Valid Names Results

Carulaspis juniperi (Bouché, 1851) (Diaspididae: Carulaspis)

Nomenclatural History

Aspidiotus Juniperi Bouché 1851: 112. Type data: GERMANY: on Juniperus communis. Unknown type status, unknown, accepted valid name
Diaspis juniperi (Bouché, 1851); Signoret 1869d: 437. change of combination
Diaspis visci; Lindinger 1912b: 190. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Carulaspis juniperi (Bouché, 1851); MacGillivray 1921: 313. change of combination
Diaspis carueli; Ferris 1936a: 21,41. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Carulaspis visci; Ferris 1937: SI-12. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161). Illustr.
Diaspis visci; Archangelskaya 1937: 83. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Diaspis visci; Borchsenius 1937: 116. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Diaspis visci; Gómez-Menor Ortega 1946: 75. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Carulaspis visci; Borchsenius 1949d: 226. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Diaspis visci; Bodenheimer 1949: 87. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Carulaspis visci; Borchsenius 1950b: 206. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Diaspis visci; Schmutterer 1951: 129. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Diaspis visci; Zahradník 1952: 175. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Sarulaspis (Diaspis) visci (Lindinger, 1912); Bodenheimer 1953: 6. change of combination Notes: Misspelling of genus name Carulaspis.
Diaspis visci; Merrill 1953: 46. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Carulaspis visci; Balachowsky 1954e: 206. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Carulaspis visci; McKenzie 1956: 91. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Diaspis visci; Lupo 1957a: 427. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Diaspis visci; Reyne 1957: 26. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Carulaspis visci; Knechtel & Negru 1959: 90. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Carulaspis visci; Schmutterer 1959: 189. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).
Diaspis taxicola; Baccetti 1960: 64. incorrect synonymy (discovered by Borchs1966, 161).

Common Names

cochenille du genévrier MawFoHa2000
juniper scale Koszta1963

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 4 | Genera: 18

Cupressaceae

Callitris | MillerDa2005
Calocedrus decurrens | Boraty1957 | (= Libocedrus decurrens)
Chamaecyparis | Deitz1979a Hender2011
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana | Boraty1957 | (= Cupressus lawsoniana)
Chamaecyparis thyoides | BesheaTiHo1973
Cryptomeria | MillerDa2005
Cryptomeria japonica | Deitz1979a Hender2011
Cupressus | Hender2011 MillerDa2005
Cupressus arizonica | Deitz1979a Hender2011
Cupressus lusitanica | Deitz1979a
Cupressus macrocarpa | Hender2011 Hudson1967
Cupressus nootkatensis | Boraty1957 | (= Chamaecyparis nootkatensis)
Cupressus sempervirens | Hender2011
Cupressus × leylandii | Boraty1957
Juniperus | BesheaTiHo1973 Boraty1957 Deitz1979a Hender2011
Juniperus chinensis | Boraty1957 Hender2011 | (= Juniperus sinensis)
Juniperus communis | Goidan1960
Juniperus excelsa | Yasar2020
Juniperus phoenicea | Foldi2000
Juniperus procera | Hender2011
Juniperus sabina | UlgentDo2019 | (var. tamariscifolia)
Juniperus virginiana | BesheaTiHo1973
Libocedrus | MillerDa2005
Platycladus | MillerDa2005 | (= Biota)
Platycladus orientalis | Bodenh1953 CaliskUl2017 | (= Thuja orientalis)
Sequoia | MillerDa2005
Sequoia sempervirens | BugajNJuKa2021
Sequoiadendron giganteum | Boraty1957 Deitz1979a Hender2011 | (= Sequoia wellingtonia)
Taxodium | KosztaKo1988F
Thuja | Hender2011 MillerDa2005
Thuja occidentalis | Boraty1957
Xanthocyparis nootkatensis | Boraty1957

Fabaceae

Albizia lebbeck | BicheArMe2022

Pinaceae

Cedrus atlantica | MifsudMaRu2014
Cedrus libani | Yasar2020 | (= Cedrus libanotica)
Picea | Borchs1966
Pinus | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005

