Valid Names Results

Parthenolecanium fletcheri (Cockerell, 1893) (Coccidae: Parthenolecanium)

Nomenclatural History

Lecanium fletcheri Cockerell 1893w: 221. Type data: CANADA: Ottawa, on Thuja sp. and on ceder.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
Lecanium (Eulecanium) fletcheri; Cockerell 1896b: 332. subsequent use
Eulecanium fletcheri (Cockerell, 1893); King 1902c: 159. change of combination
Lecanium arion Lindinger 1911a: 379. nomen nudum
Lecanium arion Lindinger 1912: 323. Type data: GERMANY and NETHERLANDS: on Thuja occidentalis.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1957, 370). Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Weidner & Wagner, 1968).
Lecanium areon Lindinger, 1912; Borchsenius 1936: 116. misspelling of species epithet
Eulecanium arion (Lindinger, 1912); Schmutterer 1954: 75. change of combination
Parthenolecanium fletcheri (Cockerell, 1893); Borchsenius 1957: 350. change of combination

Common Names

Fletcher scale Gill1988 HamonWi1984
fletcher scale Gill1988 HamonWi1984
Escama blanda grande de Fletcher. KondoGaWa2022

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 2 | Genera: 4

Cupressaceae

Juniperus virginiana | LambdiWa1980
Platycladus orientalis | Suh2020 TerGri1962 | (= Biota orientalis)
Thuja occidentalis | Gertss2005 King1901f KotejaZa1983 Kozar1980 KozarGuBa1994 LagowsKo1996 Terezn1981
Thuja plicata | Malump2011a

Taxaceae

Taxus | Gill1988
Taxus baccata | DervisGr2023

Foes:

Families: 7 | Genera: 13

Anthribidae

Anthribus nebulosus | Malump2011a

Aphelinidae

Coccophagus fletcheri | Malump2011a
Coccophagus lycimnia | Malump2011a Schmut1972a
Coccophagus pulchellus | DervisStMi2024

Chrysopidae

Pseudomallada prasinus | Malump2011a

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus bipustulatus | DervisDrGr2024
Exochomus quadripustulatus | DervisDrGr2024
Harmonia axyridis | DervisDrGr2024

Cordycipitaceae

Lecanicillium lecanii | Malump2011a

Encyrtidae

Blastothrix | Malump2011a
Blastothrix hedqvisti | Malump2011a
Blastothrix longipennis | Malump2011a
Blastothrix sericea | Malump2011a
Cheiloneurus albicornis | Malump2011a
Encyrtus aurantii | MifsudFsMa2012
Metablastothrix claripennis | Malump2011a
Metaphycus insidiosus | Malump2011a
Metaphycus pulvinariae | Malump2011a

