Valid Names Results
Phenacoccus solani Ferris, 1918 (Pseudococcidae: Phenacoccus)Nomenclatural History
- Pseudococcus solani; Essig 1909a: 36. misidentification
- Phenacoccus solani Ferris 1918d: 60. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Palo Alto, Stanford University, on Hemizonia rudis. Holotype, female, Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Phenacoccus herbarum Lindinger 1942: 115. Type data: U.S.A.: California, on roots of Solanum douglasii. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1942, 115). Notes: Type material depository unknown (Ben-Dov, 1994).
- Phenacoccus defectus Ferris 1950b: 137. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Permanente Creek, on Eriophyllum confertiflorum.. Holotype, female, by original designation Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; junior synonym (discovered by ChatziSiWa2016, 548). Illustr.
- Phenoacoccus solani; Moghaddam & Nematian 2020: 384. misspelling of genus name
- Phenoacoccus solani; Moghaddam 2020: 384. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- imperfect mealybug McKenz1967
- solanum mealybug Bartle1978e Koszta1996 McKenz1967
- Solanum mealybug McKenz1967
- nasu-kona-kaigaramusi TanakaUe2012
- Cochinilla algodonosa de las solanáceas KondoWaTa2022
- cochinilla harinosa de las solanáceas KondoWaTa2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 37 | Genera: 95
- Acanthaceae
- Dicliptera | BenDov2012
- Ruellia simplex | ChatziSiWa2016
- Aizoaceae
- Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum | BenDov1994 Miller1971a
- Amaranthaceae
- Amaranthaceae | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 | subfamily Chenopodiaceae
- Amaranthus spinosus | LagowsGoHo2022
- Atriplex confertifolia | ChatziSiWa2016
- Atriplex semibaccata | BenDov1994 Miller1974a
- Celosia argentea | Moghad2010 Moghad2013 | var. cristata (= Celosia cristata )
- Chenopodium | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Amaryllidaceae
- Amaryllis | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Eucharis amazonica | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Hippeastrum | BenDov2012
- Hymenocallis littoralis | Willia2004a
- Lycoris radiata | ZuWaZh2018
- Narcissus | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Zephyranthes | Willia2004a
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera indica | ChatziSiWa2016
- Apiaceae
- Eryngium foetidum | Willia2004a
- Asparagaceae
- Asparagus | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Beaucarnea | MichlFiHo2020
- Ophiopogon japonicus | ChatziSiWa2016
- Ornithogalum dubium | BenDov2012
- Asteraceae
- Achillea | ChatziSiWa2016
- Ageratina adenophora | WangZhTi2018 | (= Eupatorium adenophorum)
- Ambrosia | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b McKenz1967
- Ambrosia chamissonis | BenDov1994 Miller1974a | (= Franseria chamissonis)
- Artemisia absinthum | ChatziSiWa2016
- Artemisia douglasiana | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b | (= Artemisia heterophylla)
- Artemisia dracunculus | BenDov2012
- Aster | BenDov1994 Ferris1918d
- Centaurea diffusa | BenDov1994 KozarHuFo1989
- Centaurea diluta | ChatziSiWa2016
- Centromadia parryi | ChatziSiWa2016
- Chrysanthemum morifolium | Moghad2010 MoghadHaZi2004
- Conyza | BenDov2012
- Emilia sonchifolia | MartinLa2011
- Erigeron | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Eriophyllum confertiflorum | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Gazania rigens | ChatziSiWa2016
- Haplopappus | BenDov1994 KozarHuFo1989
- Helianthus | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Hemizonia | BenDov1994 Ferris1918d
- Heterotheca | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Melanthera biflora | Beards1966 BenDov1994 | (= Wedelia biflora)
- Parthenium hysterophorus | BenDov1994 WilliaBlKh1985 WilliaGr1992
- Sonchus oleraceus | BenDov1994 Zimmer1948
- Sphagneticola trilobata | ChatziSiWa2016
- Tetradymia spinosa | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Verbesina encelioides | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 | var. exauriculata
- Boraginaceae
- Heliotropium foertherianum | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Tournefortia argentea)
- Phacelia | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Tournefortia | Beards1966 BenDov1994 | (= Messerschmidia)
- Brassicaceae
