Valid Names Results
Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerell, 1897) (Diaspididae: Lopholeucaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Leucaspis japonicus Cockerell 1897d: 53. Type data: JAPAN: quarantined in United States, California, San Francisco, on Cytisus, ?/12/1896, by A. Craw. Unknown type status, female, accepted valid name
- Leucaspis japonica Cockerell, 1897; Fernald 1903b: 244. change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender
- Leucaspis (Euleucaspis) japonica Cockerell, 1897; Lindinger 1906: 27. change of combination
- Leucaspis japonica darwiniensis Green 1916e: 61-62. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Darwin, on Ficus orbicularis. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1953g, 877). Illustr.
- Leucodiaspis japonica (Cockerell, 1897); Lindinger 1932b: 107. change of combination
- Leucodiaspis iaponica (Cockerell, 1897); Lindinger 1932b: 107. misspelling of species epithet
- Leucodiaspis japonica (Cockerell, 1897); Takahashi 1934: 14. change of combination
- Leucodiaspis japonica darwiniensis (Green, 1916); Takahashi 1934: 17. change of combination
- Leucodiaspis hydrangeae Takahashi 1934: 15-17. Type data: TAIWAN: Suisha, Sozan, near Taihoku, on Hydrangea integra, 11/06/1933, by R. Takahashi. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1953g, 877). Illustr.
- Leucaspis hydrangeae (Takahashi, 1934); Takahashi 1939: 89. change of combination
- Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerell, 1897); Balachowsky 1953g: 155. change of combination
- Lopholeucaspis japonica darwiniensis (Green, 1916); Balachowsky 1953g: 157. change of combination
- Lopholeucaspis menoni Borchsenius 1964a: 865. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Agra, on Ficus religiosa, 15/12/1963, by N. Borchsenius. Holotype, female, Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1993, 114). Illustr.
- Lopholeucaspis darwiniensis (Green, 1916); Borchsenius 1966: 217. change in status (level)
- Leucaspis menoni (Borchsenius, 1964); Takagi 1969a: 31. change of combination
Common Names
- Japanese maple scale MillerDa1990
- pear white scale KSPP1972
- escama blanca del peral Watson2022a
- kermès japonais Watson2022a
- nashi-shiro-nagakaigaramushi Watson2022a
- yaponskaya palochkovidnaya shchitovka Watson2022a
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 39 | Genera: 63
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum macrocephalum | Hua2000 | f. keteleeri
- Altingiaceae
- Liquidambar formosana | Balach1953g
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | MillerDa2005
- Ilex crenata | Suh2020
- Betulaceae
- Alnus | MillerDa2005
- Alnus glutinosa | BatsanKaKi2017
- Alnus japonica | Muraka1970
- Carpinus betulus | BatsanKaKi2017
- Corylus avellana | Moghad2013a
- Buxaceae
- Buxus sempervirens | Moghad2013a | ssp. hyrcana
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera caprifolium | Moghad2013a
- Celastraceae
- Celastrus | MillerDa2005
- Celastrus orbiculatus | Muraka1970
- Euonymus | MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
- Euonymus alatus | Suh2020
- Euonymus japonicus | Moghad2013a
- Cornaceae
- Cornus | MillerDa2005
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros | MillerDa2005
- Diospyros kaki | Muraka1970
- Diospyros lotus | BatsanKaKi2017
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus umbellata | Suh2020
- Ericaceae
- Enkianthus | MillerDa2005 Takagi1960
- Rhododendron | Takagi1969a
- Vaccinium | TanakaKa2021a
- Euphorbiaceae
- Euphorbia | Borchs1966
- Fabaceae
- Cytisus | Cocker1897d MillerDa2005
- Cytisus scoparius | Kuwana1928
- Gleditsia japonica | Suh2020
- Robinia | Moghad2013a
- Robinia pseudoacacia | Suh2020
- Wisteria | MillerDa2005
- Fagaceae
- Castanea | MillerDa2005
- Fagus | Koszta1963
- Quercus | BatsanKaKi2017
- Hamamelidaceae
- Distylium racemosum | Muraka1970
- Hydrangeaceae
- Hydrangea | Takaha1934
- Hydrangea integrifolia | Takaha1934 | (= Hydrangea integra)
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans regia | BatsanKaKi2017
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum camphora | BatsanKaKi2017
- Laurus | MillerDa2005
- Laurus nobilis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Lythraceae
- Punica granatum | HarsurJoPa2018
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | Kuwana1902
- Magnolia denudata | Suh2020
- Magnolia grandiflora | Moghad2013a
- Magnolia kobus | Suh2020
- Malvaceae
