Valid Names Results
Kermes roboris (Geoffroy, 1785) (Kermesidae: Kermes)Nomenclatural History
- Chermes roboris Geoffroy 1785: 229. accepted valid name Notes: Types presumed lost (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999). According to the study of the original papers the authorship for Chermes roboris is corrected in Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785 (or simply Geoffroy, 1785).
- Coccus variegatus Gmelin 1790: 559. junior synonym (discovered by Bodenh1931, 243). Notes: Types presumed lost (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999). This species has been incorrectly cited as having been authored by Geoffroy, Reaumur, Olivier and Targioni-Tozzetti.
- Chermes variegatus (Gmelin, 1790); Olivier 1792: 440. change of combination
- Lecanium quercus Burmeister 1835: 71. junior synonym (discovered by Targio1868, 733).
- Kermes variegatus (Gmelin, 1790); Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 755. change of combination
- Kermes pallidus Signoret 1875: 553. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1950d, 742). Notes: There is no type material of this species in the MNHN (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999). The authorship of this species is sometimes listed as "Signoret ex Reaumur."
- Kermes roboris (Geoffroy, 1785); Fernald 1903b: 65. change of combination
- Kermes variegatus corticalis; Nasonov 1909. incorrect synonymy (discovered by Borchs1950, 130). Notes: Balachowsky synonymized this subspecies with Kermes roboris in 1950d:743, but Borchsenius (1950d:130) determined that this was an incorrect synonymy and treated it as a separate species.
- Kermococcus roboris (Geoffroy, 1785); Leonardi 1918: 212. change of combination
- Coccus pallidus (Signoret, 1875); Cockerell 1929b: 150. change of combination Notes: Lindinger (1935) cites this combination and erroneously cites Cockerell as the author.
- Coccus roboris (Geoffroy, 1785); Cockerell 1929b: 150. change of combination
- Talla pallida (Signoret, 1875); Lindinger 1933a: 143. change of combination
- Talla roboris (Geoffroy, 1785); Kawecki 1936: 322. change of combination
- Talla roboris simplex Lindinger 1949: 213. Type data: GERMANY: Hamburg, 1930. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by KosztaKo1988F, 267). Notes: Lindinger's original description is quite brief and Weidner & Wagner (1968), who list types in the Hamburg Museum, make no mention of this species.
Common Names
- English oak kermes KosztaKo1988F
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Fagaceae
- Quercus | Hoy1963
- Quercus faginea | Cianfe2019
- Quercus ilex | LongoRuMa1991
- Quercus petraea | Hoy1963 TrenchGoTr2009 | (= Quercus sessiliflora) and ssp. iberica (= Quercus polycarpa)
- Quercus pubescens | Hoy1963
- Quercus pyrenaica | Cianfe2019
- Quercus robur | Hoy1963 | (= Quercus pedunculata)
Foes:
Families: 3 | Genera: 9
- Anthribidae
- Anthribus nebulosus | Cianfe2019
- Encyrtidae
- Blastothrix erythrostetha | Kozarz1992 KosztaKo1988F Kozarz1992 | (= Blastothrix clara)
- Blastothrix ilicicola | Tsalev1972
- Blastothrix longipennis | Tsalev1972 | (= Blastothrix confusa)
- Blastothrix sericea | Fulmek1943
- Cheiloneurus paralia | KosztaKo1988F | (= Cheiloneurus formosus)
- Discodes aeneus | Tudor1982 Cianfe2019 KosztaKo1988F | (= Phaenodiscus aeneus)
- Microterys chalcostomus | GuerriFoNo2020
- Microterys ferrugineus | Fulmek1943
- Microterys lunatus | Cianfe2019
- Psilophrys tenuicornis | KosztaKo1988F | (= Psilophrys longicornis)
- Eulophidae
- Aprostocetus pachyneuros | Fulmek1943 | (= Aprostocetus pachyneuros)
- Quadrastichus thysanotus | Cianfe2019
