indicum | SakthiKaKa2012

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus emblica | SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Emblica officinalis)
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis | SakthiKaKa2012

Piperaceae

Piper betle | SakthiKaKa2012
Piper longum | SakthiKaKa2012
Piper nigrum | RohmahHiMu2023

Poaceae

Saccharum | EFSA2023a
Uniola paniculata | MillerMi2002
Zea mays | MillerMi2002

Polygonaceae

Coccoloba | MillerMi2002

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus mauritiana | SakthiKaKa2012
Ziziphus spina-christi | GamaBiMa2020

Rosaceae

Pseudocydonia sinensis | WangZhTi2018 | (= Chaenomeles sinensis)
Rhaphiolepis indica | MillerMi2002 | var. umbellata
Rosa | MatileEt1998

Rubiaceae

Breonia chinensis | SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Anthocephalus chinensis)
Coffea canephora | SimoGoTi2021
Gardenia | MuniapShWa2011
Hamelia | MillerMi2002
Ixora | GalaniJaVi2011
Ixora coccinea | SakthiKaKa2012
Morinda citrifolia | SakthiKaKa2012
Mussaenda | MatileEtTi2000
Mussaenda erythrophylla | SimoGoTi2021
Mussaenda frondosa | GalaniJaVi2011
Neonauclea purpurea | SakthiKaKa2012
Spermacoce articularis | SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Borreria articularis)

Rutaceae

Citrus limon | GamaBiMa2020
Citrus paradisi | MillerMi2002
Citrus sinensis | GithaeOnNd2021
Murraya koenigii | GalaniJaVi2011

Sapindaceae

Nephelium lappaceum | GalaniJaVi2011

Sapotaceae

Manilkara zapota | SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Achras sapota)

Simaroubaceae

Ailanthus excelsa | SakthiKaKa2012 EFSA2023a

Solanaceae

Capsicum annuum | GalaniJaVi2011 SakthiKaKa2012
Cestrum nocturnum | MatileEt1998
Datura metel | SakthiKaKa2012
Datura stramonium | GamaBiMa2020
Nicotiana tabacum | SakthiKaKa2012
Solanum | GamaBiMa2020
Solanum americanum | EFSA2023a EFSA2023a
Solanum lycopersicum | GalaniJaVi2011 SakthiKaKa2012 | (= Lycopersicum esculentum)
Solanum macrocarpon | UmehGoAj2020
Solanum melongena | MillerMi2002 SakthiKaKa2012
Solanum nigrum | SakthiKaKa2012
Solanum torvum | SakthiKaKa2012
Solanum trilobatum | SakthiKaKa2012
Solanum tuberosum | SakthiKaKa2012
Solanum virginianum | SakthiKaKa2012
Solanum xanthocarpum | SakthiKaKa2012
Withania somnifera | SakthiKaKa2012

Thymelaeaceae

Daphnopsis americana | EFSA2023a | ssp. caribaea)

Urticaceae

Laportea aestuans | SimoGoTi2021 | (= Fleurya aestuans)
Laportea ovalifolia | SimoGoTi2021 | (= Fleurya ovalifolia)
Urtica | GamaBiMa2020

Verbenaceae

Duranta erecta | SakthiKaKa2012
Lantana camara | SakthiKaKa2012
Stachytarpheta cayennensis | GamaBiMa2020

Vitaceae

Cissus quadrangularis | SakthiKaKa2012
Vitis vinifera | SinghKa2016

Zingiberaceae

Alpinia purpurata | EFSA2023a

Zygophyllaceae

Tribulus terrestris | SakthiKaKa2012

Foes:

Families: 13 | Genera: 26

Aphelinidae

Marietta leopardina | SinghKa2016

Cecidomyidae

Diadiplosis coccidarum | MatileEt1998

Chrysopidae

Chrysoperla carnea | SajjadSuKh2021

Clavicipitaceae

Beauveria bassiana | SharmaMu2021
Metarhizium anisopliae | SharmaMu2021

Coccinellida

Anegleis cardoni | SharmaMu2021

Coccinellidae

Brumoides suturalis | SahuJoGa2019
Cheilomenes sexmaculata | SahuJoGa2019
Chilocorus nigrita | SharmaMu2021
Coccinella transversalis | SharmaMu2021
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri | Germai2013
Diomus hennesseyi | ZhuangHuTa2023 | (= Diomus guilavoguii)
Nephus quadrimaculatus | SharmaMu2021
Sasajiscymnus quinquepunctatus | HartmaGrGe2021
Scymnus | PatilPaPa2011
Scymnus coccivora | VidyaBh2017
Scymnus latemaculatus | SharmaMu2021 | (= Scymnus taiwanus)

