Valid Names Results
Physokermes piceae (Schrank, 1801) (Coccidae: Physokermes)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus abietis; Goeze 1778: 344. misidentification (discovered by WilliaBe2009, 5).
- Coccus abietis; Modeer 1778: 27. misidentification (discovered by WilliaBe2009, 5).
- Coccus piceae Schrank 1801: 146. Type data: AUSTRIA: on spruce (=Fichte).. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; accepted valid name
- Coccus racemosus Ratzeburg 1843: 204. Type data: GERMANY: Harz, Thuringia and Sclesiens, on pine.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Signor1877a, 673). Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).
- Lecanium piceae (Schrank, 1801); Walker 1852: 1073. change of combination
- Lecanium racemosum (Ratzeburg, 1843); Walker 1852: 1072. change of combination
- Physokermes racemosus (Ratzeburg, 1843); Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 41. change of combination
- Lecanium piceae; Signoret 1874a: 409. subsequent use
- Physokermes piceae (Schrank, 1801); Fernald 1903b: 208. change of combination
- Physokermes latipes Borchsenius 1957: 445. Type data: BELARUS (=BELORUSSIA): Byelovezh, on Picea excelsa.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1967, 169).
- Physocermes piceae; Atanasov 1959: 429. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- Spruce-bud scale Pelliz2022
- Chermes or cochenille des bourgeons de l’epinette Pelliz2022
- cocciniglia globosa dell’abete Pelliz2022
- escama brote del abeto Pelliz2022
- Grosse Fichtenschidlause Pelliz2022
- jelov kapar Pelliz2022
- kerkkaekilpikirva Pelliz2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 1 | Genera: 2
- Pinaceae
- Abies alba | Borchs1957 KotejaZa1966 KotejaZa1969 KotejaZa1983 KozarzRe1975 Lindin1907b ZakOgaKo1964 | (= Picea excelsa)
- Abies bornmuelleriana | UlgentErYa2022
- Picea | KozarGuBa1994
- Picea abies | Kozar1999a KozarDr1993 KozarGuBa1994 MalumpOsPy2010 Terezn1981
- Picea obovata | Danzig1977a
- Picea orientalis | KozarGuBa1994 Terezn1981
- Picea pungens | Canakc1977 MalumpOsPy2010 | (including subsp. glauca)
Foes:
Families: 5 | Genera: 12
- Anthribidae
- Anthribus nebulosus | GraoraSpMi2012 Schmut1972a
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus | Ulgent2001
- Coccophagus insidiator | Schmut1972a
- Coccophagus lycimnia | GraoraSpMi2012 Schmut1972a
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | Ulgent2001
- Exochomus | Ulgent2001
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | DervisDrGr2024
- Harmonia axyridis | DervisDrGr2024
- Scymnus | GraoraSpMi2012
- Scymnus abietis | DervisDrGr2024
- Encyrtidae
- Aphycoides clavellatus | Ulgent2001 Schmut1955b
- Cheiloneurus elegans | GraoraSpMi2012
- Cheiloneurus paralia | Schmut1972a GraoraSpMi2012
- Metaphycus stagnarum | DervisStMi2024
- Microterys lunatus | GraoraSpMi2012 GraoraSpMi2012 Schmut1972a
- Pseudorhopus testaceus | GraoraSpMi2012
- Forficulidae
- Forficula auricularia | DervisDrGr2024
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 29
- Austria | Boraty1955
- Belarus (=Belorussia) | Stalaz2021
- Bulgaria | TrenchTo2014 Tsalev1968
- Crete | Santas1989
- Croatia | Masten2007
- Czech Republic |
- Denmark | BenDov1993
- Finland | Pelliz2022
- France | FoldiGe2018
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 JaposhBaKi2020
- Germany | Lindin1907b SchmutHo2016
- Greece | SzitaFeBe2017
- Hungary | Kozar1972 Kozar1980 Kozar1991 Kozar1999a KozarDr1993
- Italy | MatilePe2002
- Kazakhstan | BenDov1993
- Latvia | Rasina1955
- Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2009 MalumpOsPy2010
- Mongolia | BenDov1993
- Netherlands | BenDov1993
- Poland | Kaweck1935 KotejaZa1966 KotejaZa1969 KotejaZa1983 LagowsKo1996 ZakOgaKo1964
- Romania | FetykoKoDa2010 Kozar1985 Savesc1982
- Serbia | GraoraSpMi2012
- Slovakia | Pelliz2022
- Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010
- Sweden | Gertss2001
- Switzerland | KozarGuBa1994
- Turkey | CebeciSe2004 KaydanUlEr2007 UlgentTo2001
- Ukraine | BenDov1993