- Brassica oleracea | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Raphanus sativus | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Sophia | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Cactaceae
- Cactaceae | Willia2004a
- Combretaceae
- Terminalia catappa | MirabaGaCa2018
- Crassulaceae
- Aeonium | JiSu2012
- Aeonium arboreum | ChatziSiWa2016
- Crassula | JiSu2012
- Crassula ovata | ChatziSiWa2016
- Echeveria | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 ChoiLeLe2021
- Echeveria carnicolor | ChatziSiWa2016
- Echeveria craigiana | ChatziSiWa2016
- Echeveria longissima | ChatziSiWa2016
- Echeveria racemosa | ChatziSiWa2016
- Echeveria recurvata | ChatziSiWa2016
- Echeveria sessiliflora | ChatziSiWa2016
- Echeveria x Graptopetalum | JiSu2012
- Graptoveria | JiSu2012
- Pachyphytum | JiSu2012
- Sedum palmeri | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Sempervivum tectorum | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Cucurbitaceae
- Cucurbita | AbdRabEv2021
- Cyperaceae
- Cyperus esculentus | BenDov1994 GuzmanEsCa2017 McKenz1967
- Cyperus rotundus | BenDov2012
- Euphorbiaceae
- Euphorbia | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 WilliaGr1992
- Fabaceae
- Astragalus miguelensis | BenDov1994 Miller1974a
- Lupinus | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Vigna unguiculata | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 | (= Vigna sinensis)
- Goodeniaceae
- Scaevola | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Iridaceae
- Iris | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Lamiaceae
- Monardella | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Malvaceae
- Gossypium hirsutum | ChatziSiWa2016
- Hibiscus | ChatziSiWa2016
- Malva | BenDov2012
- Malva parviflora | BenDov1994 Ferris1918d
- Malva pusilla | BenDov1994 Ferris1918d | (= Malva rotundifolia)
- Malvella leprosa | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b | (= Sida hederacea)
- Meliaceae
- Melia azedarach | MartinLa2011
- Orchidaceae
- Dendrobium | Willia2004a
- Orchidaceae | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Orobanchaceae
- Castilleja applegatei | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Orobanche | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Phyllanthaceae
- Phyllanthus amarus | GermaiDeLa2016
- Poaceae
- Bouteloua | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Cymbopogon | Malump2014a
- Festuca | Moghad2010
- Festuca arundinacea | Moghad2013a
- Poaceae | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Polygonaceae
- Eriogonum umbellatum | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Polygonum | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Portulacaceae
- Portulaca | Beards1966 BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Portulaca oleracea | BenDov1994 KaydanErKo2008
- Proteaceae
- Protea | JansenAl2023
- Rubiaceae
- Coffea arabica | CaballRaGi2018
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | ChatziSiWa2016
- Citrus aurantiifolia | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Solanaceae
- Capsicum annuum | BeltraSo2011
- Cestrum nocturnum | BenDov2012
- Nicotiana benthamiana | BenDov2012
- Nicotiana tabacum | BenDov1994 WilliaBlKh1985
- Physalis | BenDov2012
- Solanum | ChatziSiWa2016 | (= Lycopersicon)
- Solanum douglasii | BenDov1994 Essig1909a
- Solanum lycopersicum | BenDov1994 Ferris1918d WilliaGr1992 | (= Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Solanum melongena | BenDov1994 Reyne1964 WilliaGr1992
- Solanum tuberosum | BenDov1994 Ferris1918d
- Verbenaceae
- Lantana camara | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Violaceae
- Viola | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
- Viola tricolor | BenDov2012
- Vitaceae
- Vitis vinifera | ChatziSiWa2016
- Zamiaceae
- Encephalartos | MazzeoRuSu1999
- Encephalartos transvenosus | BenDov1994 DeLott1974
- Zingiberaceae
- Curcuma | Willia2004a
Foes:
Families: 3 | Genera: 5
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus gurneyi | Blumbe1997
- Encyrtidae
- Aenasius phenacocci | MendelBlEl2010
- Anagyrus pseudofuscus | ZuWaZh2018
- Leptomastix algirica | MendelBlEl2010
- Leptomastix baspinari | JaposhYeKa2023
- Leptomastix dactylopii | Blumbe1997
- Leptomastix ephyra | MendelBlEl2010
- Leptomastix epona | BeltraTeSo2013
- Miridae
- Pilophorus typicus | KondoWaTa2022
Associates:
Families: 3 | Genera: 5
- Betaproteobacteria
- Candidatus Tremblaya phenacola | IinZhSh2019
- Formicidae
- Anoplolepis gracilipes | TanakaUe2012
- Pheidole megacephala | TanakaUe2012
- Technomyrmex brunneus | TanakaUe2012
- Pseudococcidae
- Phenacoccus miruku | PowellDeMo2024
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 47
- American Samoa | ChatziSiWa2016
- Ascension Island | MalumpWhHa2015
- Australia | ChatziSiWa2016
- Brazil | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Canada
- British Columbia | BenDov1994 Koszta1996 KozarHuFo1989
- Cape Verde | VanHarCoWi1990
- China
- Beijing (=Peking) | WangZhTi2018
- Henan (=Honan) | Wu1999b
- Colombia | KondoRaVe2008
- Cuba | MirabaGaCa2018
- Curaçao | BenDov1994 Reyne1964 WilliaGr1992
- Ecuador | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Egypt | DewerAbSc2018
- France | GermaiMa2006
- French Guiana | KondoWaTa2022
- Germany | MichlFiHo2020
- Guadeloupe | MatileEt2006
- Guam | ChatziSiWa2016
- Guatemala | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Guiana | GermaiDeLa2016
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | BenDov1994 Suehir1937
- India | SureshKa2008
- Iran | Moghad2009 Moghad2010 MoghadHaZi2004
- Israel | BenDov2005
- Italy | ChatziSiWa2016 MazzeoLoPe2014
- Sicily | MazzeoRuSu1999
- Japan | NakahiAr2006 TanakaUe2012
- Honshu | KondoWaTa2022
- Kyushu | KondoWaTa2022
- Kenya | JansenAl2023
- Kiribati | Beards1966 BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Gilbert Islands | Beards1966 BenDov1994
- Marshall Islands | Beards1966 BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Mexico | BenDov1994 WilliaBlKh1985 WilliaGr1992
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- Netherlands Antilles | KondoWaTa2022
- Peru | BenDov1994 Wille1940
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | Beards1966 BenDov1994 Ferris1950b Koszta1996
- Saint Lucia | Malump2014a
- Singapore | Willia2004a
- South Africa | BenDov1994 DeLott1974
- South Korea | ChoiLeLe2021
- Spain | BeltraSo2011
- Taiwan | ChenChWo2002
- Thailand | Willia2004a
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Turkey | KaydanErKo2008
- United Kingdom
- England | WilliaMa2012
- United States
- Arizona | ChatziSiWa2016
- California | BenDov1994 DownieGu2004 Essig1909a Ferris1918d Ferris1950b Koszta1996
- Colorado | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Florida | BenDov1994 DownieGu2004 Ferris1950b
- Louisiana | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Maryland | Koszta1996
- New Mexico | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Oregon | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b
- Texas | BenDov1994 Ferris1950b Koszta1996
- Virginia | Koszta1996
- Washington | ChatziSiWa2016
- Venezuela | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Vietnam | Willia2004a
- Zimbabwe | BenDov1994 WilliaBlKh1985
Keys
- PowellDeMo2024: pp.7 ( Adult (F) ) [Slide-mounted Phenacoccus species in Florida]
- EvansAb2023: pp.8-13 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococccidae of Egypt]
- TanakaSaCh2022: pp.313 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species in Japan]
- MoghadWa2022: pp.87 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species in Iran]
- Moghad2019: pp.454 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus in Iran]
- Suh2019a: pp.2-6 ( Adult (F) ) [mealybugs interepted in S. Korea]
- SpodekBeMo2018: pp.3-4 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus in Israel]
- DanzigGa2014: pp.269-277 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic Phenacoccus species] Key as: Phenacoccus defectus
- ZhaoWaSu2014: pp.116-117 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus in China]
- TanakaUe2012: pp.414 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to separate four new invasive mealybug species: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Ph. defectus, Ph. parvus and P. solenopsis from other mealybugs occurring in the Ryukyu Archipelago] Key as: Phenacoccus defectus
- MoghadBa2011: pp.68 ( Adult (F) ) [Adult females of P. solenopsis and P. solani in Iran]
- MoghadAl2010: pp.16-17 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]
- Moghad2010: pp.67 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species of Iran]
- HodgsoAbAr2008: pp.3 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Phenacoccus of southern Asia]
