Valid Names Results

Puto superbus (Leonardi, 1907) (Putoidae: Puto)

Nomenclatural History

Macrocerococcus superbus Leonardi 1907b: 152. Type data: ITALY: Sardinia, Tempio, on Gramineae. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (MarottTr1993,199). Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; accepted valid name Illustr.
Ceroputo volynicus Nasonov 1908: 472. Type data: UKRAINE: Volyn, on Dactylis glomerata. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig1999,84). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1949, 296).
Ceroputo superbus (Leonardi, 1907); Lindinger 1912b: 65. change of combination
Phenacoccus seurati Vayssiere 1927: 109. Type data: TUNISIA: Djilli Islet, on Cistanche violacea. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1953n, 304).
Ceroputo superbus; Kiritchenko 1931: 315. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1949, ).
Douglasiella caballeroi Gómez-Menor Ortega 1948: 114. Type data: SPAIN: Cuenca Province, Solan de Cabras, on pine.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by DanzigGa2014, 161).
Macrocerococcus tauricus Borchsenius 1948b: 33. Type data: UKRAINE: Krym, Kekeneis, on a trunk of oak. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (MarottTr1993,203). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1999, 84).
Macrocerococcus kiritshenkoi Borchsenius 1949: 298. Type data: IRAN: Shaku, Shakhruda, on unidentified host plant. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig1999,84). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1999, 84).
Puto caballeroi (Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1948); Morrison 1952: 75. change of combination
Puto superbus (Leonardi, 1907); Tereznikova 1975: 241. change of combination
Puto tauricus (Borchsenius, 1948); Tereznikova 1975: 240. change of combination
Macrocerococcus caballeroi (Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1948); Kozár & Walter 1985: 69. change of combination
Puto superbus; Marotta & Tranfaglia 1985: 212. misidentification
Macrocerococcus kiritzhenkoi Borchsenius, 1949; Tang 1992: 398. misspelling of species epithet
Puto palinuri Marotta & Tranfaglia 1993: 182. Type data: ITALY: Campania, Caentola, Salerno, Capo Palinuro, on Limonium remotispiculum. Holotype, female, Type depository: Potenza: Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-forestali della Universita della Basilicata, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by DanzigGa2014, 161). Illustr.
Puto kiritshenkoi (Borchsenius, 1949); Ben-Dov 1994: 424. change of combination
Puto caballeroi (Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1948); Ben-Dov 1994: 420. revived combination (previously published)

Common Names

superb mealybug

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 26 | Genera: 51

Anacardiaceae

Pistacia | Danzig1999
Pistacia lentiscus | BenDov1994 Rungs1934

Apiaceae

Anthriscus | BenDov1994 Marott1987a MarottTr1993 PellizFo1996 TranfaPeMa1985
Daucus gingidium | Russo1995
Ferula communis | Russo1995

Asphodelaceae

Asphodelus | PellizFo1996

Asteraceae

Cichorium | BenDov1994
Glebionis coronaria | PellizFo1996 Russo1995 | (= Chrysanthemum coronarium)
Hieracium hoppeanum | BenDov1994 Tsalev1968
Sonchus oleraceus | Russo1995

Boraginaceae

Borago | BenDov1994 MarottTr1993

Caryophyllaceae

Dianthus | BenDov1994 Tsalev1968
Dianthus caryophyllus | BenDov1994 Marott1987a

Chenopodiaceae

Kochia | Danzig1999

Cistaceae

Cistus creticus | PellizFo1996 | ssp. eriocephalus (= Cistus incanus)
Cistus monspeliensis | BenDov1994 Goux1933a PellizFo1996

Convolvulaceae

Convolvulus | MifsudMaRu2014

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia | Kozar1999a Russo1995
Euphorbia burmanni | BenDov1994 Kiritc1931 | (= Euphorbia biglandulosa )
Euphorbia cyparissias | BenDov1994 Tsalev1968