- Yugoslavia |
Keys
- DuroviSpUl2024: pp.490-491 ( Adult (F) First instar Second instar (F) Second instar (M) ) [Eulecaniinae in Ankara]
- KozarGoHo2012: pp.36 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to female Physokermes species found in the western Palaearctic Region]
- Tang1991: pp.199 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- Borchs1957: pp.440 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
Remarks
- Systematics: The differentiation of P. hemicryphus suggested in the nuclear data (particularly in 28S) analyses was not supported in the species delimitation analysis, as P. hemicryphus was not genetically distant from P. piceae. However, the sample size of P. hemicryphus and its geographic range was much smaller than that of P. piceae, and thus, further studies are needed to confirm the taxonomic status of P. hemicryphus. (Marques, et al., 2023) According to Schmutterer (1956), there are no morphological differences between the first-instar nymphs of P. hemicryphus and P. piceae, On the other hand, the first-instar nymphs of P. piceae and P. hellenicus can be easily separated; the first-instar nymph of P. hellenicus has two spiracular setae that are absent from those of P. piceae and P. hemicryphus. (Durović, et al, 2024)
- Structure: Colour photograph of Adult female by Turguter & Ulgenturk (2006). The adult female body is strongly sclerotized, very convex, radius 8mm, yellow-brown, resembling a bud. The male body is elongated with developed antennae, legs and one pair of wings. Eggs ellipsoid, pink, covered with white powdery wax. First and second instar of larvae with flat pink bodies, developed antennae and legs. Young females form from second instars after molting, with flat bodies at the beginning and during the feeding period, enlarging and gaining a round shape. Male second instars form an elongated, transparent white shield under which they pass through prepupal and pupal stages developing into an adult. (Graora, et al., 2012) Second-instar male nymph elongate oval, pinkish orange with a simple glassy protective cover. The second-instar male nymph of P. piceae does not have any spiracular setae. A line of tubular ducts is present on the submargin from the head to abdominal segment IV, where a radial line of larger tubular ducts is also present. Young second-instar female elongate oval; at the end of this instar, female body ovoid, fuchsia-pink. The second-instar female nymphs of P. piceae can be separated easily from those of P. hemicryphus and P. hellenicus; those of P. piceae have a total of more than 25 pairs of multilocular pores (each with 6‒8 loculi) on both dorsal margins combined, whereas the second-instar female nymphs of P. hemicryphus have only 0-3 pairs of multilocular disc-pores (each with 6 loculi) in this position, and those of P. hellenicus have a total of about 10 large quinquelocular pores on the dorsal margins. (Durović, et al, 2024)
- Biology: Life history by Schmuterrer (1956) and by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988). In the wider Belgrade territory, Ph. piceae has one generation per year and overwinters as a second instar larva on spruce. Overwintering female larvae mostly colonize the branching parts, while male larvae can be found on the lower side of the needles. (Graora, et al., 2012)
- Economic Importance: Ph. piceae causes direct damage such as the physiological weakening of the plant, disorder in the development of needles and shoots, discoloration and drying of needles, drying of branches and even whole plants. There is also indirect harm due to honeydew excretion, giving the plant a characteristic polish at first and then a grayish black color due to the presence of sooty mold, leading to the reduction of photosynthesis and further physiological weakening of the plant. (Graora, et al., 2012) Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957). Santas (1989) reported the honeydew of this species as a source for honey production in Greece.
