Valid Names Results
Parthenolecanium fletcheri (Cockerell, 1893) (Coccidae: Parthenolecanium)Nomenclatural History
- Lecanium fletcheri Cockerell 1893w: 221. Type data: CANADA: Ottawa, on Thuja sp. and on ceder.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
- Lecanium (Eulecanium) fletcheri; Cockerell 1896b: 332. subsequent use
- Eulecanium fletcheri (Cockerell, 1893); King 1902c: 159. change of combination
- Lecanium arion Lindinger 1911a: 379. nomen nudum
- Lecanium arion Lindinger 1912: 323. Type data: GERMANY and NETHERLANDS: on Thuja occidentalis.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1957, 370). Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Weidner & Wagner, 1968).
- Lecanium areon Lindinger, 1912; Borchsenius 1936: 116. misspelling of species epithet
- Eulecanium arion (Lindinger, 1912); Schmutterer 1954: 75. change of combination
- Parthenolecanium fletcheri (Cockerell, 1893); Borchsenius 1957: 350. change of combination
Common Names
- Fletcher scale Gill1988 HamonWi1984
- fletcher scale Gill1988 HamonWi1984
- Escama blanda grande de Fletcher. KondoGaWa2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 2 | Genera: 4
- Cupressaceae
- Juniperus virginiana | LambdiWa1980
- Platycladus orientalis | Suh2020 TerGri1962
- Thuja occidentalis | Gertss2005 King1901f KotejaZa1983 Kozar1980 KozarGuBa1994 LagowsKo1996 Terezn1981
- Thuja plicata | Malump2011a
- Taxaceae
- Taxus | Gill1988
- Taxus baccata | DervisGr2023
Foes:
Families: 6 | Genera: 12
- Anthribidae
- Anthribus nebulosus | Malump2011a
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus fletcheri | Malump2011a
- Coccophagus lycimnia | Malump2011a Schmut1972a Malump2011a
- Coccophagus pulchellus | DervisStMi2024
- Chrysopidae
- Pseudomallada prasinus | Malump2011a
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | DervisDrGr2024
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | DervisDrGr2024
- Harmonia axyridis | DervisDrGr2024
- Encyrtidae
- Blastothrix | Malump2011a
- Blastothrix hedqvisti | Malump2011a
- Blastothrix longipennis | Malump2011a
- Blastothrix sericea | Malump2011a
- Cheiloneurus albicornis | Malump2011a
- Encyrtus aurantii | MifsudFsMa2012
- Metablastothrix claripennis | Malump2011a
- Metaphycus insidiosus | Malump2011a
- Metaphycus pulvinariae | Malump2011a
- Pteromalidae
- Pachyneuron muscarum | DervisStMi2024
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 27
- Armenia | TerGri1962 TerGri1966a
- Austria | Malump2011a
- Bulgaria | TrenchGoTr2009 Tsalev1965
- Canada
- Ontario | King1901f
- Czech Republic | Malump2011a
- Denmark | KondoGaWa2022
- Estonia | Stalaz2021
- France | Malump2011a
- Georgia (Republic of) | Malump2011a
- Germany | Malump2011a
- Hungary | Kozar1980 KozarKiSa2004
- Latvia | Rasina1955
- Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2010
- Montenegro | KondoGaWa2022
- Netherlands | Malump2011a
- Poland | Kaweck1935 KotejaZa1983 LagowsKo1996
- Romania | Savesc1982 Teodor2018
- Russia
- Voronoezh Oblast | Gavril2003a
- Serbia | KondoGaWa2022
- Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010
- South Korea | ChoiLe2017
- Sweden | Gertss2001 Gertss2005
- Switzerland | KozarGuBa1994
- Ukraine | Malump2011a
- United Kingdom
- England | MalumpEyCa2011
- United States
- Alabama | HamonWi1984
- Arkansas | HamonWi1984
- California | Gill1988
- Colorado | HamonWi1984
- Connecticut | HamonWi1984
- Florida | HamonWi1984
- Idaho | HamonWi1984
- Illinois | HamonWi1984
- Indiana | HamonWi1984
- Iowa | HamonWi1984
- Kansas | HamonWi1984
- Kentucky | HamonWi1984
- Louisiana | HamonWi1984
- Maryland | HamonWi1984
- Massachusetts | King1899b King1901f