Taxaceae

Taxus | KosztaKo1988F

Foes:

Families: 13 | Genera: 20

Acaridae

Tyrophagus | HertinSi1972 | (= Monieziella sp.)
Tyrophagus putrescentiae | HertinSi1972

Aphelinidae

Aphytis | HertinSi1972
Aphytis japonicus | SuhEv2016
Aphytis mytilaspidis | HertinSi1972
Aphytis proclia | HertinSi1972
Encarsia | HertinSi1972 KosztaKo1988F | (= Prospaltella)
Encarsia citrina | HertinSi1972 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
Encarsia explorata | SuhEv2016
Pteroptrix bicolor | HertinSi1972 | (= Archenomus bicolor)

Cheyletidae

Cheletogenes ornatus | HertinSi1972
Cheletomimus berlesei | HertinSi1972 | (= Cheletogenes berlesei)

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus bipustulatus | HertinSi1972
Chilocorus distigma | HertinSi1972
Chilocorus renipustulatus | HertinSi1972
Exochomus | HertinSi1972
Exochomus flavipes | KosztaKo1988F
Exochomus quadripustulatus | HertinSi1972
Myrrha octodecimguttata | KosztaKo1988F UlgentSzUy2013
Rhyzobius lophanthae | HertinSi1972 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
Vibidia duodecimguttata | KosztaKo1988F

Coniopterygidae

Aleuropteryx juniperi | Wheele1981

Cybocephalidae

Cybocephalus micans | HertinSi1972 | (= Cybocephalus dactylicus)
Cybocephalus rufifrons | HertinSi1972 | subsp. flaviceps

Cymbaeremaeidae

Scapheremaeus marginalis | KosztaKo1988F

Encyrtidae

Metaphycus botanicus | KosztaKo1988F | (= Euaphycus botanicus)