- Tilia miqueliana | Muraka1970
- Tilia rubra | BatsanKaKi2017
- Menyanthaceae
- Menyanthes | MillerDa2005
- Moraceae
- Ficus | KaussaFa1968 Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Ficus aculeata | Green1916e | var. indecora (= Ficus orbicularis)
- Ficus benghalensis | MoghadWa2021
- Ficus carica | AhmadGh1972
- Ficus racemosa | Dutta1990 | (= Ficus glomerata)
- Ficus religiosa | Green1919c
- Morus alba | Moghad2013a
- Oleaceae
- Fraxinus | Muraka1970 MillerDa2005
- Ligustrum | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
- Syringa | MillerDa2005
- Syringa oblata | Suh2020 | var. dilatata
- Syringa vulgaris | KaussaFa1968
- Paeoniaceae
- Paeonia | MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
- Paeonia lactiflora | Suh2020
- Paeonia suffruticosa | Kuwana1902 Muraka1970 | (= Paeonia moutan)
- Paulowniaceae
- Paulownia | MillerDa2005
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Eurya crenatifolia | Takagi1969a
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum tobira | Takagi1969a
- Rhamnaceae
- Ziziphus | MillerDa2005
- Ziziphus jujuba | Suh2020
- Rosaceae
- Chaenomeles | MillerDa2005
- Chaenomeles speciosa | Muraka1970 | (= Chaenomeles lagenaria)
- Cotoneaster | MillerDa2005
- Cydonia | MillerDa2005
- Cydonia oblonga | Moghad2013a
- Malus | Borchs1960b MillerDa2005
- Malus domestica | Watson2022a
- Malus halliana | JansenAl2023
- Malus orientalis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Malus pumila | Muraka1970
- Mespilus germanica | Moghad2013a
- Prunus | Borchs1960b MillerDa2005
- Prunus cerasifera | BatsanKaKi2017
- Prunus domestica | BatsanKaKi2017
- Prunus mume | Borchs1960b
- Prunus yedoensis | Suh2020
- Pyracantha | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
- Pyrus | Borchs1960b MillerDa2005
- Pyrus communis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Pyrus pyrifolia | Muraka1970 | (= Pyrus serotina)
- Rosa | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
- Rosa canina | BatsanKaKi2017
- Rosa chinensis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Rosa multiflora | Suh2020
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Balach1953g MillerDa2005 | (= Poncirus)
- Citrus aurantium | Bodenh1953
- Citrus junos | Suh2020
- Citrus nobilis | Chen1936
- Citrus reticulata | Chen1936 | (= Citrus nobilis deliciosa)
- Citrus trifoliata | Muraka1970 | (= Poncirus trifoliata)
- Citrus unshiu | Suh2020
- Salicaceae
- Populus | Borchs1960b MillerDa2005
- Populus alba | BatsanKaKi2017
- Populus deltoides | BatsanKaKi2017
- Populus gracilis | BatsanKaKi2017
- Salix | MillerDa2005
- Salix aegyptiaca | KaussaFa1968
- Salix babylonica | BatsanKaKi2017
- Salvadoraceae
- Salvadora | Borchs1966
- Sapindaceae
- Acer caudatum | Suh2020 | (= Acer ukurunduense)
- Acer palmatum | Muraka1970
- Acer pictum var. mono | Suh2020
- Acer saccharum | Koszta1963
- Acer velutinum | Moghad2013a | (= Acer insigne)
- Staphyleaceae
- Staphylea bumalda | Suh2020
- Styracaceae
- Styrax | MillerDa2005
- Styrax japonicus | Muraka1970
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Camellia sinensis | Hua2000
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Zelkova | MillerDa2005
- Zelkova serrata | Muraka1970
- Vitaceae
- Vitis | Borchs1966
- Vitis vinifera | Hua2000
Foes:
Families: 5 | Genera: 19
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus | HertinSi1972
- Ablerus atomon | HertinSi1972 | (= Azotus mokrzeckii)
- Ablerus celsus | HertinSi1972 | (= Azotus matritensis)
- Ablerus pinifoliae | HertinSi1972 | (= Azotus pinifoliae)
- Aphytis | HertinSi1972
- Aphytis chilensis | HertinSi1972 | (= Aphytis longiclavae)
- Aphytis chrysomphali | HertinSi1972
- Aphytis hispanicus | DanielWoAd2024
- Aphytis mytilaspidis | HertinSi1972
- Archenomus | HertinSi1972
- Archenomus maritimus | HertinSi1972
- Coccobius | AhmadGh1972
- Coccophagus lycimnia | HertinSi1972
- Encarsia | HertinSi1972 Sankar1984 | (= Prospaltella)
- Encarsia aurantii | HertinSi1972 | (= Prospaltella aurantii)
- Encarsia citrina | HertinSi1972 HuangPo1998 | (- Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encarsia intermedia | Aligey2016 HertinSi1972 | (= Prospaltella intermedia)
- Encarsia leucaspidis | HertinSi1972 | (= Prospaltella leucaspidis)
- Encarsia lounsburyi | HertinSi1972 | (= Aspidiotiphagus lounsburyi)
- Encarsia mescheryakovi | Watson2022a
- Marlattiella prima | Chen1936 GilderMaWo2020 RosenDe1970
- Pteroptrix chinensis | DanielWoAd2024 HertinSi1972
