Valid Names Results

Leucaspis pini (Diaspididae: Leucaspis)

Nomenclatural History

Aspidiotus flavus Hartig 1839: 642. junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 213). Notes: Types presumed lost until the collection of Theodor Hartig was located at the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (Zoologische Staatssammlung München, ZSM), in Munich, Germany. Burckhardt (2008) discovered a Schmitt box containing his psyllid collection. In this box were also aphid and scale insect specimens,
Aspidiotus pini Hartig 1839: 642. Type data: GERMANY: Triglitz, on Pinus sylvestris, 10/04/1909. Neotype, female, Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym Notes: Having located the type specimens for A. pini and A. flavus, in accordance with Article 75.8 of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) (1999), the neotype formerly designated for A. pini by Danzig & Kerzhner (1984) from a single female collected from Pinus sylvestris in Triglitz, Germany on 10.VI.1909, and currently deposited in the Zoological Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia, shall no longer be name-bearing. However, since the only remaining primary types for A. pini are not representative of this taxon (Article 75.6), and that those for A. flavus are neither diagnosable in their present state nor preserved in a manner consistent with current standards of curation (Article 75.5), this case will be referred to the ICZN with the recommendation that it uses its plenary power to set aside the newly discovered A. pini syntypes in favor of the prevailing use of the name L. pini with the existing neotype as the name-bearing type.
Diaspis Candida Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 734. nomen nudum (discovered by Signor1870, 102). Notes: Targioni Tozzetti (1868) cites "Sp. 1. Leucaspis Candida nob. Diaspis Candida nob. 1867." However, no mention of a "candida" in any genus can be found in Targioni Tozzetti (1867). Since no description was attached to this name is remains a nomen nudum.
Leucaspis Candida Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 734. nomen nudum (discovered by Signor1870, 102).
Leucaspis pini (Hartig, 1839); Signoret 1869: 865. change of combination Illustr.
Leucaspis (Euleucaspis) candida Leonardi, 1906; Lindinger 1906: 26. change of combination
Leucaspis affinis Leonardi 1906b: 4. Type data: FRANCE: Nancy, on Pinus sylvestris. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by GomezM1937, 142).
Leucodiaspis candida (Leonardi, 1906); Lindinger 1909: 224. change of combination
Chionaspis austriaca; Lindinger 1943b: 217. misidentification (discovered by Lindin1943c, 248).
Leucodiaspis pini (Hartig, 1839); Zahradník 1952: 99. emendation that is unjustified Notes: Kirkaldy (1904a) considered Leucaspis Signoret 1869 preoccupied by Leucaspis Burmeister, 1835, in the Hymenoptera and suggested that the Signoret name be replaced with Leucodiaspis. Ferris (1936a) rejected this, considering it unnecessary (Morrison & Morrison, 1966).

Common Names

Hartig's pine scale KosztaKo1988F
nille blanche des aiguilles de pin Foldi2001
smooth pine scale MillerDa1990
white pine scale AvidovHa1969
pine scale AbdRabEv2021

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 3 | Genera: 5

Cupressaceae

Cupressus macrocarpa | Yasar2020

Oleaceae

Olea europaea | Yasar2020

Pinaceae

Abies pinsapo | SoriaMoVi2000
Cedrus atlantica | BicheArMe2022
Cedrus libani | UlgentDo2019
Pinus | Bodenh1949 Hall1922
Pinus bruita | Bodenh1949
Pinus halepensis | Bodenh1924
Pinus mugo | Bodenh1949 BognarVi1979 | including var. pumilio
Pinus nigra | Bodenh1949 BognarVi1979 | including ssp. larcio (= Pinus austriaca)
Pinus palustris | BicheArMe2022 | (= Pinus longifolia)
Pinus pinea | Bodenh1924
Pinus ponderosa | Pelliz1976
Pinus sylvestris | Leonar1907c

Foes:

Families: 6 | Genera: 12

Aphelinidae

Ablerus atomon | KosztaKo1988F | (= Azotus atomon)
Ablerus pinifoliae | Garcia1922 | (= Azotus pinifoliae)
Aphytis | ArgyriStMo1976
Aphytis abnormis | HertinSi1972
Aphytis coheni | BelgueBiBe2017
Aphytis luteus | RosenDe1979
Aphytis mytilaspidis | Balach1953g SoriaMoVi2000
Centrodora brevifuniculata | Yasnos1978 | (= Debachiella pini)
Encarsia aurantii | Garcia1931a SoriaMoVi2000 | (= Prospaltella aurantii )
Encarsia citrina | KosztaKo1988F | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
Encarsia intermedia | Garcia1931a SoriaMoVi2000 | (= Prospaltella intermedia)
Encarsia leucaspidis | Balach1953g SoriaMoVi2000 | (= Prospaltella leucaspidis)