- GranarSz2007: pp.41-43 ( Adult (F) ) [Phencoccus species of South America] Key as: Phenacoccus defectus
- Willia2004a: pp.590-591 ( Adult (F) ) [Phenacoccus species southern Asia]
- Koszta1996: pp.163 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North USA]
- WilliaGr1992: pp.349 ( Adult (F) ) [Central and South America ]
- WilliaWa1988a: pp.159 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific Region]
- DeLott1974: pp.111 ( Adult (F) ) [South Africa]
- McKenz1967: pp.215 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A., California] Key as: Phenacoccus defectus
- McKenz1964: pp.240 ( Adult (F) ) [North America] Key as: Phenacoccus defectus
- McKenz1961: pp.27 ( Adult (F) ) [North America] Key as: Phenacoccus defectus
- McKenz1961: pp.27 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- McKenz1960: pp.714 ( Adult (F) ) [North America] Key as: Phenacoccus defectus
- McKenz1960: pp.714 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Ferris1953a: pp.396 ( Adult (F) ) [North America] Key as: Phenacoccus defectus
- Ferris1953a: pp.396 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Ferris1950b: pp.121 ( Adult (F) ) [North America] Key as: Phenacoccus defectus
- Ferris1950b: pp.121 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Remarks
- Systematics: Hodgson et al. (2008) reviewed the morphological differences between Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, P. solani Ferris and P. defectus Ferris, and, based on the morphological variation found in the Asian material, considered that there was some support for the suggestion that these three species might be environmentally-induced variants of a single species. Ferris (1953a) synonymised P. wilmattae Cockerell with P. solani, but McKenzie & Williams (1965) showed them to be separate species. Lindinger (1942) proposed the name Phenacoccus herbatum for the species misidentified by Essig (1909a) as Pseudococcus solani (Cockerell) stating at the same time that it was conspecific with Phenacoccus solani Ferris. Phenacoccus defectus was closely related to the Solanum mealybug, Ph. solani Ferris, in its general morphology, and it was difficult to separate the former from the latter strictly by morphology of adult females. However, Ph. defectus was believed to differ from Ph. solani in that it lacks MDP on ventral abdominal segments IV and V. P. defectus also resembles Ph. parvus Morrison, but the former lacked quinquelocular pores on the ventral surface; on the other hand, the latter frequently has quinquelocular pores on the venter. Ph. defectus also resembles Ph. solenopsis Tinsley and is also difficult to separate from the latter from adult female morphology alone. At least, however, typical individuals of the species have a relatively small circulus, and fewer MDP on ventral abdominal segment VII. (Ph. solenopsis usually has a relatively large circulus and more abundant MDP on abdominal segment VII). (Tanaka & Uesato, 2012) Hodgson et al. (2008) reviewed the morphological differences between Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, P. solani Ferris and P. defectus Ferris, and, based on the morphological variation found in the Asian material, considered that there was some support for the suggestion that these three species might be environmentally-induced variants of a single species. Chatzidimitrio, et al. (2016) synonymised P. defectus Ferris with P. solani Ferris based on molecular, phylogenetic and morphological analyses. Conflicting data was found in public databases when three sequences of “Phenacoccus solani” and three of Phenacoccus solenopsis shared the same haplotype. (Oliviera et al., 2023)
- Structure: Colour photograph by McKenzie (1967). Phenacoccus solani can typically be separated based upon the following traits: the antennae have 8 segments (sometimes 9); the venter of abdominal segments IV or V to VIII have multilocular disc pores in the median and submedian areas, those on segment VII being present at the posterior end only; and the circulus is usually relatively small. Phenacoccus solani will typically not have submarginal multilocular disc pores on the abdomen, clusters of oral collar tubular ducts on the margins of posterior abdominal segments, or transparent pores on the femurs. (Dewer, et al., 2018)
