Valid Names Results

Diaspidiotus gigas (Thiem & Gerneck, 1934) (Diaspididae: Diaspidiotus)

Nomenclatural History

Aspidiotus populi Glaser 1877: 49. Type data: GERMANY: Rhein region, vicinity of Worms, on "Schwartzpappel" [=Populus].. Syntypes, female, junior homonym (discovered by Lindin1936, 152). Replacement name for Aspidiotus populi Baerensprung, 1849 Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
Aspidiotus (Euraspidiotus) gigas Thiem & Gerneck 1934a: 131. Type data: GERMANY: host plant not indicated.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym replacing a junior homonym Replacement name for Aspidiotus populi Glaser, 1877 Notes: Type depository unknown.
Aspidiotus multiglandulatus Borchsenius 1935: 46. Type data: RUSSIA: Dagestan, Levashinskii region, Hadjal-Mekhi, on Populus sp.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig1993,193). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 46). Illustr.
Aspidiotus gigas Thiem & Gerneck, 1934; Ferris 1941e: 43. change of combination
Quadraspidiotus gigas (Thiem & Gerneck, 1934); Balachowsky 1948: 18. change of combination
Diaspidiotus gigas (Thiem & Gerneck, 1934); Borchsenius 1949d: 243. change of combination
Quadraspidiotus gigans (Thiem & Gerneck, 1934); Bachmann 1956: 102. misspelling of species epithet
Diaspidiotus gigas (Thiem & Gerneck, 1934); Danzig 1980: 340. revived combination (previously published)
Aspidiotus multigrandulatus Borchsenius, 1935; Chou 1985: 311. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

poplar scale MillerDa2005
topolevaya shitovka BazaroSh1971
Willow Scale Koszta1996

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 6 | Genera: 8

Betulaceae

Alnus | Zahrad1972

Malvaceae

Tilia cordata | Balach1950b Zahrad1972 | (= Tilia parvifolia )

Moraceae

Ficus retusa | BicheArMe2022

Myrtaceae

Melaleuca leucadendra | BicheArMe2022 | (= Myrtus alba)
Myrtus nivelii | BicheArMe2022

Salicaceae

Populus | Balach1950b BazaroSh1971 Borchs1935 Borchs1936 Danzig1962 Danzig1980b KaydanKoAt2009
Populus alba | Balach1950b Zahrad1952 Zahrad1972
Populus berolinensis | Zahrad1972
Populus canadensis | Zahrad1972 | (= Populus euramericana)
Populus canescens | Zahrad1972
Populus deltoides | Zahrad1972
Populus euphratica | JansenAl2023
Populus gracilis | BatsanKaKi2017
Populus nigra | Bachma1953 Balach1950b Zahrad1972 | (= Populus pyramidalis)
Populus tremula | Bachma1953 Martin1983 GomezM1960O MalumpOsPy2010 Zahrad1952 Zahrad1972
Populus trichocarpa | Zahrad1972
Salix | Bachma1953 Balach1950b BazaroSh1971 Danzig1978a Danzig1980b KaydanKoAt2009 Zahrad1972
Salix acutifolia | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
Salix alba | Zahrad1972
Salix aurita | Zahrad1972
Salix babylonica | MoghadWa2021
Salix caprea | Zahrad1972
Salix daphnoides | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
Salix fragilis | Balach1950b Zahrad1972
Salix pedicellata | Balach1950b
Salix viminalis | BachmaGe1950

Solanaceae

Solanum sodomaeodes | BicheArMe2022

Foes:

Families: 8 | Genera: 17

Anthocoridae

Anthocoridae | Zahrad1972
Temnostethus | Zahrad1972 | (= Ectemnus)

Aphelinidae

Ablerus | Bachma1956 | (= Azotus)
Ablerus celsus | Aligey2016 Zahrad1972 | (= Azotus matritensis)
Aphytis mytilaspidis | Bachma1956 RosenDe1979 | (= Aphytis diaspidioti)
Aphytis quadraspidioti | Li1996
Coccobius danzigae | FallahJa2010
Diaspiniphagus moeris | Aligey2016 | (= Diaspiniphagus similis)
Encarsia citrina | Bachma1956 Zahrad1972 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
Encarsia gigas | LiLoCa1997
Encarsia perniciosi | Bachma1956 | (= Prospaltella perniciosi)
Pteroptrix dimidiata | Zahrad1972
Pteroptrix maritima | Zahrad1972 | (= Archenomus maritimus)

Coccinellidae

Adalia bipunctata | Zahrad1972 | (= Coccinella bipunctata)
Chilocorus bipustulatus | Zahrad1972
Chilocorus renipustulatus | MaLiLi1997 MaLiLi1997a | (= Chilocorus kuwanae)