Fabaceae

Anthyllis | BenDov1994 Marott1987a MarottTr1993 PellizFo1996 TranfaPeMa1985
Astragalus | Moghad2013
Calicotome villosa | PellizFo1996
Ulex europaeus | BenDov1994 TranfaPeMa1985

Fagaceae

Castanea sativa | BenDov1994 MarottTr1993
Quercus | BenDov1994 Borchs1949 Danzig1999 KaydanUlZe2004

Iridaceae

Gladiolus communis | BenDov1994 Marott1987a

Lamiaceae

Teucrium | Danzig1999
Teucrium fruticans | MifsudMaRu2014

Orobanchaceae

Cistanche violacea | BenDov1994 Vayssi1927

Pinaceae

Pinus | BenDov1994 GomezM1948

Plantaginaceae

Digitalis | KaydanKiKo2005
Plantago loeflingii | BenDov1994 Tsalev1968 | (= Plantago carinata)

Plumbaginaceae

Limonium remotispiculum | BenDov1994 Marott1987a MarottTr1993 PellizFo1996 TranfaPeMa1985

Poaceae

Agropyron | BenDov1994 Danzig1999 Terezn1975 Tsalev1968
Agrostis capillaris | BenDov1994 Schmut1952 Tsalev1968 | (= Agrostis vulgaris)
Ampelodesmos mauritanicus | BenDov1994 | (= Ampelodesma tenax)
Arrhenatherum elatius | BenDov1994 MarottTr1993 MarottTr1995a
Avena | BenDov1994 MarottTr1993
Avena barbata | Foldi2000
Avena fatua | BenDov1994 MarottTr1993
Bothriochloa ischaemum | BenDov1994 Tsalev1968 | (= Andropogon ishaemum)
Brachypodium retusum | BenDov1994 Goux1933a | (= Brachypodium ramosum)
Bromus hordeaceus | BenDov1994 Schmut1952 | (= Bromus mollis)
Bromus sterilis | BenDov1994 Schmut1952
Cynodon dactylon | BenDov1994 MarottTr1993
Dactylis | BenDov1994 Tsalev1968
Dactylis glomerata | BenDov1994 Danzig1999 Foldi2000 MarottTr1993 Nasono1909
Festuca ovina | BenDov1994 Schmut1952
Hordeum | BenDov1994 TerGri1973
Hordeum murinum | Foldi2000
Lolium | BenDov1994 PellizFo1996 Russo1995 TerGri1973
Lolium perenne | Foldi2000
Poa | Danzig1999
Poa nemoralis | BenDov1994 MarottTr1993 Terezn1975
Poaceae | BenDov1994 KaydanKiKo2005 Marott1987a Melis1930 PellizFo1996

Polygonaceae

Rumex acetosella | BenDov1994 Tsalev1968

Ranunculaceae

Clematis cirrhosa | Russo1995

Rosaceae

Rubus | BenDov1994 Marott1987a TranfaPeMa1985

Rubiaceae

Asperula | PellizFo1996
Galium | KaydanUlZe2004

Scrophulariaceae

Scrophularia | BenDov1994

Tetradiclidaceae

Peganum harmala | BenDov1994 TerGri1973

Ulmaceae

Ulmus | BenDov1994 Danzig1999 MarottTr1993

Foes:

Families: 1 | Genera: 1

Chrysopidae

Pseudomallada prasinus | UlgentSzUy2013 | (= Dichochrysa prasina)

