Valid Names Results
Furcaspis biformis (Cockerell, 1893) (Diaspididae: Furcaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus biformis Cockerell 1893k: 548. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Orchid, and TRINIDAD: Royal Botanic Gardens, on Oncidium sprucei.. Syntypes, female and first instar, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
- Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) biformis cattleyae Cockerell 1893k: 548. Type data: JAMAICA: Hope Gardens, on Cattleya bowringiana.. Syntypes, female and first instar, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 241).
- Aspidiotus biformis Cockerell 1893j: 255. nomen nudum
- Aspidiotus biformis cattleyae Cockerell, 1893; Cockerell 1896b: 334. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) biformis Cockerell, 1893; Cockerell 1897i: 23. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) biformis cattleyae Cockerell, 1893; Cockerell 1897i: 23. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) biformis Cockerell, 1893; Leonardi 1898a: 76. change of combination
- Chrysomphalus biformis (Cockerell, 1893); Cockerell 1899n: 26. change of combination
- Chrysomphalus biformis cattleyae (Cockerell, 1893); Fernald 1903b: 289. change of combination
- Furcaspis biformis (Cockerell, 1893); Lindinger 1908b: 99. change of combination
- Aspidiotus bipromineus Kuwana in Kuwana & Muramatsu 1931a: 653. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, on orchid.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 41). Illustr.
- Aspidiotus cattleyae Cockerell, 1893; Ferris 1941e: 41. change of combination and rank
- Targionia biformis (Cockerell, 1893); Lindinger 1943b: 152. change of combination
- Furcaspis biformis (Cockerell, 1893); Zimmerman 1948: 366. revived combination (previously published)
Common Names
- orchid scale Dekle1965c
- red orchid scale MillerDa2005
- Escama de las orquÃdeas KondoWa2022b
- escama oscura KondoWa2022b
- zyamaika-maru-kaigaramushi KondoWa2022b
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 13 | Genera: 29
- Apocynaceae
- Hoya | WilliaMiRu2006
- Arecaceae
- Bactris | WilliaMiRu2006 | (= Pyrenoglyphis)
- Asparagaceae
- Agave | OuvrarStCl2016 WilliaMiRu2006
- Agave angustifolia | MartinWoCu2022
- Yucca | WilliaMiRu2006
- Asphodelaceae
- Aloe | WilliaMiRu2006
- Bromeliaceae
- Aechmea magdalenae | Balach1959a
- Bromelia | WilliaMiRu2006
- Cactaceae
- Melocactus | WilliaMiRu2006
- Euphorbiaceae
- Euphorbia | WilliaMiRu2006 | (= Pedilanthus)
- Euphorbia tithymaloides | Suh2016
- Musaceae
- Musa | WilliaMiRu2006
- Myrtaceae
- Syzygium | WilliaMiRu2006
- Orchidaceae
- Brassavola | WilliaMiRu2006
- Brassia | WilliaMiRu2006
- Cattleya | WilliaMiRu2006 Zimmer1948
- Cattleya percivaliana | Ferris1938a
- Cymbidium | WilliaMiRu2006
- Dendrobium | WilliaMiRu2006
- Epidendrum | WilliaMiRu2006
- Guarianthe bowringiana | Cocker1893k | (= Cattleya bowringiana)
- Ionopsis | WilliaMiRu2006
- Laelia | WilliaMiRu2006
- Miltonia | WilliaWa1988
- Miltonia regnellii | WilliaWa1988
- Oncidium | WilliaMiRu2006 WilliaWa1988
- Orchidaceae | KuwanaMu1931a WilliaMiRu2006 WilliaWa1988
- Renanthera | WilliaMiRu2006
- Schomburgkia | WilliaMiRu2006
- Vanda | WilliaMiRu2006 Zimmer1948
- Piperaceae
- Piper | WilliaMiRu2006
- Rubiaceae
- Psychotria | WilliaMiRu2006
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia | WilliaMiRu2006
Foes:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Phlaeothripidae
- Aleurodothrips fasciapennis | Beshea1975 PalmerMo1990
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 45
- Admiralty Islands | WilliaMiRu2006 Zimmer1948
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | WilliaMiRu2006
- Australia | WilliaMiRu2006
- Bahamas | WilliaMiRu2006
- Barbados | WilliaMiRu2006
- Brazil | Lepage1940 WilliaMiRu2006
- Bahia | MartinWoCu2022
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
- Rio de Janeiro | MartinWoCu2022
- Sao Paulo | MartinWoCu2022
- Brunei | WilliaMiRu2006
- Colombia | Balach1959a Kondo2001 WilliaMiRu2006
- Costa Rica | WilliaMiRu2006
- Cuba | MestreHaEv2011
- Dominica | WilliaMiRu2006
- Dominican Republic | WilliaMiRu2006
- Fiji | HodgsoLa2011 WilliaMiRu2006 WilliaWa1988
- French Polynesia
- Society Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Tahiti | WilliaWa1988
- Germany | KondoWa2022b
- Grenada | WilliaMiRu2006
- Guadeloupe | WilliaMiRu2006
- Guam | WilliaMiRu2006
- Guatemala | WilliaMiRu2006
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Newste1914 WilliaMiRu2006
- Haiti | PerezG2008 WilliaMiRu2006
- Hawaiian Islands | KondoWa2022b
- Honduras | WilliaMiRu2006
- Indonesia | Suh2016
- Java | KuwanaMu1931a WilliaMiRu2006
- Jamaica | Ferris1938a WilliaMiRu2006
- Japan | WilliaMiRu2006
- Laos | WilliaMiRu2006
- Malaysia | WilliaMiRu2006
- Martinique | WilliaMiRu2006
- Mexico | WilliaMiRu2006
- Panama | WilliaMiRu2006
- Philippines | WilliaMiRu2006
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998 Martor1976 WilliaMiRu2006
- Reunion | OuvrarStCl2016
- Saint Lucia | WilliaMiRu2006
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | WilliaMiRu2006
- Singapore | WilliaMiRu2006
- Sri Lanka | Varshn2002 WilliaMiRu2006
- Suriname | WilliaMiRu2006
- Thailand | WilliaMiRu2006
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | Ferris1938a WilliaMiRu2006
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983 WilliaMiRu2006
- United States | WilliaMiRu2006
- Colorado | Ferris1938a
- District of Columbia | Nakaha1982
- Florida | Dekle1965c