- Pteroptrix longiclava | HertinSi1972 | (= Casca chinensis)
- Pteroptrix maritima | HertinSi1972
- Clavicipitaceae
- Aschersonia | Watson2022a
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus bijugus | Watson2022a
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | HertinSi1972
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | HertinSi1972
- Cryptolaemus | Watson2022a
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | HertinSi1972
- Nephus bipunctatus | HertinSi1972
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | HertinSi1972 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
- Telsimia nigra | HertinSi1972
- Encyrtidae
- Anicetus annulatus | Watson2022a
- Arrhenophagus chionaspidis | HertinSi1972
- Coccidencyrtus longiclavatus | Watson2022a
- Mymaridae
- Alaptus minimus | HertinSi1972 | (= Alaptus aurantii)
- Alaptus pallidicornis | HertinSi1972 | (= Alaptus torquatus)
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 27
- Afghanistan | KozarFoZa1996 MillerDa2005
- Australia
- Northern Territory | Green1916e
- Azerbaijan | EFSA2018a
- Bangladesh | Watson2022a
- Brazil | Kuwana1923c MillerDa2005
- Burma (=Myanmar) | MillerDa2005
- China | Ali1969a MillerDa2005
- Anhui (=Anhwei) | Hua2000
- Fujian (=Fukien) | Hua2000
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Chen1936 Hua2000
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Hua2000
- Hebei (=Hopei) | Hua2000
- Henan (=Honan) | Hua2000
- Hubei (=Hupei) | Hua2000
- Hunan | Hua2000
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | Hua2000
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Hua2000
- Liaoning | Hua2000
- Shandong (=Shantung) | Hua2000
- Shanxi (=Shansi) | Hua2000
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Hua2000
- Yunnan | EFSA2018a
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Hua2000
- Congo | Dutta1990
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 TabataYa2001
- Germany | Schmut1959
- Greece | Kozar1985
- India | MillerDa2005
- Andhra Pradesh | EFSA2018a
- Gujarat | EFSA2018a
- Haryana | Ali1969a
- Karnataka | Watson2022a
- Madhya Pradesh | Watson2022a
- NCT Delhi | Watson2022a
- Rajasthan | Ali1969a
- Uttar Pradesh | Borchs1964a
- West Bengal | Green1919c
- West Bengal | EFSA2018a
- Iran | KaussaFa1968 KozarFoZa1996 MillerDa2005
- Italy | MazzeoLoPe2014
- Japan | Cocker1897d
- Hokkaido | Kuwana1902
- Honshu | Kuwana1902
- Kyushu | Kuwana1902
- Okinawa | Watson2022a
- Shikoku | Muraka1970
- Nepal | Dutta1990
- North Korea | EFSA2018a
- Pakistan | AhmadGh1972 MillerDa2005
- Russia
- Krasnodar Kray | Watson2022a
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005 MillerDa2005 SuhJi2009
- Taiwan | Hua2000 MillerDa2005 Takaha1934
- Turkey | Bodenh1949 MillerDa2005
- USSR | MillerDa2005
- Ukraine | EFSA2018a
- Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | Watson2022a
- United Kingdom
- England | Dutta1990
- United States
- Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
- Connecticut | Britto1920 MillerDa2005
- Delaware | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- District of Columbia | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- Georgia | EFSA2018a
- Indiana | Anonym2019
- Kansas | Anonym2019
- Kentucky | EFSA2018a
- Louisiana | GillShDa2011a
- Maryland | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
- Missouri | Anonym2019
- Nebraska | Anonym2019
- New Jersey | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- New York | Ferris1938a MillerDa2005
- North Carolina | GillShDa2011a
- Ohio | Anonym2019
- Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005 Trimbl1928
- Rhode Island | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- South Carolina | Watson2022a
- Tennessee | EFSA2018a
- Texas | GilderMaWo2020
- Virginia | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- Vietnam | DaoBeWa2023
Keys
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- Suh2012: pp.76 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the Korean Pupillarial Species]
- SuhJi2009: pp.1041-1043 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of armored scales intercepted on imported plants (slide mounted females)]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-32 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
- WatsonDuLi2000a: pp. ( Adult (F) ) [Expert system on a CD]
- Koszta1996: pp.408 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the genera of the subfamily Diaspidinae]