- Michigan | HamonWi1984
- Minnesota | HamonWi1984
- Missouri | HamonWi1984
- New Jersey | HamonWi1984
- New York | HamonWi1984
- Ohio | HamonWi1984
- Oklahoma | HamonWi1984
- Oregon | HamonWi1984 SchuhMo1948
- Pennsylvania | Stimme1978a
- Rhode Island | King1903b
- South Carolina | HamonWi1984
- Tennessee | HamonWi1984
- Texas | HamonWi1984
- Virginia | HamonWi1984
- Washington | HamonWi1984
- West Virginia | HamonWi1984
- Wisconsin | HamonWi1984
- Uzbekistan | Malump2011a
Keys
- ChoiLe2017: pp.102 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Parthenolecanium in Korea]
- Koszta1996: pp.358 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
- Tang1991: pp.189 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- Gill1988: pp.60 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, California]
- HamonWi1984: pp.71 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, Florida]
- Borchs1957: pp.349 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
Remarks
- Systematics: Subfamily: Coccinae, Saissetini (Choi & Lee, 2019) The identification of Parthenolecanium to species in Europe is obscured by inadequate taxonomy. This is largely due to the adult females, the stage most frequently encountered, becoming heavily sclerotised with maturity, making it almost impossible to see many of the diagnostic features. (Malumphy, 2011a) Recent work has suggested that in some instances early-instar nymphs may prove to be more easily identified than mature adult females (Rainato & Pellizzari, 2009). P. fletcheri resembles P. pomeranicum (Kawecki); however, the species can be differentiated by the following combination of features (P. pomeranicum in parentheses): (i) live individuals with a longitudinal stripe on the dorsum (with 3 anterior transverse bands); (ii) marginal setae totalling 60–80 around body (about 60); and (iii) preopercular pores usually numbering no more than 10 (preopercular pores usually numbering no more than 15). (Kondo, et al., 2022)
- Structure: See colour photograph in Kosztarab (1966) and Gill (1988). Fletcher scale is similar in appearance to yew soft scale Parthenolecanium pomeranicum (Kawecki). (Malumphy, et al., 2011) Living appearance. Body oval to circular, highly convex. Immature adult females dark or brown in color, with a distinct longitudinal line medially and irregular spots scattered on dorsum. Older adult females not seen in the present study. Eggs usuallywhite and translucent, stored under concave venter. Diagnosis. Dermal areolations developed; dorsal tubercles and pocket-like sclerotisations absent; dorsal setae of 2 sizes present; dorsal tubular ducts absent, marginal setae usually with blunt apices; multilocular disc-pores with 10 loculi; ventral tubular ducts of 1 type present; each leg without a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; antenna 8 segmented. (Choi & Lee, 2017)
- Biology: Life history: Schmutterer (1954) in Germany; Dziedzicka (1968) in Poland; Kosztarab & Kozar (1988) in Europe. Life history in Serbia in Dervišević, et al., 2023.
- Economic Importance: In the UK large populations of Fletcher scale may occasionally develop on individual ornamental plants in urban environments and cause minor damage, but it is highly unlikely to have any significant detrimental impact on biodiversity, ecosystems, crops or forestry. Fletcher scale is likely to be brought under control by a complex of naturally-occurring parasitic wasps, insect predators and entomopathogenic fungi. (Malumphy, 2011)
- General Remarks: Good description and illustration of adult female by Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988) and by Kosztarab (1966).