- Tetrastichus pachycerus | Cianfe2019
Associates:
Families: 1 | Genera: 2
- Formicidae
- Formica pratensis | Cianfe2019
- Lasius fuliginosus | Cianfe2019
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 24
- Austria | Hoy1963
- Belarus (=Belorussia) | Cianfe2019
- Bulgaria | KosztaKo1988F Tsalev1968
- China
- Anhui (=Anhwei) | Tao1999
- Fujian (=Fukien) | Tao1999
- Guizhou (=Kweichow) | Tao1999
- Hubei (=Hupei) | Tao1999
- Hunan | Tao1999
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | Tao1999
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Tao1999
- Shandong (=Shantung) | Hua2000
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Tao1999
- Xizang (=Tibet) | Tao1999
- Yunnan | Tao1999
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Tao1999
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Czech Republic | KosztaKo1988F
- France | Foldi2001 Hoy1963
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017
- Germany | KosztaKo1988F SchmutHo2016
- Greece | SzitaFeBe2017
- Hungary | KosztaKo1988F
- Italy | LongoMaPe1995
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995
- Moldova | KozarOs1987
- Morocco | Hoy1963
- Netherlands | Jansen2001
- Poland | Hoy1963 Szulcz1926
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Hoy1963
- Romania | Knecht1930 Savesc1961
- Russia | KosztaKo1988F
- Spain | KosztaKo1988F
- Turkey | KosztaKo1988F
- Ukraine | Cianfe2019
- United Kingdom
- England | Hoy1963 MalumpBa2012
- Yugoslavia | KosztaKo1988F
Keys
- Kozarz1992: pp.66 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Kermes]
- Danzig1971d: pp.824 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Kermococcidae] Key as: Kermococcus roboris
- Danzig1964: pp.635 ( Adult (F) ) [Kermococcus species in SSSR] Key as: Kermococcus roboris
- Borchs1960d: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Kermococcus] Key as: Kermococus roboris
Remarks
- Systematics: Fernald (1903b) lists several authors giving the combination Lecanium quercus under her treatment of Kermes roboris. Cianferoni (2019) determined the nomenclatural history of K. roboris and reported it in chronological order. He found that René Antoine Ferchault de Réamur described “on oak, a scale insect almost spherical as big as a small cherry, whose skin has the polish and the light of the grains of which the rosaries are made. . . The background of its color is a yellowish white, on which are three black stripes; black dots are distributed in intervals who are between the lines; ants like this species as the others [scale insects], and they made me discover it” [translated from French] However, the work by Reamur (1738) is pre-Linnean and published before the starting point (1st January 1758) fixed by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999). After Reamur (1738), Geoffroy (1762) listed this species as “Chermes quercûs rotundus, ex albo flavescente nigroque variegatus”, quoting also the work by Réamur. Geoffroy’s description, although unofficial according to the ICZN (1999) since it is not associated with a binomial, is however also unambiguous: Several years later, Fourcroy (1785) resumed the work by Geoffroy (1762), naming the species Chermes roboris and replacing the long descriptions of this author with binomial names and short diagnostic sentences. When Burmeister wrote his description of Lecanium quercus, he quoted the work by Reamur. Eventually Tarfioni Toaaetti (1868) listed the name Lecanium quercus under the combination Kermes variegatus Gmelin as synonym. So we now understand why Fernald (1903b) lists several authors giving the combination Lecanium quercus under her treatment of Kermes roboris.