Coccinellidae

Myzia oblongoguttata | HertinSi1972 | (= Neomysia oblongoguttata)
Rhyzobius lophanthae | BelgueBiBe2017

Encyrtidae

Anthemus leucaspidis | Balach1953g SoriaMoVi2000
Anthemus pini | Balach1953g SoriaMoVi2000
Parasauleia trjapitzini | KosztaKo1988F

Eulophidae

Tetrastichus clavicornis | Balach1953g KosztaKo1988F

Signiphoridae

Chartocerus subaeneus | KosztaKo1988F | (= Thysanus subaeneus)
Thysanus | KosztaKo1988F
Thysanus ater | HertinSi1972

Trichogrammatidae

Chaetostricha | Balach1953g | (= Centrobia)
Chaetostricha walkeri | Balach1953g | (= Centrobia walkeri)

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 28

Austria | Lindin1906

Bulgaria | KosztaKo1988F Tsalev1968

Croatia | MastenSi2008

Czechoslovakia | Lindin1906

Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Hall1922

France | Foldi2001 Leonar1907c

Georgia (Republic of) | Hadzib1983

Germany | Lindin1906 SchmutHo2016

Greece | Bodenh1928

Hungary | BognarVi1979

Israel | Bodenh1924

Italy | Lindin1906 LongoMaPe1995

Sicily | Costan1950 LongoMaPe1995

Lebanon | Talhou1950

Luxembourg | Gertso2016 GertssSc2020

Malta | Borg1932

Morocco | DanzigPe1998

Netherlands | DanzigPe1998

Norway | Fjeldd1996

Poland | KosztaKo1988F SimonKa2011 Szulcz1926

Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Souzad1906

Romania | Knecht1930 Teodor2018

Spain | Martin1983

Sweden | Gertss1997

Switzerland | Lindin1906

Syria | DanzigPe1998

Turkey | Bodenh1949 KaymakYa2017 UlgentOzMu2019

Ukraine | Terezn1963a

Yugoslavia | Lindin1906

Keys

Koszta1996: pp.517 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Northeastern North American Lepidosaphes]
KosztaKo1988F: pp.356 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis]
Danzig1971d: pp.840 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of the family Diaspididae]
Ezzat1958: pp.249 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Egyptian species of Leucaspis]
Balach1953g: pp.847 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis]
MacGil1921: pp.265 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis]
Leonar1907c: pp.70 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Leucaspis]
Leonar1907c: pp.70 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Leucaspis] Key as: Leucaspis affinis
Lindin1906: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis Euleucaspis] Key as: Leucaspis Euleucaspis candida

Remarks

Systematics: Danzig & Pellizzari (1998) list Leucaspis candida Targioni Tozzetti, L. flavus Signoret and L. affini Leonardi as junior synonyms of L. podocarpi. All three of these species have long been treated as synonyms of L. pini. We have been unable to find an explanation of this change and consider it to be erroneous. For a detailed explanation of the identity of L. pini see Danzig & Kerzhner (1984).
Structure: Adult scale covers are elongate, almost parallel sided, white, with a single yellow, terminal exuvia, and 2.4–2.9mm in length. Adult female bodies are elongate, oval, initially greenish violet becoming dark purple with maturity, and are completely enclosed in the golden brown, sclerotised body of the second instar (a condition termed pupillarial).
Biology: Leucaspis pini has been observed at elevations of 1,100 m. One generation per year. Each overwintered female lays between 17-51 eggs in May (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. A single incursion of this species has occurred in Britain and the infested plant was destroyed (Malumphy & Redman, 2011)
General Remarks: Balachowsky (1953) provides detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and keys for the identification of adult females and second instars of all Leucaspis species present in Europe and the Mediterranean region.

