Valid Names Results
Ceroplastes destructor Newstead, 1917 (Coccidae: Ceroplastes)Nomenclatural History
- Ceroplastes ceriferus; Newstead 1910a: 66. misidentification
- Ceroplastes ceriferus; Newstead 1910c: 195. misidentification
- Ceroplastes ceriferus; Newstead 1911a: 167. misidentification
- Ceroplastes ceriferus; Lindinger 1913a: 80. misidentification
- Ceroplastes destructor Newstead 1917a: 26. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, Botanical Gardens, on Antigonon sp.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaWa1990,69). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name
- Gascardia destructor (Newstead, 1917); De Lotto 1965a: 200. change of combination
- Gascardia postperlucidus Qin et al. 1994: 546. nomen nudum (discovered by QinGu1999, 305).
- Gascardia postperlucidus Qin & Gullan 1995: 302. nomen nudum (discovered by QinGu1999, 305).
- Ceroplastes postperlucidus Qin & Gullan 1999: 305. Type data: CONGO: Elizabethville [=Lubumbashi], on Schinus molle.. Holotype, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by QinGu1999, 305).
- Ceroplastes destructor Newstead, 1917; Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 27. change of combination Notes: Gascardia was determined to be a junior synonym of Ceroplastes creating the combination Ceroplastes destructor.
Common Names
- soft wax scale HodgsoHe2000
- escama de cera blanca PerontKo2022
- Weiße Wachsschildlaus PerontKo2022
- wit wasdopluis PerontKo2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 27 | Genera: 52
- Acanthaceae
- Dicliptera | Hodgso1969
- Actinidiaceae
- Actinidia deliciosa | HodgsoHe2000
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera indica | GroveDe2017
- Rhus | QinGu1994 WilliaWa1990
- Schinus molle | Cillie1967 QinGu1999
- Apocynaceae
- Alyxia ruscifolia | QinGu1994
- Plumeria | WilliaWa1990
- Araliaceae
- Cussonia spicata | Hodgso1969
- Schefflera | WilliaWa1990
- Argophyllaceae
- Argophyllum | MilleHeCa2016
- Asteraceae
- Cassinia quinquefaria | QinGu1994
- Conyza | Hodgso1969
- Celastraceae
- Cassine papillosa | Hodgso1969 | (= Elaeodendron capense)
- Elachyptera parvifolia | Almeid1973b | (= Hippocratea parvifolia)
- Gymnosporia | Almeid1969 DeLott1965a Hall1931
- Gymnosporia buxifolia | Almeid1969 Hall1931
- Gymnosporia fournieri | MilleHeCa2016
- Gymnosporia senegalensis | Hodgso1969 | (= Maytenus senegalensis)
- Maytenus | Hodgso1969
- Maytenus cymosa | Cillie1967 | (= Maytenus cymosus)
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | QinGu1994
- Euclea crispa | Hodgso1969
- Ericaceae
- Erica exleeana | Hodgso1969 | (= Philippia leeana)
- Philippia | Hodgso1969
- Fabaceae
- Vicia minutiflora | Hodgso1969
- Lauraceae
- Persea americana | WilliaWa1990
- Loranthaceae
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | WilliaWa1990
- Malvaceae
- Hibiscus | Almeid1969
- Theobroma cacao | Strick1947a
- Meliaceae
- Dysoxylum bijugum | WilliaWa1990 | (= Dysoxylum patersoni, Dysoxylum patersonianum)
- Ekebergia capensis | Cillie1967 | (= Ekebergia meyeri)
- Melia azedarach | Almeid1969 Brain1920a
- Synoum glandulosum | QinGu1994
- Trichilia emetica | Cillie1967
- Myrtaceae
- Psidium guajava | DeLott1965a Hodgso1969
- Syzygium | Hodgso1969
- Syzygium cordatum | Hodgso1969
- Syzygium malaccense | Almeid1969 Hall1931 | (= Eugenia malaccensis)
- Phyllanthaceae
- Uapaca | Hodgso1969
- Pittosporaceae
- Bursaria spinosa | QinGu1994
- Pittosporum crassifolium | WilliaWa1990
- Primulaceae
- Maesa | Hodgso1969
- Rosaceae
- Prunus armeniaca | QinGu1994
- Rubiaceae
- Aidia micrantha | Hodgso1969
- Coffea | Almeid1973b
- Coffea arabica | Almeid1973b DeLott1965a DeLott1967a
- Coffea canephora | DeLott1965a WilliaWa1990 | (= Coffea robusta)
- Gardenia | Hodgso1969
- Morinda citrifolia | WilliaWa1990 | (= Platanocephalus morindaefolius)
- Otiophora inyangana | Hodgso1969 | ssp.parrifolia
- Pavetta revoluta | QinGu1994
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Cillie1967 DeLott1965a Mamet1959a SmithBeBr1997
- Citrus aurantium | Almeid1969 Hall1931
- Citrus glauca | QinGu1994 | (= Eremocitrus glauca)
- Citrus maxima | DeLott1965a
- Citrus reticulata | QinGu1994
- Citrus sinensis | Almeid1973b DeLott1967a QinGu1994
- Citrus trifoliata | DeLott1965a | (= Poncirus trifoliata
- Zieria smithii | QinGu1994
- Sapindaceae
- Cupaniopsis | MilleHeCa2016
- Dodonaea | QinGu1994
- Dodonaea viscosa | WilliaWa1990
- Solanaceae
- Solanum | QinGu1994
- Stilbaceae