- New Jersey | Nakaha1982
- Washington | Nakaha1982
- West Virginia | KondoWa2022b
- Venezuela | WilliaMiRu2006
- Vietnam | WilliaMiRu2006
Keys
- NormarMoKr2014: pp.42 ( Adult (F) ) [Changes to Williams et al., 2006.]
- WilliaMiRu2006: pp.74-76 ( Adult (F) ) [world]
- Ferris1942: pp.33 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Remarks
- Systematics: Furcaspis biformis could be misidentified as Furcaspis oceanica Lindinger, but the latter lacks perivulvar pores and feeds mainly on palms, not orchids. (Kondo & Watson, 2022b)
- Structure: Female scale broadly oval or circular, about 2 mm across; convex; brown-black; exuviae nipple-like dark red-brown, placed away from center; surface of scale is strongly granulose. Male scale is much smaller, elongate with parallel sides; exuviae placed at one end (Cockerell, 1893k). Scale of the female of a dark, red-brown colour, circular, moderately convex, exuviae central; that of the male similar in color, quite elongate and slender with the exuvia close to one end (Ferris, 1938a).
- Economic Importance: Schmutterer et al. (1957) noted that occasionally the orchid scale is troublesome in greenhouses. Zimmermann (1948) suggested that nicotine spray might be effective in controlling this scale.
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Kuwana & Muramatsu (1931a) (as Aspidiotus bipromineus), Ferris (1938a), Lepage (1940), Zimmerman (1948), Williams & Watson (1988), Colon-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud (1998) and by Williams et al. (2006).
Illustrations
Citations
- AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
- Balach1959a: distribution, host, 362
- BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 106
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, 498-500
- Borchs1966: catalog, 241
- ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 18
- Cocker1893j: taxonomy, 255
- Cocker1893k: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 548
- Cocker1894g: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 131
- Cocker1896b: distribution, 334
- Cocker1896k: distribution, host, iii-v
- Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 23
- Cocker1897l: taxonomy, 151
- Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 26
- Cocker1919: taxonomy, 116
- Cocker1920a: distribution, host, 241
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 57
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- DeSant1979: biological control,
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 64
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 84
- Ehrhor1913: distribution, host, 101
- Fernal1903b: 288-289
- Ferris1921b: taxonomy, 94
- Ferris1937c: illustration, taxonomy, 51,74
- Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 231
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 41
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, 446:33
- Ferris1943a: taxonomy, 85
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 239
- Gowdey1921: distribution, host, 32
- GruwelWoKo2016: phylogeny, 173, 175, 176
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 24
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 26
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 44
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 16
- KondoWa2022b: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 477-478
- KuwanaMu1931a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 653-654,658
- Leonar1897: taxonomy, 285
- Leonar1898a: taxonomy, 76
- Leonar1898c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 60-62
- Lepage1940: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 76-78
- LepageFi1947: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 39
- Lindin1908b: taxonomy, 99
- Lindin1943b: taxonomy, 220
- MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 406-407
- Malump2012b: distribution, 210
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 75
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 38
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 5
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 30,91,184,194,234
- Maxwel1903: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 38
- McKenz1939: taxonomy, 53
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 48-49
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, 12
- MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 302
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 215-217
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 38
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 11
- Newste1914: distribution, host, 307
- NormarMoKr2014: taxonomy, 41-42
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 21,36
- Nur1990a: chromosomes, structure, taxonomy, 184-185
- OuvrarStCl2016: distribution, host, 283-284
- PalmerMo1990: biological control, 67-76
- PerezG2008: distribution, 214
- RodrigNaVa2019: distribution, host, 468
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- SassceWe1924: chemical control, 214-222
- SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 495
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 320, 326
- Sulliv1930: distribution, host, 51-59
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 30
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Willia2017a: catalog, list, 219
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 124-126
- WoodruBeSk1998: distribution,
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 164
- Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 365-368