Cordycipitaceae

Lecanicillium lecanii | SharmaMu2021

Encyrtidae

Acerophagus papayae | NoyesSc2003 PatilPaPa2011
Anagyrus californicus | GalaniJaVi2011
Anagyrus kamali | Germai2013
Anagyrus loecki | AlfredDAsPa2020 MuniapMeSe2006
Prochiloneurus pulchellus | WyckhuGrBu2017
Pseudaphycus | GalaniJaVi2011
Pseudleptomastix mexicana | MuniapMeSe2006 NoyesSc2003

Lycaenidae

Spalgis epius | AlfredDAsPa2020 BorkakSaBu2018 ChatteHa2017 DineshVe2016 PatilPaPa2011

Pseudococcidae

Paracoccus marginatus | PooranAnTh2024

Salticidae

Phintella vittata | SharmaMu2021

Syrphidae

Ischiodon scutellaris | SharmaMu2021

Trichocomaceae

Paecilomyces | SharmaMu2021

Associates:

Families: 5 | Genera: 9

Betaproteobacteria

Candidatus Tremblaya princeps | ChoiLe2022

Formicidae

Camponotus compressus | ChatteHa2017
Monomorium indicum | SharmaMu2021
Solenopsis geminata | SharmaMu2021
Tapinoma melanocephalum | SharmaMu2021

Pseudococcidae

Ferrisia virgata | SimoGoTi2021
Phenacoccus solenopsis | SimoGoTi2021

Pseudomonadaceae

Pseudomonas | HarishAr2022

Staphylococcaceae

Staphylococcus | HarishAr2022

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 62

Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua | MillerWiHa2001
Barbuda | AhmedHeWu2015

Bahamas | GamaBiMa2020

Bangladesh | MuniapShWa2011

Barbados | AhmedHeWu2015

Belize | BenDov1994 MillerWiHa2001 WilliaGr1992

Benin | MuniapShWa2011

British Virgin Islands | MillerMi2002 MillerWiHa2001

Cameroon | WatsonSi2022

Cayman Islands | AhmedHeWu2015

China

Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | AhmedHeWu2015
Hainan | WangZhTi2018
Yunnan | AhmedHeWu2015 WuLiSh2014

Costa Rica | BenDov1994 MillerWiHa2001 WilliaGr1992

Cuba | MartinBlSu2005 MestreHaHo2015

Dominican Republic | MillerMi2002

Federated States of Micronesia | EFSA2023a

French Guiana | WatsonSi2022

French Polynesia

Tahiti | HartmaGrGe2021

Gabon | MacharKiKo2018

Ghana | MuniapShWa2011 WihBi2012

Grenada | GamaBiMa2020

Guadeloupe | MatileEt1998 MatileEt2006

Guam | DownieGu2004 MeyerdMuWa2004

Guatemala | BenDov1994 MillerWiHa2001 WilliaGr1992

Guiana | MatileEtTi2000

Haiti | PerezG2008

Hawaiian Islands

Hawaii | HeuFuCo2007
Maui | HeuFuCo2007
Oahu | HeuFuCo2007

India | AhmedHeWu2015

Andhra Pradesh | LalithSaSa2015
Arunchal Pradesh | PrasadArMo2012
Assam | GamaBiMa2020
Gujarat | LalithSaSa2015
Jammu & Kashmir | SharmaBhSh2013
Karnataka | PatilPaPa2011
Kerala | SharmaBhSh2013
Maharashtra | SharmaBhSh2013
Odisha (=Orissa) | SharmaBhSh2013
Punjab | SinghKa2016
Rajasthan | GamaBiMa2020
Sikkim | EFSA2023a
Tamil Nadu | MuniapShWa2008
Tripura | SharmaBhSh2013
West Bengal | LalithSaKu2018 LalithSaSa2015

Indonesia | AhmedHeWu2015

Bali | AhmedHeWu2015
Java | MuniapShWa2008 NurkomTrAi2021
Sulawesi (=Celebes) | AhmedHeWu2015