Cybocephalidae

Cybocephalus planiceps | FallahJa2010

Encyrtidae

Comperiella bifasciata | Trjapi1989
Metaphycus nadius | GuerriNo2000 Trjapi1989 | (= Metaphycus duplus)
Trichomasthus dissimilis | Trjapi1989

Hemisarcoptidae

Hemisarcoptes | FainRi1998

Microphysidae

Loricula elegantula | Zahrad1972
Loricula pselaphiformis | Zahrad1972

Staphylinidae

Astenus | Zahrad1972

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 27

Algeria | Balach1950b

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan SSR | Borchs1935

Bulgaria | Balach1950b Tsalev1968

Canada

New Brunswick | Nakaha1982
Nova Scotia | Nakaha1982
Ontario | Nakaha1982

China | Tang1984

Henan (=Honan) | Shen1993

Croatia | Masten2007 | Bachma1953

Czech Republic | Zahrad1952 Zahrad1977

France | Balach1950b FoldiGe2018

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 Borchs1935 Borchs1936

Germany | Balach1950b SchmutHo2016

Greece | ThiemGe1934a

Hungary | KozarKiSa2004 Nakaha1982

Iran | RouhanVaMa2018a

Italy | Balach1950b

Kazakhstan

Alma Ata Oblast | BazaroSh1971

Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2010

Netherlands | Jansen2001 Reyne1957

Poland | Komosi1968a SimonKa2011

Romania | Savesc1982 Teodor2018

Russia

Caucasus | BazaroSh1971
Dagestan AR | Danzig1993
Irkutsk Oblast | Danzig1980b
Novosibirsk Oblast | Danzig1980b
Primor'ye Kray | BazaroSh1971
St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast | Danzig1962 Danzig1962b
Volgograd Oblast | Gavril2004
Voronoezh Oblast | Gavril2003a
Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR | Danzig1978a Danzig1980b

Slovakia | Zahrad1952

Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010

Spain | BlayGo1993 GomezM1960O Martin1983

Switzerland | BachmaGe1950

Turkey | Balach1950b KaydanKoAt2009 KaydanUlEr2007

Ukraine | BazaroSh1971

United States

Idaho | Nakaha1982
Montana | Nakaha1982
New Mexico | Nakaha1982
Ohio | Nakaha1982
Oregon | Nakaha1982
Pennsylvania | Nakaha1982
Rhode Island | Nakaha1982
Utah | Nakaha1982
Washington | Nakaha1982
Wisconsin | Nakaha1982
Wyoming | Nakaha1982

Keys

MoghadWa2021: pp.78-79 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspidiotus in Iran]
NucifoWaRu2020: pp.589 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspidiotus on Betulaceae]
MillerDa2005: pp.29-35 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
Koszta1996: pp.575 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
Danzig1993: pp.179-182 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
Terezn1986: pp.97-98 ( Adult (F) ) [Ukraine]
Chou1985: pp.311 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of China]
Danzig1980b: pp.340 ( Adult (F) ) [Far East of USSR ]
KosztaKo1978: pp.172 ( Adult (F) ) [Hungary]
BazaroSh1971: pp.211 ( Adult (F) ) [Central Asia]
Danzig1965: pp.127 ( Adult (F) ) [Former USSR]
Danzig1965: pp.127 ( Adult (F) ) [Former USSR]
Reyne1957: pp.33 ( Adult (F) ) [Netherlands]
Zahrad1952: pp.114-115 ( Adult (F) ) [Czech Republic]
Balach1950b: pp.404 ( Adult (F) ) [Mediterranean]
Borchs1935: pp.127-128 ( Adult (F) ) [Former USSR]

Remarks

Systematics: D. gigas separated into two cryptic species with interspecies divergence of 12.3% and all analysis of ABGD, GMYC, and PTP supported this separation. (Qin, et al., 2018)
Structure: Female scale circular or subcircular, 2.4-2.8 mm; very flat; color dark brown; mingles with the bark; exuviae central, red orange. Male scale of similar structure, oval; exuviae subcentral, dark brown; 1.8-2 mm (Balachowsky, 1950b). Slide-mounted adult female with sclerotised prosoma at maturity. Median lobes (L1) large, slightly convergent, each lobe rounded apically, with a conspicuous notch on outer margin; median space with 2 small setae. Second lobes (L2) small, convergent, triangular. Third lobes (L3) same shape as L2 but smaller. Fourth lobes (L4) completely absent. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2021)
Biology: Specimens of D. gigas are found on the bark of tree branches and trunk; small populations are difficult to detect.
Economic Importance: Schmutterer et al. (1957) considered this species a pest of Populus spp. in several countries in Europe and Central Asia.
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Balachowsky (1948, 1950b), Zahradník (1952, 1972), Bazarov & Shmelev (1971), Tang (1984), Tereznikova (1986), Danzig (1980b, 1993) and by Kosztarab (1996).