Laelapidae

Androlaelaps casalis | HertinSi1972

Mymaridae

Alaptus auranti | HertinSi1972

Phytoseiidae

Typhlodromus baccettii | HertinSi1972

Pteromalidae

Mesopolobus | HertinSi1972

Torymidae

Megastigmus juniperi | HertinSi1972

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 43

Algeria | DanzigPe1998 MillerDa2005

Argentina | MillerDa2005

Australia | MillerDa2005

Tasmania | Hudson1967

Austria | KosztaKo1988F

Azores | MillerDa2005

Belgium | Malump2016

Brazil | MillerDa2005

Bulgaria | Kozar1985 KozarTzVi1979

Canada | MillerDa2005

British Columbia | MawFoHa2000
Ontario | MawFoHa2000

Canary Islands | DanzigPe1998 MillerDa2005

Chile | MillerDa2005

Croatia | MastenSi2008

Czechoslovakia | KosztaKo1988F

Egypt | MillerDa2005

France | FoldiGe2018 KosztaKo1988F

Georgia (Republic of) | Hadzib1941

Germany | KosztaKo1988F SchmutHo2016

Greece | DanzigPe1998

Hungary | KosztaKo1988F KozarKoFe2013

Iran | KozarFoZa1996 MillerDa2005

Italy | KosztaKo1988F

Sicily | LongoMaPe1995

Luxembourg | GertssSc2020

Madeira Islands | DanzigPe1998 MillerDa2005

Malta | DanzigPe1998 MifsudMaRu2014

Morocco | DanzigPe1998 MillerDa2005

Netherlands | Jansen2001

New Zealand

South Island | Deitz1979a

Norway | DanzigPe1998

Poland | KotejaZa1969 SimonKa2011

Portugal | DanzigPe1998

Romania | Kozar1985

Russia | KosztaKo1988F

Caucasus | MillerDa2005

South Korea | SuhEv2016

Spain | DanzigPe1998

Switzerland | KosztaKo1988F

Turkey | Bodenh1953 MillerDa2005 UlgentOzMu2019

Turkmenistan | MillerDa2005

USSR | MillerDa2005

Ukraine

Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | MillerDa2005

United Kingdom

England | Boraty1957 MalumpBa2012

United States

Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
Arkansas | MillerDa2005
California | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
Connecticut | MillerDa2005
Delaware | MillerDa2005
District of Columbia | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
Florida | MillerDa2005
Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
Idaho | MillerDa2005
Indiana | MillerDa2005
Kansas | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
Kentucky | MillerDa2005
Maryland | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
Massachusetts | MillerDa2005
Michigan | MillerDa2005
Missouri | MillerDa2005
New Jersey | MillerDa2005
New York | MillerDa2005
North Carolina | MillerDa2005
Ohio | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
Oregon | MillerDa2005
Pennsylvania | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
Rhode Island | MillerDa2005
South Carolina | MillerDa2005
Tennessee | MillerDa2005
Texas | MillerDa2005
Utah | MillerDa2005
Virginia | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
Washington | MillerDa2005
Wisconsin | MillerDa2005

Uzbekistan | MillerDa2005

Yugoslavia | Kozar1983a

Keys

MoghadWa2021: pp.54 ( Adult (F) ) [Carulaspis in Iran]
Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
Hender2011: pp.81 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Carulaspis adult females in New Zealand]
MillerDa2005: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
Koszta1996: pp.433 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Carulaspis of Northeastern North America]
Danzig1993: pp.381 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Carulaspis]
KosztaKo1988F: pp.329 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Carulaspis]
Lupo1966: pp.42 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Carulaspis]
Boraty1957: pp.247 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the British species of Carulaspis]
Balach1954e: pp.203 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Carulaspis] Key as: Carulaspis visci
Borchs1950b: pp.206 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Carulaspis] Key as: Carulaspis visci
Bodenh1949: pp.87 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis] Key as: Diaspis visci

Remarks