- Nuxia congesta | Hodgso1969 | (= Nuxia viscosa)
- Nuxia oppositifolia | Hodgso1969
- Theaceae
- Camellia sinensis | WilliaWa1990
Foes:
Families: 6 | Genera: 10
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus adustus | AnneckPr1976 | (= Euxanthellus adustus)
- Coccophagus catherinae | PerontKo2022
- Coccinellidae
- Cheilomenes lunata | PerontKo2022
- Halmus chalybeus | LoCh2001
- Encyrtidae
- Aloencyrtus umbrinus | Comper1939d | (= Microterys umbrinus)
- Anicetus communis | PerontKo2022
- Metaphycus albiventris | TavareSaDa2019
- Metaphycus ferrierei | TavareSaDa2019
- Metaphycus helvolus | TavareSaDa2019
- Metaphycus solatus | TavareSaDa2019
- Metaphycus vanderplanki | TavareSaDa2019
- Eulophidae
- Aprostocetus ceroplastae | PerontKo2022
- Noctuidae
- Autoba costimacula | PerontKo2022
- Coccidiphaga scitula | PerontKo2022
- Tortricidae
- Coccothera spissana | PerontKo2022
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 27
- Angola | Almeid1969 Almeid1973b DeLott1967a
- Australia
- Australian Capital Territory | QinGu1994
- New South Wales | QinGu1994 SmithBeBr1997
- Queensland | QinGu1994 SmithBeBr1997
- Western Australia | PerontKo2022
- Botswana | PerontKo2022
- Cameroon | Kondo2013
- Christmas Island | AbbottGr2007
- Congo | DeLott1965a QinGu1999
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | BenDov1993
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | PerontKo2022
- Georgia (Republic of) | KakotiDeRo2022
- India | KakotiDeRo2022
- Indonesia | KakotiDeRo2022
- Kenya | DeLott1965a
- Madagascar | Mamet1959a
- Malawi | KakotiDeRo2022
- Mozambique | DeLott1965a Hodgso1969
- New Caledonia | MilleHeCa2016
- New Zealand | HodgsoHe2000
- Norfolk Island | WilliaWa1990
- Papua New Guinea | WilliaWa1990
- Sao Tome and Principe | PerontKo2022
- Solomon Islands | WilliaWa1990
- South Africa | Brain1920a Cillie1967 DeLott1965a DeLott1971
- Sudan | PerontKo2022
- Tanzania | PerontKo2022
- Uganda | DeLott1965a Newste1917a
- Zambia | Hodgso1969
- Zimbabwe | Hall1931 Hodgso1969
Keys
- JoshiBhPo2021: pp.568 ( Adult (F) ) [Indian species of Ceroplastes]
- HodgsoPe2012: pp.49 ( ) [Key to adult females of C. destructor-group]
- FetykoKo2012: pp.293 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]
- HodgsoWiGi2009: pp.102-104 ( Adult (F) ) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa]
- HodgsoHe2000: pp.185 ( Adult (F) ) [New Zealand]
- WilliaWa1990: pp.65 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific]
Remarks
- Systematics: Ceroplastes destructor and C. brevicauda are very similar in life, with a thick white wax test, irregular to globose in dorsal view, test very soft and not divided into plates. These species can be separated reliably only in microscope slide-mounts. However, mature females of C. destructor have the caudal process usually situated apically, heavily sclerotized, elongate and broad (whereas in C. brevicauda it is located dorsally and is relatively small and more lightly sclerotized than in most Ceroplastes species). (Peronti & Kondo, 2022)
- Structure: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Slide-mounted adult female body roundly oval and convex, 3.0–6.0 mm long; dorsal cuticle entirely membranous on young adults, except for caudal process which becomes more heavily sclerotized and longer with increasing age. . (Peronti & Kondo, 2022)
- Biology: Smith et al. (1997) reported two annual generations in Queensland, Australia. Cilliers (1967) studied the biology and natural enemies in South Africa. Two generations were found to occur annually on citrus in Queensland, Australia (Smith, 1970; Smith & Ironside, 1974). De Lotto (1971c) noted that the development of the caudal process is gradual and the organ attains its full size some time after the last moult has taken place. Beattie et al. (1990) studied the effect of nutrients in citrus (New South Wales, Australia) Milne (1993) studied in Australia, and concluded that watering regime did not significantly affect the survival of immature stages, but it did affect rate of development. Rate of development was also influenced by host plant species. Prolonged exposure to temperatures above 35°C apparently caused high mortality of immature stages, on leaves, regardless of water regime. A major citrus pest in Queensland, Australia (Sabine, 1969; Smith & Ironside, 1974). Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968). Snowball (1969) surveyed the natural enemies in South Africa.