Illustrations

Citations

AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 35
Ali1970: catalog, illustration, taxonomy, 19
ArgyriStMo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 26
AvidovHa1969: distribution, host, 226
Bachma1953: distribution, host, 183
Badr2014: distribution, host, 51
Balach1928a: taxonomy, 136, 139
Balach1937c: distribution, host, 3
Balach1953g: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 847, 848, 849-853
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 259-260
BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 123, 127, 128
BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 509
Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 56-57
Bodenh1926: distribution, host, 43
Bodenh1928: distribution, host, 192
Bodenh1935: distribution, 248
Bodenh1937: host, 218
Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 160, 164-167
Bodenh1953: distribution, host, taxonomy, 51
BognarVi1979: distribution, host, 17
Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 212-213
Borg1932: distribution, host, 11
Bouche1851: distribution, host, taxonomy, 111
BrunetRaRe2023: taxonomy, 90, 95
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 300
CelikSeSa2002: economic importance, 7
Costan1950: distribution, host, 13
Danzig1964: taxonomy, 647
Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 840
DanzigKe1984: taxonomy, 102-103
DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 297
DeBach1964d: biological control, distribution, host, 12
Essig1931: distribution, host, 339
Ezzat1958: distribution, taxonomy, 249
Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 245
Ferrie1927: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 55-67
Ferris1936a: illustration, taxonomy, 22, 66
FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 295
Fjeldd1996: distribution, host, 19
Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 308
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 13,24
Garcia1922: biological control, 197, 363, 369
Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, 54, 67, 73
Garcia1931a: biological control, distribution, 668
GersonHaSh1976: distribution, taxonomy, 44
Gertso2016: distribution, host, 152
Gertss1997: distribution, taxonomy, 117
Gertss2000: distribution, host, 152
GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 135
GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 349-350
GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 134, 142-144
GomezM1957: distribution, host, 49
GomezM1958a: distribution, host, 8, 10
Green1915: taxonomy, 459, 460, 461
Hadzib1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 277
Hall1922: distribution, host, structure, 40
Hall1923: taxonomy, 50
Hall1926a: taxonomy, 38
Hartig1839: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 642
Hellri2004: distribution, host, 88
HertinSi1972: biological control, 185
Hoke1925: physiology, 38
Jancke1955: taxonomy, 301
Jansen2001: distribution, 201
KaymakYa2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 46
Knecht1930: distribution, host, 236
Komosi1974a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27-29
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 17
Korone1934: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 40-41, 48
Koszta1956a: biological control, taxonomy, 402
KosztaKo1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 143, 163
KosztaKo1988F: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 356, 357-358
Koteja1971a: distribution, host, 324
Kozar2009a: distribution, 583
KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 61
KozarKo2002b: distribution, 376
KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 86, 101, 117, 137, 153, 174, 188, 209
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 85
Lagows1998a: ecology, 65
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
LagowsKo1996: distribution, taxonomy, 32
Leonar1903b: taxonomy, 15
Leonar1906b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 4, 5, 9-14
Leonar1907c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 70, 74-79
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 118, 122-125
Lindin1905: taxonomy, 253
Lindin1906: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 10, 26, 28-34
Lindin1907: taxonomy, 6
Lindin1909b: taxonomy, 224
Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 253
Lindin1932b: taxonomy, 107
Lindin1934e: distribution, host, taxonomy, 162-164
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 140
Lobdel1937: taxonomy, 80
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 127
LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 145
Low1882a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 273-275
Low1883: taxonomy, 5
Lupo1944: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 207, 208-216
MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 265
MalumpRe2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, 69-75
Mao1986: taxonomy, 202
Martin1983: description, host, 58
MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 511
MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 303
MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
Morgan1892: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 13-14
Neves1936: distribution, host, 198
Newste1894b: taxonomy, 232
NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 238, 276, 280, 281
Pelliz1976: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 10-12
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,70
Perrie1926: distribution, host, 126
Reh1904: distribution, host, taxonomy, 17-19
Reyne1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 27-29, 31
RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, 761
Schmut1951: host, taxonomy, 129
Schmut1952: distribution, host, taxonomy, 583-584
Schmut1959: distribution, host, taxonomy, 143, 144
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 64
Signor1870: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 102, 108
Signor1882b: distribution, host, clxxxiv
SimonKa2011: distribution, 240
SismanUl2010: distribution, host, 222
SoriaMoVi2000: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 335-348
Souzad1906: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 94-95
SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 469
Talhou1950: distribution, host, 139
Targio1868: taxonomy, 734
Teodor2018: distribution, histology, 43
Terezn1963: distribution, host, 182
Terezn1963a: distribution, host, 54
Terezn1966c: distribution, host, 961
Terezn1967a: distribution, taxonomy, 474
Terezn1968c: distribution, host, 44
Terezn1975: illustration, taxonomy, 12, 28, 57, 73
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
Tubbs1986: taxonomy, 231-232
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 484
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S120
UlgentOzMu2019: distribution, host, 54, 61
Willco1922: distribution, host, 281
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 217, 229
WilliaBe2009: catalog, 37
Wolff1911: taxonomy, 78, 80
Yang1982: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 283
Yasar2020: distribution,
Yasnos1978: biological control, 486, 500
Zahrad1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 99, 100-103
Zahrad1972: biological control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 443-444