Systematics: Genbank accession number: KF887389 (Campbell, et al., 2014) Carulaspis juniperi has often been misidentified as C. visci and C. minima. For more discussion see "systematics" of C. minima. C. juniperi can be told from other species of Carulaspis based on the following characters: pygidium with a marginal macroduct and gland spines between the median lobes, and abdominal segment VI without submarginal macroducts dorsally (Deitz, 1979a).
Structure: Eggs clear ochre. Adult female wine red (Baccetti, 1960). Adult females 0.5-2.0 mm in diameter, circular, moderately convex, white with yellow central or subcentral exuviae. Body yellow with green mottling. Male scale elongate, white, with terminal yellow exuviae and a slightly elevated median carina (Gill, 1997).
Biology: Carulaspis juniperi living on Juniperus communis does not migrate to infest Viscum album (hemiparasitic on Pinus silvestris) even if the foliage of both plants is touching (Goidanich, 1960). C. juniperi has one generation per year. Oviposition begins in the middle of May and the eggs can be found until June. The crawlers appear during June and soon after settling moult into 2nd instars which can be found from about the middle of June until July. During the period of July through August, the males moult three times, passing through pre-pupal and pupal stages. Adult males emerge in August. During the same period, females moult only once into young adult females at the end of July or early August. After mating, the males die and the fertilized females overwinter without apparent change in size. In the following spring, they grow rapidly and after oviposition in May their dead and shrivelled bodies can be found under the scales together with batches of eggs (Boratynski, 1957). The juniper scale apparently has only 1 generation/year, although Brown and Eads (1967) stated "There is at least one generation annually and very likely several are produced." Mated adult females overwinter and begin laying eggs in March in warm areas to May in cooler regions (Johnson and Lyon 1976). Crawlers appear in late May in Delaware (Bray 1974), in late May or early June in Connecticut (Schread 1955), New Jersey (Allen and Weiss 1953), and Ohio (Neiswander 1951), and in June in Maryland (McComb and Davidson 1969), and Illinois (English 1970). Crawlers first appear in March or April in southern California (Brown and Eads 1967), but Gill (1997) suggests that this paper most likely refers to C. minima. Egg laying and crawler emergence continues over a 30 45 day period. Adult males may be present as early as mid July and as late as August in Ohio (Neiswander 1951, 1966). Males are winged. Winter kill is variable; Neiswander (1951) found 85% mortality in 1948 and 13% in 1950. Mussey and Potter (1997) studied the timing of egg hatch over a three-year period in Kentucky and reported that the day degree (DDF) requirement with a base of 45º F was 987 in 1992, 799 in 1993, and 791 in 1994. They found that flowering plant activity was a much better predictor of egg hatch than day degrees or absolute date. Egg hatch of juniper scale is closely correlated with 95% bloom of Ilex opaca and Cladrastris kentuckea. Garcia (1998) studied the interaction of this species on the fruit of Juniperus communis and the viability of the fruit. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a widespread and serious pest. Heavy juniper scale infestations cause foliage to turn yellow. Heavy populations cause needle drop and die back. Entire plants have been killed. Johnson and Lyon (1976) report this scale to be more serious in the eastern part of the United States. In California it is not a pest and seems to prefer the cooler parts of the state (Gill 1997). Beardsley and González (1975) consider this scale to be one of 43 serious armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a serious world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
General Remarks: Detailed description of egg, nymphs, male and female adult by Bacetti (1960).

