Valid Names Results

Physokermes piceae (Schrank, 1801) (Coccidae: Physokermes)

Nomenclatural History

Coccus abietis; Goeze 1778: 344. misidentification (discovered by WilliaBe2009, 5).
Coccus abietis; Modeer 1778: 27. misidentification (discovered by WilliaBe2009, 5).
Coccus piceae Schrank 1801: 146. Type data: AUSTRIA: on spruce (=Fichte).. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; accepted valid name
Coccus racemosus Ratzeburg 1843: 204. Type data: GERMANY: Harz, Thuringia and Sclesiens, on pine.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Signor1877a, 673). Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).
Lecanium piceae (Schrank, 1801); Walker 1852: 1073. change of combination
Lecanium racemosum (Ratzeburg, 1843); Walker 1852: 1072. change of combination
Physokermes racemosus (Ratzeburg, 1843); Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 41. change of combination
Lecanium piceae; Signoret 1874a: 409. subsequent use
Physokermes piceae (Schrank, 1801); Fernald 1903b: 208. change of combination
Physokermes latipes Borchsenius 1957: 445. Type data: BELARUS (=BELORUSSIA): Byelovezh, on Picea excelsa.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1967, 169).
Physocermes piceae; Atanasov 1959: 429. misspelling of genus name

Common Names

Spruce-bud scale Pelliz2022
Chermes or cochenille des bourgeons de l’epinette Pelliz2022
cocciniglia globosa dell’abete Pelliz2022
escama brote del abeto Pelliz2022
Grosse Fichtenschidlause Pelliz2022
jelov kapar Pelliz2022
kerkkaekilpikirva Pelliz2022

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 1 | Genera: 2

Pinaceae

Abies alba | Borchs1957 KotejaZa1966 KotejaZa1969 KotejaZa1983 KozarzRe1975 Lindin1907b ZakOgaKo1964 | (= Picea excelsa)
Abies bornmuelleriana | UlgentErYa2022
Picea | KozarGuBa1994
Picea abies | Kozar1999a KozarDr1993 KozarGuBa1994 MalumpOsPy2010 Terezn1981
Picea obovata | Danzig1977a
Picea orientalis | KozarGuBa1994 Terezn1981
Picea pungens | Canakc1977 MalumpOsPy2010 | (including subsp. glauca)

Foes:

Families: 4 | Genera: 10

Anthribidae

Anthribus nebulosus | GraoraSpMi2012 Schmut1972a

Aphelinidae

Coccophagus | Ulgent2001
Coccophagus insidiator | Schmut1972a
Coccophagus lycimnia | GraoraSpMi2012 Schmut1972a

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus bipustulatus | Ulgent2001
Exochomus | Ulgent2001
Scymnus | GraoraSpMi2012

Encyrtidae

Aphycoides clavellatus | Ulgent2001 Schmut1955b
Cheiloneurus elegans | GraoraSpMi2012
Cheiloneurus paralia | Schmut1972a GraoraSpMi2012
Metaphycus stagnarum | DervisStMi2024
Microterys lunatus | GraoraSpMi2012 GraoraSpMi2012 Schmut1972a
Pseudorhopus testaceus | GraoraSpMi2012

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 29

Austria | Boraty1955

Belarus (=Belorussia) | Stalaz2021

Bulgaria | TrenchTo2014 Tsalev1968

Crete | Santas1989

Croatia | Masten2007

Czech Republic |

Denmark | BenDov1993

Finland | Pelliz2022

France | FoldiGe2018

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 JaposhBaKi2020

Germany | Lindin1907b SchmutHo2016

Greece | SzitaFeBe2017

Hungary | Kozar1972 Kozar1980 Kozar1991 Kozar1999a KozarDr1993

Italy | MatilePe2002

Kazakhstan | BenDov1993

Latvia | Rasina1955

Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2009 MalumpOsPy2010

Mongolia | BenDov1993

Netherlands | BenDov1993

Poland | Kaweck1935 KotejaZa1966 KotejaZa1969 KotejaZa1983 LagowsKo1996 ZakOgaKo1964