- Biology: Occurring on the lower leaves and roots of its host plants. Lloyd (1952) proved that it is a parthenogenetic theliotokous species. Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978). No males have been recorded for P. solani so it is likely that it reproduces parthenogenetically. (Chatzidimitrio, et al., 2016) Huang, et al., 2020 found eggs laid by P. solani, but 1st-instar nymphs soon emerged.. Because this hatching process is fast (<30 min), researchers might think that 1st-instar nymphs are produced by P. solani female adults.The surface and internal structure of 2 types of eggs, with and without-Eye Spots were observed using SEM and TEM. The contour of appendages could be clearly seen across the eggshell, and the bristles, tubular glands and six conical receptors (which were symmetric, with three on each side) could be seen on the surfaces of eggs with-ES (Fig. 6A); moreover, complete blood cells, cytoplasm, mitochondria and myocutaneous filaments were observed inside (Fig. 6B). Eggs without-ES had a smooth surface (Fig. 6C) and contained only lipid droplets, endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes (Huang, et al., 2020)
- Economic Importance: Regarded a pest of stored potato tubers (Flanders, 1944; Dudley & Landis, 1952; Shands & Landis, 1964). Heavy infestations have been recorded on tobacco in Zimbabwe (Williams et al., 1985).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (in Zimmerman, 1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Williams (2004a) and by Granara de Willink & Szumik (2007). Good description and illustration of the adult female of P. defectus given by Ferris (1950b) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 42
- AssefaMa2018: DNA sequencing, distribution, host,
- Bartle1978e: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 169
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 432
- BeltraGaSo2013: distribution, economic importance, 1486
- BeltraSo2011: distribution, host,
- BeltraSoMa2012: molecular data, phylogenetics, 167-171
- BeltraTeSo2013: natural enemies, 314
- BenDov1994: catalog, 315, 343-344
- BenDov2005: catalog, distribution, host, 15-16
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 36, 44
- Blumbe1997: biological control, ecology, 225-236
- CaballRaGi2018: distribution, host, illustration,
- CapineHa1996: biological control, distribution, host, 517-531
- Carter1960a: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 322-323
- ChatziSiWa2016: cytogenetics, description, distribution, genetics, host, molecular data, phylogenetics, structure, taxonomy, 539-551
- ChenChWo2002: distribution, host, 79-82
- ChenShCh2024: molecular biology, 3
- ChoiLe2022: endosymbiont, phylogeny, 358,359
- ChoiLeLe2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration,
- DanzigGa2014: distribution, host, 312-313
- DeLott1974: distribution, host, 113
- DeSant1979: host,
- DewerAbSc2018: DNA, distribution, host, morphology, 155-159
- DownieGu2004: distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, 258-259
- DudleyLaSh1952: control, economic importance, host, 1-52
- EliyahPrBl2010: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 64-68
- Essig1909a: distribution, host, 36
- EvansAb2023: distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 6, 9, 23, 64
- Ferris1918d: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 60-61
- Ferris1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 137-138, 158-160
- Ferris1953a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 403
- Flande1961: biological control, host, 611-612
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, list, 13
- FrancoZaMe2009: economic importance,
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 225
- GermaiDeLa2016: host, list of species, 4
- GermaiMa2006: distribution, host, 402
- Gonzal2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 156
- Gordh1979: biological control, distribution, host,
- GranarSz2007: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 57, 64, 105, 110
- Greath1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- GuzmanEsCa2017: biological control, distribution, host, illustration, 305-308
- Hamlen1974: distribution, economic importance, host, 6-8
- Hamlen1975a: chemical control, 223-226
- Hamlen1977: chemical control, distribution, host, 211-214
- HardyGuHo2008: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 51-71
- HatamiMiSa2006: biological control, distribution, 269-277