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1965a), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Avasthi & Shafee (1986) reported "Gascardia destructor (Newstead)" from India, but Varshney (1992) stated that this was erroneous as the source paper stated that it was from Africa.
Illustrations
Citations
- AbbottGr2007: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, 1238-1246
- Almeid1969: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 136-139
- Almeid1973b: distribution, host, 4
- AnneckIn1970: biological control, 227-237
- AnneckPr1976: biological control, distribution, host, 1-7
- AvasthSh1986: distribution, taxonomy, 335
- Bartle1978: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 59
- Beatti1993: taxonomy, 1-19
- BeattiWeCl1990: chemical control, distribution, life history, taxonomy, 199-203
- Bedfor1973: biological control, 4-11
- BenDov1993: catalog, 30-31
- BlankOlGi1997: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 1997
- Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Brain1920a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 28
- Brimbl1956a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 161-163
- Brimbl1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 225
- CABI2000a: distribution, host, 1-3
- CamachCh2015: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 4, 6, 11, 14
- Cillie1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 1-59
- Cillie2001: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 162-164
- Comper1937: biological control, 43-51
- Comper1939d: biological control, distribution, host, 16-17
- Comper1961a: biological control, 17-71
- ComperAn1961: biological control, distribution, host, 17
- CouturMaRi1985: distribution, host, 275
- DeLott1965a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 200-202
- DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 111
- DeLott1971: description, illustration, taxonomy, 147
- Fernan1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 131-133
- FetykoKo2012: distribution, 292
- Fletch1951: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-24
- Frank2021: ecology, life history, 6
- GillKo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 161-163
- Greath1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- Greig1944: economic importance, taxonomy,
- GroveDe2017: distribution, host, 300
- Hackma1951: chemistry, 150-154
- HackmaTr1952: chemistry, 653-656
- Hall1931: distribution, host, 293
- Hely1960: distribution, ecology, life history, 355-356
- HelyLe1950: distribution, economic importance, host, 307-310
- Hodgso1969: distribution, host, 24
- HodgsoHe2000: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 185,187,191-192
- HodgsoPe2012: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 49,50,53-58,234,241
- HodgsoWiGi2009: taxonomy, 102-104
- JoshiBhPo2021: key, 568
- KakotiDeRo2022: distribution, host, list, 7
- Kondo2013: distribution, host, 44
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 9
- LePell1968: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy,
- LoBl1992: chemical control, distribution, host, 14-15
- LoBl1992a: biological control, chemical control, distribution, host, 99-102
- LoBlPe1996: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 315-321
- LoCh2001: biological control, distribution, host, 57-66
- MalipaDuSm2000: biological control, 74,75
- Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 375
- MatileNo1984: distribution, host, 62
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 132
- Milne1993: life history, physiology, 229-232
- Newste1917a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 26-28
- OliveiNaSi2001: economic importance,
- OlsonBlLo1993: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 25-29
- PerontKo2022: biological control, biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, morphology, natural enemies, taxonomy, 234-236
- QinGu1994: taxonomy, 930-934
- QinGu1995: taxonomy, 302
- QinGu1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 305-306
- QinGuBe1994: taxonomy, 546
- Reiche1981: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 403-417
- RosaPeSo2011: structure, 19
- Sabine1969: chemical control, 83-88
- Samway1981a: biological control, distribution, host, 1
- SandsVa2003: biological control, host, 41-53
- Smith1970: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 704-708
- SmithBeBr1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 57-59
- SmithIr1974: life history, 195-199
- Snowba1969: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 23-33
- Strick1947a: distribution, host, 498
- TavareSaDa2019: natural enemies, 4
- Wakgar2001: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 339-352
- WakgarGi1998: economic importance,
- WakgarGi1998a: description, illustration, taxonomy, 303-316
- WakgarGi2000: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 233-242
- WakgarGi2001: chemical control, economic importance, 179-184
- WakgarGi2001a: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, 307-315
- WakgarGi2001b: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 365-375
- Watson2021: distribution, 521
- WilliaWa1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 68-71
- Wise1977: distribution, host, 105
- XieXuZh2004a: chemistry, 512-518