Illustrations

Citations

AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
Bachma1953: distribution, host, 178
Bachma1956: biological control, 102
BachmaGe1950: distribution, host, 117
Balach1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 18-23
Balach1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 465-469
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 257
BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 213-215
BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 106
BenDovGe2003: catalog, 367-370
BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 500
BlayGo1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 567-571
Borchs1935: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 132-133
Borchs1936: distribution, host, 131
Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 130-131
Borchs1939: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 9,29
Borchs1949d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 243
Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 226,231
Borchs1966: catalog, 330
Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 220,262
ChiMiQu1997: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 10-14
ChiYaZh2003: biological control, chemistry, 20-22
ChiZhHu1997: biological control, chemical ecology, distribution, host, life history, 15-21
Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 311-312
Chumak1957: biological control, distribution, host, 533-547
Chumak1961: biological control, distribution, host, 313-338
Danzig1962: distribution, host, 22
Danzig1962b: distribution, taxonomy, 25
Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 653
Danzig1977b: taxonomy, 57
Danzig1978a: distribution, host, 78
Danzig1980b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 340-341
Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 193-194
DanzigKo1991: distribution, 1-15
DanzigPe1998: catalog, 231-232
DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
FainRi1998: biological control, distribution, host, 33-39
FallahJa2010: host, natural enemies, 303
Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 43,46
Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
FoldiDe1998: distribution, host, taxonomy, 201
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
FreyFr1995: chemistry, taxonomy, 777-780
FreyFr1995a: chemistry, structure, 100
Gavril2003a: distribution, host, 114
Gavril2004: distribution, host, 528
Gavril2018: reproduction, 237
Glaser1877: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 48-49
GomezM1960O: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 166-168
GuerriNo2000: biological control, distribution, host, 157-159
HuDaHu1982: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 160-169
Huba1960: taxonomy, 39-50
Janezi1954: distribution, host, 124
Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 25
KaydanKoAt2009: distribution, host, 45
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 94
Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 27
KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 167
KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 16
Komosi1968a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-54
Komosi1974a: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-84
Komosi1986: distribution, host, 3-12
Komosi1986a: distribution, host, 13-20
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 15
Koszta1990: biological control, structure, 307-311
Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 577-578
KosztaKo1978: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 172
Koteja1990c: life history, 243-254
Kozar1995b: taxonomy, 51
KozarHiMa1996: description, taxonomy, 433-437
KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 61
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 85, 100, 116, 136, 152, 173
Lagows1998a: distribution, host, 63-71
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
Lellak1963: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 611-648
Lellak1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 297
Li1996: biological control, distribution, host, 98-101
LiLoCa1997: biological control, distribution, host, 225-226
Lindin1957: taxonomy, 546
LiuLiYa1997: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 5-9
LiuYaLi1987: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 30-34
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 128
MaLiLi1997: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 64-67
MaLiLi1997a: biological control, life history, 59-61
MalumpOsPy2010: distribution, host, 259
Martin1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 66
Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 305
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 154-156
MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 78, 87-88, 243
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 77
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 19, S5, S6
NucifoWaRu2020: key, 589
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 61,68
QinZhYu2018: DNA sequencing, ecology, natural enemies, taxonomy, 5-11
Reyne1957: distribution, host, taxonomy, 26,33
RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 731
RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
RouhanVaMa2018a: diagnosis, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3, 4-5
RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
RzaevaYa1985: biological control, 55-58
Savesc1982: biological control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 323-325
Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 77,97
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 59
SchmutKlLu1957: 484
SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
Seljak2010: distribution, host, 108
Shen1993: distribution, host, 60
ShirazVaMi2013: distribution, host, 1382
SimonKa2011: distribution, 240
Smetni1991: chemistry, 92-129
Tang1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 62,64
Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 114-115
Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 42, 50
Terezn1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 101-103
ThiemGe1934a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 130-158,208-238
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
Trjapi1989: biological control, 188,244,295
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S119
Xie1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 103-107
XieXuLi1995: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 114-118
Yasar1995a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 110-112
Yasnos1994: biological control, distribution, host, 317-333
Zahrad1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 136-138
Zahrad1972: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 434-435
Zahrad1977: distribution, taxonomy, 121
Zahrad1990a: description, distribution, host, 650-651
ZhaoYaCh2002: chemistry, 18-20