Pteromalidae

Pachyneuron muscarum | DervisStMi2024

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 27

Armenia | TerGri1962 TerGri1966a

Austria | Malump2011a

Bulgaria | TrenchGoTr2009 Tsalev1965

Canada

Ontario | King1901f

Czech Republic | Malump2011a

Denmark | KondoGaWa2022

Estonia | Stalaz2021

France | Malump2011a

Georgia (Republic of) | Malump2011a

Germany | Malump2011a

Hungary | Kozar1980 KozarKiSa2004

Latvia | Rasina1955

Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2010

Montenegro | KondoGaWa2022

Netherlands | Malump2011a

Poland | Kaweck1935 KotejaZa1983 LagowsKo1996

Romania | Savesc1982 Teodor2018

Russia

Voronoezh Oblast | Gavril2003a

Serbia | KondoGaWa2022

Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010

South Korea | ChoiLe2017

Sweden | Gertss2001 Gertss2005

Switzerland | KozarGuBa1994

Ukraine | Malump2011a

United Kingdom

England | MalumpEyCa2011

United States

Alabama | HamonWi1984
Arkansas | HamonWi1984
California | Gill1988
Colorado | HamonWi1984
Connecticut | HamonWi1984
Florida | HamonWi1984
Idaho | HamonWi1984
Illinois | HamonWi1984
Indiana | HamonWi1984
Iowa | HamonWi1984
Kansas | HamonWi1984
Kentucky | HamonWi1984
Louisiana | HamonWi1984
Maryland | HamonWi1984
Massachusetts | King1899b King1901f
Michigan | HamonWi1984
Minnesota | HamonWi1984
Missouri | HamonWi1984
New Jersey | HamonWi1984
New York | HamonWi1984
Ohio | HamonWi1984
Oklahoma | HamonWi1984
Oregon | HamonWi1984 SchuhMo1948
Pennsylvania | Stimme1978a
Rhode Island | King1903b
South Carolina | HamonWi1984
Tennessee | HamonWi1984
Texas | HamonWi1984
Virginia | HamonWi1984
Washington | HamonWi1984
West Virginia | HamonWi1984
Wisconsin | HamonWi1984

Uzbekistan | Malump2011a

Keys

ChoiLe2017: pp.102 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Parthenolecanium in Korea]
Koszta1996: pp.358 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
Tang1991: pp.189 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
Gill1988: pp.60 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, California]
HamonWi1984: pp.71 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, Florida]
Borchs1957: pp.349 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]

Remarks

Systematics: Subfamily: Coccinae, Saissetini (Choi & Lee, 2019) The identification of Parthenolecanium to species in Europe is obscured by inadequate taxonomy. This is largely due to the adult females, the stage most frequently encountered, becoming heavily sclerotised with maturity, making it almost impossible to see many of the diagnostic features. (Malumphy, 2011a) Recent work has suggested that in some instances early-instar nymphs may prove to be more easily identified than mature adult females (Rainato & Pellizzari, 2009). P. fletcheri resembles P. pomeranicum (Kawecki); however, the species can be differentiated by the following combination of features (P. pomeranicum in parentheses): (i) live individuals with a longitudinal stripe on the dorsum (with 3 anterior transverse bands); (ii) marginal setae totalling 60–80 around body (about 60); and (iii) preopercular pores usually numbering no more than 10 (preopercular pores usually numbering no more than 15). (Kondo, et al., 2022)
Structure: See colour photograph in Kosztarab (1966) and Gill (1988). Fletcher scale is similar in appearance to yew soft scale Parthenolecanium pomeranicum (Kawecki). (Malumphy, et al., 2011) Living appearance. Body oval to circular, highly convex. Immature adult females dark or brown in color, with a distinct longitudinal line medially and irregular spots scattered on dorsum. Older adult females not seen in the present study. Eggs usuallywhite and translucent, stored under concave venter. Diagnosis. Dermal areolations developed; dorsal tubercles and pocket-like sclerotisations absent; dorsal setae of 2 sizes present; dorsal tubular ducts absent, marginal setae usually with blunt apices; multilocular disc-pores with 10 loculi; ventral tubular ducts of 1 type present; each leg without a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; antenna 8 segmented. (Choi & Lee, 2017)
Biology: Life history: Schmutterer (1954) in Germany; Dziedzicka (1968) in Poland; Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) in Europe. Life history in Serbia in Dervišević, et al., 2023.
Economic Importance: In the UK large populations of Fletcher scale may occasionally develop on individual ornamental plants in urban environments and cause minor damage, but it is highly unlikely to have any significant detrimental impact on biodiversity, ecosystems, crops or forestry. Fletcher scale is likely to be brought under control by a complex of naturally-occurring parasitic wasps, insect predators and entomopathogenic fungi. (Malumphy, 2011)
General Remarks: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988) and by Kosztarab (1966).