Romania | FetykoKoDa2010 Kozar1985 Savesc1982

Serbia | GraoraSpMi2012

Slovakia | Pelliz2022

Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010

Sweden | Gertss2001

Switzerland | KozarGuBa1994

Turkey | CebeciSe2004 KaydanUlEr2007 UlgentTo2001

Ukraine | BenDov1993

Yugoslavia |

Keys

DuroviSpUl2024: pp.490-491 ( Adult (F) First instar Second instar (F) Second instar (M) ) [Eulecaniinae in Ankara]
KozarGoHo2012: pp.36 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to female Physokermes species found in the western Palaearctic Region]
Tang1991: pp.199 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
Borchs1957: pp.440 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]

Remarks

Systematics: The differentiation of P. hemicryphus suggested in the nuclear data (particularly in 28S) analyses was not supported in the species delimitation analysis, as P. hemicryphus was not genetically distant from P. piceae. However, the sample size of P. hemicryphus and its geographic range was much smaller than that of P. piceae, and thus, further studies are needed to confirm the taxonomic status of P. hemicryphus. (Marques, et al., 2023) According to Schmutterer (1956), there are no morphological differences between the first-instar nymphs of P. hemicryphus and P. piceae, On the other hand, the first-instar nymphs of P. piceae and P. hellenicus can be easily separated; the first-instar nymph of P. hellenicus has two spiracular setae that are absent from those of P. piceae and P. hemicryphus. (Durović, et al, 2024)
Structure: Colour photograph of Adult female by Turguter & Ulgenturk (2006). The adult female body is strongly sclerotized, very convex, radius 8mm, yellow-brown, resembling a bud. The male body is elongated with developed antennae, legs and one pair of wings. Eggs ellipsoid, pink, covered with white powdery wax. First and second instar of larvae with flat pink bodies, developed antennae and legs. Young females form from second instars after molting, with flat bodies at the beginning and during the feeding period, enlarging and gaining a round shape. Male second instars form an elongated, transparent white shield under which they pass through prepupal and pupal stages developing into an adult. (Graora, et al., 2012) Second-instar male nymph elongate oval, pinkish orange with a simple glassy protective cover. The second-instar male nymph of P. piceae does not have any spiracular setae. A line of tubular ducts is present on the submargin from the head to abdominal segment IV, where a radial line of larger tubular ducts is also present. Young second-instar female elongate oval; at the end of this instar, female body ovoid, fuchsia-pink. The second-instar female nymphs of P. piceae can be separated easily from those of P. hemicryphus and P. hellenicus; those of P. piceae have a total of more than 25 pairs of multilocular pores (each with 6‒8 loculi) on both dorsal margins combined, whereas the second-instar female nymphs of P. hemicryphus have only 0-3 pairs of multilocular disc-pores (each with 6 loculi) in this position, and those of P. hellenicus have a total of about 10 large quinquelocular pores on the dorsal margins. (Durović, et al, 2024)
Biology: Life history by Schmuterrer (1956) and by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988). In the wider Belgrade territory, Ph. piceae has one generation per year and overwinters as a second instar larva on spruce. Overwintering female larvae mostly colonize the branching parts, while male larvae can be found on the lower side of the needles. (Graora, et al., 2012)
Economic Importance: Ph. piceae causes direct damage such as the physiological weakening of the plant, disorder in the development of needles and shoots, discoloration and drying of needles, drying of branches and even whole plants. There is also indirect harm due to honeydew excretion, giving the plant a characteristic polish at first and then a grayish black color due to the presence of sooty mold, leading to the reduction of photosynthesis and further physiological weakening of the plant. (Graora, et al., 2012) Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957). Santas (1989) reported the honeydew of this species as a source for honey production in Greece.