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 24

Algeria | Danzig1999

Armenia | BenDov1994 Danzig1999 TerGri1973

Bulgaria | BenDov1994 Danzig1999 Gavril2010 KozarTzVi1979 Tsalev1968

Canary Islands | BenDov2013

China | BenDov1994 Tang1984b

Corsica | Foldi2003

Crete | Argyri1983 BenDov1994 KosztaKo1988F MarottTr1993

Croatia | Masten2007

France | Balach1931a BenDov1994 Danzig1999 Foldi2000 Foldi2001 Goux1933a

Germany | BenDov1994 Danzig1999 KohlerScVo2018 Schmut1952 Schmut1980

Greece | Danzig1999 MilonaKo2008

Hungary | BenDov1994 Danzig1999 KosztaKo1988F Koteja1974b Kozar1999a

Iran | BenDov1994 Borchs1949 Danzig1999 Moghad2009

Italy | BenDov1994 Danzig1999 Leonar1907b LongoMaPe1995 Marott1987a MarottTr1993 MarottTr1995a

Sicily | LongoMaPe1995 Russo1995 RussoMa1997

Malta | MifsudMaRu2014

Morocco | BenDov1994 Danzig1999 Rungs1934

Poland | Lagows2000 SimonKa2011

Sardinia | PellizFo1996 | BenDov1994 LongoMaPe1995 Melis1930 PellizFo1996

Spain | BenDov1994 GomezM1948

Tunisia | Balach1928 BenDov1994 Danzig1999 Vayssi1927

Turkey | KaydanKiKo2005 KaydanUlEr2007 | KaydanKiKo2005 KaydanUlEr2007 KaydanUlZe2004

Turkmenistan | Danzig1999

Ukraine | BenDov1994 Nasono1909

Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | BenDov1994 Borchs1949 Danzig1999 Kiritc1931 MarottTr1993

Yugoslavia | BenDov1994 Danzig1999 KosztaKo1988F

Keys

PowellMi2024: pp.304-305 ( Adult (M) ) [Puto species]
Watson2022: pp.352 ( Adult (F) ) [Puto in continental Africa]
DanzigGa2014: pp.141-142 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Puto]
Danzig1999: pp.80 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
KosztaKo1988F: pp.136 ( Adult (F) ) [Central Europe]
TerGri1973: pp.216 ( Adult (F) ) [Armenia]
Borchs1949: pp.290 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
Borchs1949: pp.291 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
Borchs1948b: pp.33 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]

Remarks

Systematics: There is a possibility that P. superbus encompasses more than one species. Marotta and Tranfaglia (1985) discussed the variation in the dorsal tubular ducts in the cerarii but later (Marotta & Tranfaglia, 1993) determined that P. superbus lacked dorsal ducts entirely. Specimens with these ducts were identified as P. tauricus. Danzig (1999) again placed P. tauricus as a junior subjective synonym of P. superbus. A careful analysis of all species in the genus is required to sort out their true identity. (Williams, et al., 2011)This species was described from Spain on pine. Williams, et al. (2011) examined seven adult females. They were able to examine 22 claws on the seven specimens and all seem to lack basal spurs, but they could be very small and difficult to see or damaged in the mounting procedure. The claw digitules were blunt. However the specimens had 3 campaniform sensilla on each surface of the trochanter, and intersegmental sensilla were present and distributed as in other species of Puto. They assigned this species to Puto in agreement with Morrison (1952) and Ben-Dov (1994). Danzig and Gavrilov-Zimin, 2014, synonomyzed both Puto palinuri and Puto caballeroi with Puto superbus stating that the differences between the species was due to geographical variation, citing the large variation in the number of multilocular pores and tubular ducts within the French population.
Structure: Colour photograph of adult female and male given by Marotta (1992a). Body of live adult female elongate oval, robust, convex in lateral view, with a dense covering of white mealy wax and a conspicuous marginal band of plate-like wax projections surrounding entire body; posterior projections in pairs, longer than the others; without an ovisac. Legs dark brown. Slide-mounted adult female broadly oval. Anal lobes moderately developed. Antennae each with 9 segments;. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2022)
Biology: Occurring on the stems and leaves of a wide variety of herbaceous plants. Most common on grasses in Central Europe (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F). Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Marotta (1992a) studied the life history in Italy at an altitude of 1000m. It is a biparental species, developing one annual generation; adult male and female appear in May-July, and oviposition is in July.
General Remarks: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1920), Vayssiere (1927), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Marotta & Trangaglia (1985), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Marotta & Tranfaglia (1993) and by Danzig (1999). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Schmutterer (1952) and by Tereznikova (1975). According to Borchsenius (1948b) part of the records under the name Ceroputo superbus (Leonardi), by Kiritchenko (1931: 315) and by Borchsenius (1937b: 56) are misidentification of this species.Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Marotta & Tranfaglia (1993).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gomez-Menor Ortega (1948). Morrison (1952:75) removed this species from the Ortheziidae, the family in which it was described for the first time, and assigned it to the Pseudococcidae, suggesting that it should be placed near Puto.