- HodgsoAbAr2008: taxonomy, 1-35
- HuangZhZh2020: DNA, SEM, reproduction,
- HuangZhZh2021: natural enemies,
- IinZhSh2019: endosymbionts,
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 30,35
- JaposhYeKa2023: natural enemies, 580
- JiSu2012: distribution, host, illustration, 1-5
- Kakimo2020: control,
- KaydanCaUl2013: distribution, 169
- KaydanErKo2008: distribution, host, 364
- KaydanErUl2012: host, structure, 68
- KondoRaVe2008: distribution, host, 39-40
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 24
- KondoWaTa2022: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, taxonomy, 170-172
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 163, 165, 166
- KozarHuFo1989: distribution, host, 72
- LaflinGuPa2004: distribution, host, 475-477
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 11
- LiWaLa2018: biology, reproduction,
- Lloyd1952: life history, 308-310
- Lloyd1958: biological control, 450-468
- Lloyd1964: biological control, economic importance, life history, 113-120
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 81
- MalumpWhHa2015: distribution, host, 133-134
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 48
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 182
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 57
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
- MazzeoRuSu1999: distribution, host, 31-35
- McCay1981: biological control, 345-353
- McKenz1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 231, 233, 234
- McKenz1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 273-277
- MendelBlEl2010: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 64-68
- Meurge2011: distribution, 82
- MichlFiHo2020: DNA, distribution, illustration,
- Miller1971a: distribution, host, 299
- Miller1974a: distribution, host, 196
- MirabaGaCa2018: distribution, host, 194
- Moghad2009: distribution, host, 23
- Moghad2010: distribution, host, taxonomy, 67
- Moghad2013: distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 60-61, 99
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 70
- Moghad2019: key, 454
- Moghad2020: distribution,
- MoghadAl2010: taxonomy, 16-17
- MoghadBa2011: taxonomy, 68
- MoghadHaZi2004: distribution, host, 135-136
- MoghadNe2021: distribution, 175
- MoghadWa2022: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, illustration, key, 11, 87, 101-103, 147
- MuniapShWa2011: distribution, 169
- NakahiAr2006: distribution, host, life history, 573-575
- Nur1977: chemistry, taxonomy, 69-84
- PachecBeBl2014: molecular data, 6
- PettyStBa2002: distribution, economic importance, host, 157-195
- PowellDeMo2024: illustration, key, 3, 7
- PowellDeMo2024: behavior, 6
- RenAsHu2017: DNA, phylogeny, 5, 6
- Reyne1964: distribution, host, 99
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- SabzalHaMi2004: ecology, life history, 205-209
- ShandsLa1964: economic importance, host, 1-10
- SongWaHu2024: evolution, genome, phylogeny, 11
- SpodekBeMo2018: dispersal, key, 1
- Suehir1937: distribution, host, 429-430
- Suehir1937: distribution, host,
- Suh2019a: key, 5
- SureshKa2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 155
- TanakaSaCh2022: key, 313
- TanakaUe2012: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 413-419
- TrenchTrTo2010: distribution, host, 114-123
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S125
- VanHarCoWi1990: distribution, host, 133
- WangDaTi2019a: DNA sequencing,
- WangZhTi2018: distribution, host, 2
- WatsonMi2017: dispersal, 34
- WatsonWiVo2017: distribution, genebank, 119
- Willer1992: distribution, economic importance, host, 38-39
- Willer1992a: distribution, economic importance, host, 29-30
- Willia2004a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 613-615
- Willia2005: taxonomy, 168
- WilliaBlKh1985: distribution, economic importance, host, 87-88
- WilliaGr1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 354, 355
- WilliaMa2012: distribution, 85, 89
- WilliaWa1988a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 159-161
- Wu1999b: distribution, host, 231-235
- Wu1999b: distribution, list of species, 233
- YerlikBaKa2023: distribution, host, list, 9
- ZhaoWaSu2014: DNA, key, 109-121
- Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 165-167
- Zinna1960a: biological control,
- ZuWaZh2018: natural enemies,
- deVill2001b: distribution, host, 227