Illustrations

Citations

Atanas1959: distribution, host, taxonomy, 429
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 255
BenDov1993: catalog, 235
Boraty1955: distribution, host, 67
Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 440-445
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 296
CamachCh2015: distribution, ecology, host, natural enemies, 9, 10, 13, 14
Canakc1977: distribution, host, taxonomy, 47-48
CebeciSe2004: distribution, host, 216
Cocker1896b: distribution, host, 331
Danzig1977a: distribution, host, 201
DervisGr2019: biological control, natural enemies,
DervisStMi2024: natural enemies, 19,24,25
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 114
DuroviSpUl2024: description, diagnosis, illustration, key, nymph, 477-483
Dziedz1988: distribution, host, 96
Fernal1903b: 208-209
FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, host, 299
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
Gertss2001: distribution, 123-130
Giliom1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 45-49
GraoraSpMi2012: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, structure, taxonomy, 337-343
Jancke1955: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
Janezi1954: distribution, host, 126
Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 63
Kaweck1935: distribution, host, 88-89
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 92
KocsisOr1994: distribution, host, 478
Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 25
KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 164
KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 15
KondoGu2022: economic importance, 5
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 11
Koszta1987: distribution, host, life history, 216
KosztaKo1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 120
KosztaKo1988F: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 234
Koteja1974b: structure, taxonomy, 80
Koteja2000a: distribution, host, 172
KotejaZa1966: distribution, host, 327
KotejaZa1969: distribution, host, 367
KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, 480
Kozar1972: distribution, host, 181-182
Kozar1975: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-24
Kozar1980: distribution, host, 68
Kozar1985: distribution, host, 203
Kozar1991: distribution, host, 82
Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 140
KozarDr1993: distribution, economic importance, host, 75
KozarGoHo2012: distribution, 25
KozarGoHo2012: taxonomy, 23-36
KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, 155
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 53
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 78
Kozarz1992: economic importance, life history, taxonomy, 152-156
KozarzRe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, 26-27
Labano2006: chemical control, 24-27
Lagows1986: distribution, host, 477
Lagows1998a: distribution, host, 63-71
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
LagowsKo1996: distribution, host, 32
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 316-319
Lindin1907b: distribution, host, 139
Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 251
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 124
MalumpOsPy2009: distribution, host, 123
MalumpOsPy2010: distribution, host, 257
Marott1987: distribution, host, 108
MarqueWiJo2023: DNA, phylogeny, taxonomy,
Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
Mateso1968: distribution, host, 120
MatilePe2002: distribution, host, 355
Pelliz2022: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 303-304
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 60, 65, 70
Rasina1955: distribution, host, 72
Rasina1959: distribution, host, 110
Rehace1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 65
Reyne1957: distribution, host, taxonomy, 15
Santas1989: distribution, economic importance, host, 48
Savesc1961: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 38
Savesc1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 300-301
Schmut1952: distribution, host, life history, 553
Schmut1952b: distribution, host, 20
Schmut1955b: biological control, 514
Schmut1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 445-466
Schmut1965: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 300-325
Schmut1972a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 416-417
Schmut1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 51
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 44, 86
Schran1801: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 146
Seljak2010: distribution, host, 106
Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 869
Signor1873a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 445-446
SimonKa2011: distribution, 239
Soroki1973: biological control, 599-609
Stalaz2014: distribution, list,
Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 453, 460-461
SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 468
Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
Szulcz1931: distribution, host, 124-135
Szulcz1949: distribution, host, 219-224
Tang1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 202
Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 40, 50
Terezn1963: distribution, host, 182
Terezn1963a: distribution, host, 53
Terezn1963c: distribution, host, 1527-1528
Terezn1966: distribution, host, 31
Terezn1981: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 186
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
TurgutUl2006: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 44-50
Ulgent2001: biological control, distribution, host, 369-375
Ulgent2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 145-149
UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
UlgentCaKa2004: distribution, host, 102
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 483
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S117
UlgentOz2019: distribution, economic importance,
UlgentOzMu2019: distribution, host, 54, 59
UlgentOzMu2019: distribution, host, illustration, 55, 57
UlgentTo2001: distribution, host, 213-217
Walker1852: distribution, taxonomy, 1072-1073
Willia2015: taxonomy, 578, 581
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 206
WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 5,37,40
ZakOgaKo1964: distribution, host, 430