- Structure: Postreproductive female nearly spherical, almost flat on venter, derm smooth, shiny, and light brown. If females are crowded or in a twig fork they are often deformed, not spherical. Teneral females oval, quite flat in side view and resembling Coccidae (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). The adult females have a globose body, nearly spherical, reaching 8.5 mm in width, deep yellow in color, with transverse bands and oval spots blackish brown (Cianferoni, 2019)
- Biology: According to Tzalev (1968), K. roboris overwinters as a second instar nymph on the woody parts of the host plant. The eggs are laid at the beginning of June and hatch at the end of the month (Tzalev, 1968). Females are found singly on thin branches of Quercus spp. One yearly generation is reported, with eggs being laid in May in central Europe (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
Illustrations
Citations
- Andria1960: distribution, host, 17
- Bagani1977: distribution, host, 82
- Balach1937c: distribution, host, 4
- Balach1950c: distribution, host, 343, 345
- Balach1950d: distribution, 740, 743-745
- Balach1953f: distribution, taxonomy, 182, 183, 185
- BarbagBiBo1995: distribution, 43
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 262
- Belgov1956: taxonomy, 357
- Bodenh1931: taxonomy, 243, 244
- Bodenh1935: taxonomy, 271
- Bodenh1953a: taxonomy, 141
- BoratyWi1964: distribution, 91
- Borchs1934: distribution, host, 20
- Borchs1936: distribution, host, 119
- Borchs1937: illustration, taxonomy, 63
- Borchs1937a: host, 174, 175, 180, 182, 188
- Borchs1948e: distribution, taxonomy, 237
- Borchs1949d: taxonomy, 152
- Borchs1950b: taxonomy, 130
- Borchs1950d: taxonomy, 16
- Borchs1955: taxonomy, 860
- Borchs1960d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 23, 27, 34, 41-46, 4
- Borchs1963a: distribution, host, 65, 192, 194
- Borchs1973: distribution, host, 192
- Cianfe2019: ant association, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 327
- Cocker1899j: taxonomy, 269
- Cocker1929b: taxonomy, 150
- Danzig1964: distribution, host, 635
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 824
- Diadec1954: taxonomy, 129
- Domeni1966: biological control, 43
- Dziedz1967: taxonomy, 18
- FavretOuWi2014: taxonomy, 75
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 65
- Ferris1957c: taxonomy, 87
- Foldi2001: distribution, 305
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 11
- Fourcr1785: taxonomy, 229
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 16,25
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, 39, 79
- GarciaPi1924: biological control, distribution, host, 356-357
- Gavalo1928a: distribution, host, 25
- Gavalo1932: host, taxonomy, 140
- Gavril2011a: cytogenetics, 384
- Gmelin1790: taxonomy, 2221
- Gogibe1938: distribution, taxonomy, 44
- GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 246, 249-251
- GomezM1948: distribution, taxonomy, 81
- GomezM1958a: distribution, 10
- Green1922b: description, distribution, host, illustration, 21
- Green1928: description, distribution, host, 9-10
- Hadzib1950: distribution, host, 257
- Hadzib1956a: distribution, host, 157
- Hadzib1956b: distribution, host, 50
- Hadzib1983: distribution, host, 270
- Hellri2004: distribution, host, 84
- Hendry1962: taxonomy, 127
- HertinSi1972: biological control, taxonomy, 134
- Hoy1963: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 157-160
- Hu1986X: taxonomy, 293
- HuLi1993: taxonomy, 19
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 138
- Jansen2001: distribution, 200
- Kaweck1936a: distribution, host, 322
- Kaweck1985: distribution, taxonomy, 33
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 90-106
- Kiritc1928: taxonomy, 114
- Kiritc1928a: taxonomy, 213
- Kiritc1931: distribution, host, 310
- Kiritc1940: host, taxonomy, 119
- Kirkal1906a: taxonomy, 255
- Knecht1930: distribution, host, 235
- KosztaKo1978: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 87
- KosztaKo1988F: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 262, 267-268
- KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 478
- Kozar1980: taxonomy, 67
- KozarDr1998h: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 411
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 50
- KozarKo1982: distribution, host, 204
- KozarKo2002b: distribution, 376
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 56
- KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, taxonomy, 72