Illustrations

Citations

Argyri1983: distribution, host, 365
Balach1928a: distribution, host, 141
Balach1931a: distribution, host, 101
Balach1953n: taxonomy, 304
BenDov1994: catalog, 420-421
BenDov1994: catalog, 424,427,430-431
BenDov2013: distribution, host, 73
Borchs1948b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 33-35
Borchs1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 291-292, 296-298
Buchne1965: structure, taxonomy, 266-268
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 314
CebeciAr2006: distribution, host, 143
Danzig1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 84
DanzigGa2014: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 161-166
Foldi2000: distribution, host, 80
Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
Foldi2003: distribution, host, 149
FoldiGe2018: distribution, list, 13
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 2,22,25
Gavril2010: distribution, 38
Gavril2011a: cytogenetics, 377
Gavril2018: reproduction, 226
GomezM1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 114
Goux1933a: distribution, host, 236
Hellri2004: distribution, host, 83
KalandSi2014: biology, distribution, host,
KaydanKiKo2005: distribution, host, 92
KaydanKo2010a: distribution, 30
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 102
KaydanUlZe2004: distribution, host, 222
Kiritc1931: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 315
KohlerScVo2018: distribution, host,
KosztaKo1988F: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 139-140
Koteja1974b: distribution, taxonomy, 72
KotejaPyVo2003: structure, taxonomy, 253
Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 138
KozarTzVi1979: distribution, host, 129
Lagows2000: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 3-6
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 71
Leonar1907b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 152-161
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 457-464
Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 65
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 120
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 120
Marott1987a: distribution, host, 112
Marott1992: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 485-499
Marott1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 194-199
MarottTr1985: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 212-216
MarottTr1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 182-185, 194-203
MarottTr1995a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 67-73
Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
MazzeoLoRu1994: distribution, host, 205
Melis1930: distribution, host, 14
MichalKoSz2013: anatomy, biology, reproductive system,
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 516
MilonaKo2008: distribution, host, 35-38
Moghad2009: distribution, host, 29
Moghad2013: distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 94-96, 100
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 75
MoghadWa2022: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 11, 142-143, 149
Morris1952: taxonomy, 75
Nasono1909: taxonomy, 472
Pelliz2011: distribution, 313
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 64,69
PellizFo1996: distribution, host, taxonomy, 125,127
PowellMi2024: key, 305
Rungs1934: distribution, host, 24
RussoMa1997: distribution, 48, 49
Schmut1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 383-385
Schmut1980: distribution, host, 50
SimonKa2011: distribution, 236
SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 474
SzklarKaMi2017: DNA, Wolbachia, anatomy, genebank, illustration, phylogenetics, symbionts, 1-10
Tang1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 402-403, 600
Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 26
TerGri1966: distribution, host, 90
TerGri1973: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 218-220
Terezn1975: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 240-242
TranfaMa1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 610-611
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 207
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 487
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S126
Vayssi1927: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 109
VeaGr2016: evolution, 4
Watson2022: distribution, key, 352
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 251
WilliaGuMi2011: taxonomy, 12
WilliaGuMi2011: taxonomy, 13