Illustrations

Citations

AbdElK1998: life history, 306
AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 32
AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997-1003
Archan1937: description, distribution, illustration, 83, 86
Arnett1985: economic importance, 241
Babaev1980: distribution, taxonomy, 59
Baccet1960: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 64-90, 101-102
Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 203, 206-210
BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 142-144
BeardsGo1975: taxonomy, 49
BenDovSoBo2012: distribution, 67
BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 9
BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 504
Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 87, 94-96
Bodenh1953: distribution, host, 6
Boraty1953: illustration, taxonomy, 456, 468
Boraty1955: distribution, host, 67
Boraty1957: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 247-249
Boraty1968a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 33, 34, 35
BoratyDa1971: taxonomy, 64
BoratyWi1964: taxonomy, 88
Borchs1937: taxonomy, 116
Borchs1949d: description, taxonomy, 226
Borchs1950b: distribution, taxonomy, 206
Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 161
Bouche1851: description, host, taxonomy, 112
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 198
CaliskUl2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 340
CampbeLaHu2014: DNA, genebank, phylogeny, 531, 532, 534
CharleHe2002: distribution, host, taxonomy, 589-595,597
Chiesa1948: description, distribution, 178
Comsto1883: description, distribution, host, 96-97
Comsto1916: distribution, host, 557
Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 381-382
DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 204
DarvasAbCa1994: biological control, chemical control, life history, 54, 55, 56
DarvasFaKo1985: chemical control, 347
DarvasZs1986: chemical control, 341
Davids1974: chemical control, distribution, host, 4
Davies1981: taxonomy, 151
Davies1983: taxonomy, 144
DaviesBo1979: taxonomy, 101
Deitz1979a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 459-460
Deitz1979b: distribution, taxonomy, 23
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
Ferris1936a: illustration, taxonomy, 21, 41
Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-12
Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 44
FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 295
Foldi2000: distribution, host, 83
Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 307
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 9,23
Garcia1998: distribution, host, 517-525
Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
Gertso2016: distribution, host, 152
Gertss2001: distribution, 127, 128
GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 134
Ghauri1962: structure, taxonomy, 136, 212
Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 70-71, 72
Goidan1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 2, 9, 13, 15, 17
GolanJa2002: economic importance, 11
GomezM1946: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 75-76
Greath1973: distribution, host, 29
Hadzib1941: distribution, host, 187
Hellri2004: distribution, host, 87
Hender2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 8,29,81,84,86,224-22
Henry1976: biological control, 195
HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, 177
HilburWe1984: description, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 2
Hodgso2020: key, 146
Hudson1967: distribution, taxonomy, 91
Jansen2001: distribution, 201
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 33
Johnso1982: taxonomy, 114
JohnsoLy1976: distribution, host, illustration, life history, 88-89
Kaweck1962: host, taxonomy, 22
KnechtNe1959: distribution, taxonomy, 90, 118
Komosi1974a: description, distribution, taxonomy, 23-24
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 14
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 14
Koszta1963: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 59-61
Koszta1977a: host, 184
Koszta1981: host, 151
Koszta1996: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 433, 434
KosztaKo1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 149, 150-151
KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 330-331
Koteja1974b: structure, taxonomy, 84
Koteja1976: structure, taxonomy, 282
KotejaLi1976: structure, taxonomy, 678
KotejaZa1969: distribution, host, 367
KotejaZa1983: distribution, 483
Kozar1980: distribution, host, 69
Kozar1983a: distribution, host, 148
Kozar1985: distribution, 203
Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 141
Kozar2009a: distribution, 583
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 66
KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 61
KozarKo1982: distribution, host, 205
KozarKo2002b: distribution, 376
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 74
KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 85, 99, 115, 135, 152, 172, 188
KozarTzVi1979: distribution, host, 131
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 82
KozarzMi1984: distribution, host, 406-407
KozarzVl1981: distribution, 16, 21, 23
KozarzVl1982: distribution, host, 195
KreiteAuGe2006: distribution, economic importance, host, 143
Kuznet1967: taxonomy, 221
Kuznet1970: distribution, host, 1649-1651
Lagows1998a: ecology, 65
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68, 73
LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 80
Lindin1906b: taxonomy, 478
Lindin1907: taxonomy, 5
Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 190
Lindin1933c: taxonomy, 165
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 133
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 126
Lupo1957a: taxonomy, 427
Lupo1966: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 38, 42
Lupo1966a: taxonomy, 42
MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 313
Malump2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 52-53
Malump2011a: host, 211
Malump2016: distribution, 245-251
MalumpBa2012: distribution, economic importance, host, 27,38-39,41
MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 52-53
Martin1983: distribution, 50
MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-118
MawFoHa2000: distribution, 44
McCombDa1969: distribution, 1
McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 30, 91-93
Merril1953: distribution, host, taxonomy, 46-47
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 507
MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 301
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 96
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 18
MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, illustration, key, taxonomy, 54
MorseNo2006: phylogeny, taxonomy, 340
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 16
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 14, 65, S6
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 61,71
PooleGe1997: distribution, 347
Reh1904: taxonomy, 30
Reyne1957: description, host, taxonomy, 26-27
Schmut1951: taxonomy, 129
Schmut1952: description, distribution, host, 573, 574
Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 189-191
Schmut1980: taxonomy, 51
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 56, 91
Schude1975: chemical control, host, illustration, 1
Schude1979: chemical control, host, illustration, 1
Signor1869d: description, taxonomy, 437
SimonKa2011: distribution, 239
SoriaCaMu1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, 273, 274, 276-282
SoriaEsVi1996: distribution, host, illustration, 247
SoriaMoVi2000: distribution, host, 338
Stimme1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 19-20
Stimme1977: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 19-20
Stimme1979: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 222, 223, 224, 228
Stoetz1976: taxonomy, 323
Suh2020: distribution, host, 21
SuhEv2016: description, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, taxonomy, 1-6
SwanPa1972: host, 165
SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 468
Terezn1975: taxonomy, 30, 31, 73, 105
Terezn1982: taxonomy, 62
Terezn1986: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 63-64
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 483
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S118
UlgentOzMu2019: distribution, host, 54, 59
Vinis1981a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 62-66
WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
Weidha1968: economic importance, 256
Westco1973: description, host, life history, 409
Wheele1981: biological control, distribution, 173
Yanin1971: distribution, host, 46
Yanin1975: taxonomy, 43
Yasar2020: distribution,
Zahrad1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 175-179
Zahrad1972: taxonomy, 428, 429
Zahrad1977: taxonomy, 120