Illustrations

Citations

BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 255
BenDov1993: catalog, 220
Bolu2012: biological control, 110
Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 148
Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 370-372
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 296
CamachCh2015: distribution, ecology, host, 8, 10, 12
ChoiLe2017: description, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
ChoiLe2019: phylogeny, taxonomy, wax secretion, 402, 404
Cocker1893w: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 221-222
Cocker1896b: distribution, host, 332
Danzig1985: distribution, taxonomy, 111
DavidsRa1999: control, economic importance, 1
DervisDrGr2024: biological control, natural enemies, 254-256
DervisGr2023: biology, distribution, host, illustration,
DervisStMi2024: natural enemies, 3,18,19,20,21,23,25
DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 256
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 114
Dziedz1968: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 127-142
Dziedz1988: distribution, host, 96
ElmerEwCa1951: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 593-597
Fernal1903b: catalog, 187
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
Gavril2003a: distribution, host, 113
Gertss2001: distribution, 123-130
Gertss2005: distribution, host, 38
Gill1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 60,62,67
Golan2003: control, distribution, host, life history, 164-170
HamonWi1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 73-75
HolmesDa1984: biological control, 65-70
Janezi1954: distribution, host, 126
Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
Kaweck1935: distribution, host, 81
King1899b: distribution, host, 141
King1901f: distribution, host, 194-195
King1902b: taxonomy, 59-63
King1903b: distribution, host, 192
KocsisOr1994: distribution, host, 478
Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 25
KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 163
KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 15
KondoGaWa2022: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 291-293
KondoGu2022: economic importance, 5
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 11
Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 358,361-363
KosztaKo1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 116
KosztaKo1988F: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 222
Koteja1974b: structure, taxonomy, 81
KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, 482
Kozar1980: distribution, host, 68
KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, 155
KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 59
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 53
KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 95, 111, 129, 147, 166
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 78
Kozarz1992: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 160-164
KozarzRe1975: distribution, host, 26
Lagows1998a: distribution, host, 63-71
LagowsGa2001: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-2,36
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68, 71
LagowsKo1996: distribution, host, 32, 35
LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 79
Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 195
Lindin1911: taxonomy, 379
Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 85
Malump2011a: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, structure, 211-217
MalumpEyCa2011: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, illustration, 1-4
MalumpOsPy2010: distribution, host, 256
Mateso1968: distribution, host, 119
MifsudFsMa2012: natural enemies, 17
Nakaha1981: taxonomy, 284
Ossian1959: distribution, host, 196
Philli1965: distribution, host, taxonomy, 237
Rasina1955: distribution, host, 71
Rehace1957: distribution, host, taxonomy, 13
Rehace1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 55
Reyne1951: distribution, host, xl
Reyne1957: distribution, host, 14
Savesc1961: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 42
Savesc1982: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 293-294
Schmut1952: distribution, host, life history, 549-550
Schmut1952b: distribution, host, 18
Schmut1954: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 75-78
Schmut1972a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 412
Schmut1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 51
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 41-42
SchuhMo1948: diagnosis, distribution, 39
Seljak2010: distribution, host, 105
SimonKa2011: distribution, 239
Stalaz2014: distribution, list,
Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 453, 460
StepanRaLa2008: taxonomy, 73-74
Stimme1978a: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 15-16
Suh2020: distribution, host, 15
SzklarMiGr2021: endosymbiont,
Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
Szulcz1931: distribution, host, 124-135
Szulcz1949: distribution, host, 219-224
Tang1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 193
TartanSoFu2023: DNA, taxonomy,
Teodor2018: distribution, history, 40
TerGri1962: distribution, host, 138
TerGri1966a: distribution, host, 373
Terezn1959: distribution, host, 684
Terezn1963: distribution, host, 182
Terezn1966: distribution, host, 30
Terezn1981: distribution, host, taxonomy, 174-175
Trembl1988a: distribution, host, 243
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 68
Tsalev1965: biological control, distribution, host, 25
WatsonLaLa1994: distribution, host, 227
Willia1985a: catalog, taxonomy, 225
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 207
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 209
WilliaKo1972: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 82-84