Illustrations
Citations
- Atanas1959: distribution, host, taxonomy, 429
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 255
- BenDov1993: catalog, 235
- Boraty1955: distribution, host, 67
- Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 440-445
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 296
- CamachCh2015: distribution, ecology, host, natural enemies, 9, 10, 13, 14
- Canakc1977: distribution, host, taxonomy, 47-48
- CebeciSe2004: distribution, host, 216
- Cocker1896b: distribution, host, 331
- Danzig1977a: distribution, host, 201
- DervisDrGr2024: biological control, natural enemies, 254-257
- DervisGr2019: biological control, natural enemies,
- DervisStMi2024: natural enemies, 19,24,25
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 114
- DuroviSpUl2024: description, diagnosis, illustration, key, nymph, 477-483
- Dziedz1988: distribution, host, 96
- Fernal1903b: 208-209
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, host, 299
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
- Gertss2001: distribution, 123-130
- Giliom1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 45-49
- GraoraSpMi2012: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, structure, taxonomy, 337-343
- Hellri2004: ELISA, dispersal, distribution, host, 86
- Jancke1955: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
- Janezi1954: distribution, host, 126
- Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
- JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 63
- Kaweck1935: distribution, host, 88-89
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 92
- KocsisOr1994: distribution, host, 478
- Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 25
- KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 164
- KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 15
- KondoGu2022: economic importance, 5
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 11
- Koszta1987: distribution, host, life history, 216
- KosztaKo1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 120
- KosztaKo1988F: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 234
- Koteja1974b: structure, taxonomy, 80
- Koteja2000a: distribution, host, 172
- KotejaZa1966: distribution, host, 327
- KotejaZa1969: distribution, host, 367
- KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, 480
- Kozar1972: distribution, host, 181-182
- Kozar1975: chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-24
- Kozar1980: distribution, host, 68
- Kozar1985: distribution, host, 203
- Kozar1991: distribution, host, 82
- Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 140
- KozarDr1993: distribution, economic importance, host, 75
- KozarGoHo2012: distribution, 25
- KozarGoHo2012: taxonomy, 23-36
- KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, 155
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 53
- KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 83, 95, 111, 130, 147, 166, 187, 209
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 78
- Kozarz1992: economic importance, life history, taxonomy, 152-156
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, 26-27
- Labano2006: chemical control, 24-27
- Lagows1986: distribution, host, 477
- Lagows1998a: distribution, host, 63-71
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
- LagowsKo1996: distribution, host, 32
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 316-319
- Lindin1907b: distribution, host, 139
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 251
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 124
- MalumpOsPy2009: distribution, host, 123
- MalumpOsPy2010: distribution, host, 257
- Marott1987: distribution, host, 108
- MarqueWiJo2023: DNA, phylogeny, taxonomy,
- Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
- Mateso1968: distribution, host, 120
- MatilePe2002: distribution, host, 355
- Pelliz2022: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 303-304
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 60, 65, 70
- Rasina1955: distribution, host, 72
- Rasina1959: distribution, host, 110
- Rehace1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 65
- Reyne1957: distribution, host, taxonomy, 15
- Santas1989: distribution, economic importance, host, 48
- Savesc1961: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 38
- Savesc1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 300-301
- Schmut1952: distribution, host, life history, 553
- Schmut1952b: distribution, host, 20
- Schmut1955b: biological control, 514
- Schmut1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 445-466
- Schmut1965: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 300-325
- Schmut1972a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 416-417
- Schmut1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 51
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 44, 86
- Schran1801: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 146
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 106
- Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 869
- Signor1873a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 445-446
- SimonKa2011: distribution, 239
- Soroki1973: biological control, 599-609
- Stalaz2014: distribution, list,
- Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 453, 460-461
- SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 468
- Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
- Szulcz1931: distribution, host, 124-135
- Szulcz1949: distribution, host, 219-224
- Tang1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 202
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 40, 50
- Terezn1963: distribution, host, 182
- Terezn1963a: distribution, host, 53
- Terezn1963c: distribution, host, 1527-1528
- Terezn1966: distribution, host, 31
- Terezn1981: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 186
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
- TurgutUl2006: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 44-50
- Ulgent2001: biological control, distribution, host, 369-375
- Ulgent2001a: biological control, distribution, host, 145-149
- UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
- UlgentCaKa2004: distribution, host, 102
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 483
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S117
- UlgentOz2019: distribution, economic importance,
- UlgentOzMu2019: distribution, host, 54, 59
- UlgentOzMu2019: distribution, host, illustration, 55, 57
- UlgentTo2001: distribution, host, 213-217
- Walker1852: distribution, taxonomy, 1072-1073
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 578, 581
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 206
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 5,37,40
- ZakOgaKo1964: distribution, host, 430