Israel | MendelWaPr2016

Japan | Tanaka2021

Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | GrazioMiAl2015 MuniapShWa2011

Kenya | HeyaKhKe2020 MacharKiKo2018

Laos | GrazioMiAl2015

Malawi | GamaBiMa2020

Malaysia | MastoiAzNu2011

Maldives | AhmedHeWu2015

Martinique | GermaiGr2005 MatileEt2006

Mauritius | GermaiSoBu2014 MauremPaBa2019

Mexico | BenDov1994 MillerWiHa2001 WilliaGr1992

Baja California Norte | MillerMi2002
Colima | MillerMi2002
Guerrero | MillerMi2002
Jalisco | MillerMi2002
Michoacan | MillerMi2002
Tabasco | MillerMi2002
Veracruz | MillerMi2002
Yucatan | GongorMaAg2018

Montserrat | AhmedHeWu2015

Mozambique | AhmedHeWu2015

Netherlands Antilles | AhmedHeWu2015

Nigeria | MacharKiKo2018

Northern Mariana Islands | AhmedHeWu2015

Oman | AhmedHeWu2015

Pakistan | MunwarMaGi2016

Palau | MuniapMeSe2006

Philippines | MuniapShWa2011

Luzon | MuniapShWa2011

Puerto Rico & Vieques Island

Puerto Rico | MillerWiHa2001

Reunion | Germai2013 GermaiMiPa2014 GermaiPaLu2010

Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands

Saint Kitts | MillerWiHa2001

Saint Lucia | AhmedHeWu2015

Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy

Saint Barthelemy | MatileEt1998 MatileEt2006 MillerWiHa2001
Saint Martin | MatileEt2006 MillerWiHa2001

Sri Lanka | GalaniJaVi2011 MuniapShWa2011

Sudan | GamaBiMa2020

Taiwan | AhmedHeWu2015

Tanzania | MacharKiKo2018

Thailand | GrazioMiAl2015 MuniapShWa2011

Togo | MuniapShWa2011

U.S. Virgin Islands | MillerWiHa2001

Uganda | IPPC2022

United States

Florida | MillerMi2002 MillerWiHa2001
Texas | EFSA2023a

Vietnam | GrazioMiAl2015

Keys

ZhangLiLi2024: pp.9 ( Adult (F) ) [Paracoccus from China]
JoshiSuRe2021: pp.118-119 ( Adult (F) ) [Field characters of mealybugs in cassava]
JoshiSuRe2021: pp.119-120 ( Adult (F) ) [Microscopic characters of mealybugs in cassava]
Suh2019a: pp.2-6 ( Adult (F) ) [mealybugs interepted in S. Korea]
PachecKaGe2016: pp.3 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to adult females of Paracoccus found in the Neotropical region excluding those known only from Mexico]
SiriseWaHe2013: pp.78-80 ( Adult (F) ) [Mealybugs on Fruit Crops in Sri Lanka]
ParsaKoWi2012: pp.10-Aug ( Adult (F) ) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]
WilliaGr1992: pp.295 ( Adult (F) ) [Central and South America]