- KozarOs1987: distribution, host, 93
- KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 98, 114, 134, 150, 171
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 76
- Kozarz1992: biological control, description, taxonomy, 66, 69
- Lagows2002: distribution, 245
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
- Leonar1901a: taxonomy, 442
- Leonar1918: host, 212
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 266, 269-271
- Lindin1911: taxonomy, 379
- Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 287
- Lindin1914: taxonomy, 245
- Lindin1923: taxonomy, 148
- Lindin1928: taxonomy, 103, 106
- Lindin1930: taxonomy, 102
- Lindin1931a: taxonomy, 113
- Lindin1932d: taxonomy, 126
- Lindin1932f: taxonomy, 201
- Lindin1933a: taxonomy, 143
- Lindin1934e: taxonomy, 168
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 136
- Lindin1936: taxonomy, 167
- Lindin1943b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 265
- Lindin1949: taxonomy, 213
- Lindin1954: taxonomy, 617
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 549
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 122
- LongoRuMa1991: distribution, host, 189
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, 25-26
- Martin1984MP: distribution, host, taxonomy, 66
- MastenSeSi2016: distribution, host, 231-235
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
- Melis1949: host, xxiii
- NastChKl1990: distribution, host, 121
- Newste1897c: description, distribution, host, 267
- Newste1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 138
- Nikols1936: taxonomy, 154
- Paik1978: taxonomy, 172
- Parker1924: biological control, taxonomy, 288
- PellizPoCo2012: distribution, host, taxonomy, 38
- Perrie1926: distribution, taxonomy, 124
- Pierce1917: distribution, host, 153
- Plugar1963: distribution, host, 16
- PorcelPe2014: structure, 61
- Ruhl1924: biological control, 43
- Rungs1934: distribution, host, 22
- Sachar1916: host, 327
- Savesc1961: life history, 34
- Schmid1940: taxonomy, 186
- Schmut1955a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 101
- Schmut1972a: biological control, host, 419
- Schmut1980: taxonomy, 50
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 55
- Seabra1918: taxonomy, 73-74
- Seabra1930a: distribution, 144
- ShiLi1991: host, 162
- Signor1875: taxonomy, 553
- Silves1939: taxonomy, 696
- Sugony1965: biological control, distribution, 225
- Sulc1912: taxonomy, 32
- SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 469
- Szulcz1921: host, taxonomy, 81
- Szulcz1926: distribution, host, taxonomy, 140
- Szulcz1927: host, taxonomy, 140
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 36
- Targio1868: taxonomy, 733
- Targio1888: taxonomy, 431
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 45
- TerGri1962: distribution, host, 133, 152, 153, 156
- TerGri1969a: distribution, 83
- Terezn1959c: distribution, host, 195, 797
- Terezn1963: distribution, host, 186
- Terezn1963a: distribution, host, 48
- Terezn1963c: distribution, 1527
- Terezn1966: distribution, host, 28
- Terezn1966a: taxonomy, 544
- Terezn1966b: host, taxonomy, 680
- Terezn1966c: distribution, host, 963
- Terezn1968b: distribution, 48
- Terezn1968c: host, 48
- Terezn1970: illustration, 76
- Terezn1975: illustration, taxonomy, 15, 29, 32, 39, 52, 73, 77
- Terezn1981: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 66, 70-72
- Terezn1982: illustration, taxonomy, 38
- Tranfa1981: distribution, host, taxonomy, 21
- TrenchGoTr2008: distribution, host, 137-141
- TrenchGoTr2009: distribution, host, 220
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 68
- Tsalev1964: illustration, taxonomy, 23-26
- Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 208
- Tsalev1972: biological control, distribution, taxonomy, 82
- Tudor1982: biological control, 89
- UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 487
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S121
- UlgentKaKo2013: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 24
- Vayssi1926: distribution, host, taxonomy, 353
- Wang1982c: distribution, taxonomy, 236-237
- Wang1988: host, taxonomy, 174
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 581, 582
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 239
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, 40,47
- Wunn1926: taxonomy, 49
- Zahrad1977: taxonomy, 121
- ZakOga1961: biological control, distribution, host, 360, 384