Illustrations
Citations
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 255
- BenDov1993: catalog, 220
- Bolu2012: biological control, 110
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 148
- Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 370-372
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 296
- CamachCh2015: distribution, ecology, host, 8, 10, 12
- ChoiLe2017: description, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy,
- ChoiLe2019: phylogeny, taxonomy, wax secretion, 402, 404
- Cocker1893w: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 221-222
- Cocker1896b: distribution, host, 332
- Danzig1985: distribution, taxonomy, 111
- DavidsRa1999: control, economic importance, 1
- DervisDrGr2024: biological control, natural enemies, 254-256
- DervisGr2023: biology, distribution, host, illustration,
- DervisStMi2024: natural enemies, 3,18,19,20,21,23,25
- DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 256
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 114
- Dziedz1968: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 127-142
- Dziedz1988: distribution, host, 96
- ElmerEwCa1951: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 593-597
- Fernal1903b: 187
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
- Gavril2003a: distribution, host, 113
- Gertss2001: distribution, 123-130
- Gertss2005: distribution, host, 38
- Gill1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 60,62,67
- Golan2003: control, distribution, host, life history, 164-170
- HamonWi1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 73-75
- HolmesDa1984: biological control, 65-70
- Janezi1954: distribution, host, 126
- Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
- Kaweck1935: distribution, host, 81
- King1899b: distribution, host, 141
- King1901f: distribution, host, 194-195
- King1902b: taxonomy, 59-63
- King1903b: distribution, host, 192
- KocsisOr1994: distribution, host, 478
- Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 25
- KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 163
- KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 15
- KondoGaWa2022: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 291-293
- KondoGu2022: economic importance, 5
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 11
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 358,361-363
- KosztaKo1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 116
- KosztaKo1988F: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 222
- Koteja1974b: structure, taxonomy, 81
- KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, 482
- Kozar1980: distribution, host, 68
- KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, 155
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 59
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 53
- KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 95, 111, 129, 147, 166
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 78
- Kozarz1992: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 160-164
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, host, 26
- Lagows1998a: distribution, host, 63-71
- LagowsGa2001: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-2,36
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68, 71
- LagowsKo1996: distribution, host, 32, 35
- LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 79
- Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 195
- Lindin1911: taxonomy, 379
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 85
- Malump2011a: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, structure, 211-217
- MalumpEyCa2011: distribution, ecology, economic importance, host, illustration, 1-4
- MalumpOsPy2010: distribution, host, 256
- Mateso1968: distribution, host, 119
- MifsudFsMa2012: natural enemies, 17
- Nakaha1981: taxonomy, 284
- Ossian1959: distribution, host, 196
- Philli1965: distribution, host, taxonomy, 237
- Rasina1955: distribution, host, 71
- Rehace1957: distribution, host, taxonomy, 13
- Rehace1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 55
- Reyne1951: distribution, host, xl
- Reyne1957: distribution, host, 14
- Savesc1961: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 42
- Savesc1982: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 293-294
- Schmut1952: distribution, host, life history, 549-550
- Schmut1952b: distribution, host, 18
- Schmut1954: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 75-78
- Schmut1972a: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 412
- Schmut1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 51
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 41-42
- SchuhMo1948: diagnosis, distribution, 39
- Seljak2010: distribution, host, 105
- SimonKa2011: distribution, 239
- Stalaz2014: distribution, list,
- Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 453, 460
- StepanRaLa2008: taxonomy, 73-74
- Stimme1978a: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 15-16
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 15
- SzklarMiGr2021: endosymbiont,
- Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
- Szulcz1931: distribution, host, 124-135
- Szulcz1949: distribution, host, 219-224
- Tang1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 193
- TartanSoFu2023: DNA, taxonomy,
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 40
- TerGri1962: distribution, host, 138
- TerGri1966a: distribution, host, 373
- Terezn1959: distribution, host, 684
- Terezn1963: distribution, host, 182
- Terezn1966: distribution, host, 30
- Terezn1981: distribution, host, taxonomy, 174-175
- Trembl1988a: distribution, host, 243
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 68
- Tsalev1965: biological control, distribution, host, 25
- WatsonLaLa1994: distribution, host, 227
- Willia1985a: catalog, taxonomy, 225
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 207
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 209
- WilliaKo1972: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 82-84