Remarks

Systematics: In slide-mounted adult females from the Oriental region, this is the only species of Paracoccus that totally lacks oral rim ducts in the sub-median or median areas of the dorsum. (Muniappan, et al., 2009) Diagnostic characteristics of the slide-mounted adult female: members of the genus Paracoccus possess up to 18 pairs of cerarii on body margins, eight-segmented antennae, ventral anal lobe bars, translucent pores on the hind coxa and usually on the tibia; auxiliary setae are present in the anal lobe cerarii only, and oral rim ducts are present some-where on the body. [P. marginatus differs from other members of the genus as follows: dorsal surface with short, slender setae; cerarii numbering 16 or 17 pairs only; oral rim tubular ducts restricted to marginal areas of dorsum and venter; hind leg with translucent pores present on coxa only (Williams & Granara de Willink (1992); Miller & Miller (2002)). The eight-segmented antenna distinguishes this species from the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), which has a nine-segmented antenna. Miller & Miller (2002).
Structure: The live adult female is soft, oval, (about 2.5 mm long and 1.5 mm wide) and is evenly covered in powdery, white wax, without any longitudinal depressions. Short waxy filaments develop around the body margin including short caudal filaments. The body contents are yellow in life but turn black in less than one day after death, even when preserved in alcohol. Muniappan, et al., 2009) Colour photograph by Heu et al. (2007). Germain et al. (2010) presented colour photo of damaged papaya fruits. Adult male P. marginatus is a sexual species. The adult male appeared yellow and was approximately 1.0mm long, with an elongate oval body widest at the thorax (about 0.3mm). The antennae are 10-segmented; the thorax and head were heavily sclerotized, and the wings were well developed; the genital capsule is distinctly sclerotized, and a pair of lateral pore clusters occurred near the apex of the abdomen. The lateral pore clusters secreted a pair of white wax caudal filaments in life. (Galanihe, et al., 2010) The eggs were rhombus in shape and greenish yellow in color (Fig. 1a). The females laid eggs in an ovisac on the ventral side of the body. Incubation period of eggs was recorded 4.9±1.50 days. Freshly emerged first instar nymph were rhombus in shape and light yellow in color. Second instar female nymph were rhombus shaped and yellow colored. Second instar female nymph took 4.4±1.07days to convert itself to third instar. Third instar females were also rhombus in shape and yellow in color and complete its development within 6.2±1.3 days. The second instar male nymph of P. marginatus was pinkish in color with yellowish pattern. It completed its development in 4.3±1.9 days. Third instar male nymphs were pink and diamond shaped. Duration of third instar male was recorded 3.2±0.95 days. At the end of developmental period of third instar, males nymph started making cocoons which are cylindrical in shape and white in color. It took 5.6±0.43 days to change into matured adult. (Munwar, et al., 2016)
Biology: Paracoccus marginatus reproduces sexually. There are three nymphal instars and no pupal stage in the wingless female, and eggs are laid in a small, white ovisac of woolly wax. The winged male has two nymphal stages, a pre-pupa and a pupal stage. There are several generations per year. (Muniappan, et al., 2009) Population build-up is weather dependent as there is a significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and significantly negative correlation with relative humidity and rainfall. (Seni & Sahoo, 2015) In polyphagus insects, life history can vary with the plant species it feeds on. From the experiment on the biology of P. marginatus by Seni & Sahoo, on parthenium, it was found that the female nymphs moulted three times for becoming adults, while the male required four moultings. The sex ratio of female and male was 1.97 : 1 in a population of 101 mealybugs on potted papaya plant. It was also found that they reproduced entirely sexually. The females laid 247-332 (291±33.31) eggs within 4-9 (6.2±0.82) days. Based on the studies of papaya mealybug on three different host plants, it can be inferred that papaya plant is the preferred host than brinjal and parthenium plant. (Seni & Sahoo, 2015)
Economic Importance: Paracoccus marginatus is a major threat to the ecological, social, and economic wellbeing of people in the countries it invades. Though the pest prefers papaya, it is extremely polyphagous, The situation is compounded by the fact that farmers practice mixed cropping of known hosts of the pest on the same pieces of land, thus ensuring continuous availability of alternative hosts for easy perpetuation. It is estimated that Kenya loses more than USD 29.8 million annually to papaya mealybug damage with individual households losing between USD 51–740 depending on locality and market available to them (Ndlela, et al., 2022) Sooty mold developing on honeydew excreted by this mealybug covers the leaves, fruits and stems, impeding photosynthesis and gaseous exchange. On papaya, P. marginatus infests the veins of older leaves, which turn yellow, dry up and are shed prematurely, and all parts of young leaves and fruits. Tender leaves become crinkled and curly; flowers and young fruits drop and shoots become bunchy. Papaya trees die within a few months of becoming infested. Infestation of Plumeria causes the leaves to curl and new leaves fail to expand fully. On Hibiscus, leaves and flowers attacked by PM become distorted and the shoots appear bunchy.(Muniappan, et al., 2009). Muniappan et al. (2006) reported on successful biological control of this species in the Republic of Palau, following the introduction of three species of encyrtid parasitoids.
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Description and illustration of adult female, adult male, nymphs, prepupa and pupa by Miller & Miller (2002). Ahmed, et al. 2015 analyzed the genetic identities of Chinese populations of P. marginatus and compared them with genetic identities of P. marginatus populations from 6 other countries in Asia and Africa. The results indicated that only 1 haplotype is present across all sampled countries

Illustrations

LalithSaSa2015

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