- Borchs1964a: pp.865 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Lopholeucaspis species known from India]
- Balach1958b: pp.335 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lopholeucaspis]
- Balach1953g: pp.877 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lopholeucaspis]
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:57 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis] Key as: Leucaspis japonica
- Britti1937: pp.285 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis]
- MacGil1921: pp.266 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis]
- Lindin1906: pp.27 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis Euleucaspis] Key as: Leucaspis Euleucaspis japonica
Remarks
- Systematics: Lopholeucaspis japonica is most similar to L. cockerelli, but can be differentiated by the number of macroducts, i.e. L. japonica has more macroducts (32–46) on each side of the pygidium, while L. cockerelli has fewer (11–18). Also, it lacks a sclerotised spine lateral of each antenna which is present L. cockerelli (Miller et al. 2005).
- Structure: Female scale comma-shaped, slightly curved towards the cephalic end, broadest in the last fourth, distinctly narrowing towards the posterior margin, convex, black to blackish-brown, exuviae cephalic, yellowish brown. Male scale smaller, usually not curved towards the cephalic end. Adult female elongate, elliptic, broadest at about the middle of the body, red (Bodenheimer, 1953). Second instar female: Pygidium with 2 pairs of lobes, slightly divergent; each lobe with 2 deep notches, thus appearing trilobulate. Marginal plates short and broad, divided, distributed only on last 3 pygidial segments. Dorsal macroducts all identical, distributed on pygidium and prepygidial segments, mainly in submarginal areas. Ventral microducts small, very few. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2021) Adult female lives inside second-instar exuviae (i.e., it is pupillarial); body and eggs pale violet to purple (Watson 2022a).
- Biology: Life history by Murakami (1970) and Stimmel (1995). The life history of this species is poorly understood in the U.S. although, Stimmel (1995) indicated that it has 1 generation per year and overwinters as adult females in Pennsylvania. According to Murakami (1970) the Japanese maple scale has 1 generation each year and overwinters as fertilized adult females in Japan. In Caucasus, there are 2 generations each year, and overwintering takes place in the second instar male and female (Kozarzhevskaya 1956). Although molting individuals can be observed as early as late March, adult females are not found until later in April. Prepupae and pupae appear at the end of March and adult males are present from late April to late May. In the spring, egg laying begins in late April and lasts until late June or early July. Crawlers appear in late May and are present until early August. Second instars were present from the last of June to late August and adult females could be found from July to October. Males in prepupal, pupal, and adult instars are present from the middle of July to the last of September. Eggs of the fall generation appear at the end of July and continue until October. Crawlers are present from August until October. Because egg laying periods are so long, generations are overlapping and it is possible to detect two generations only by using comparative information on percentages of individual instars through time. McComb and Davidson (1969) reported that crawlers were present in June in Maryland. Greenwood (1991, personal communication) studied the biology of this scale in Norfolk, Virginia. There are two overlapping generations each year, and overwintering occurs in the adult female. Adult males appear in the spring in early April. Oviposition begins in early May and continues for over a month; the average number of eggs under each scale is 25. Crawlers first appear in early June and are present until mid-July. Adults of the first generation appear in late July, and eggs and crawlers are present in August to October. The male was described by Bienowski (1993). A model was developed by Zheng et al. (1993) to make control decisions in China on tea. (Miller & Davidson, 2005). JMS has two generations per year in Maryland and overwinters as immature 2nd instar males and females. Egg laying and crawler emergence periods extend over long periods of time (average: 10 weeks 1st gen: 8 weeks 2nd gen.). (Gill, et al., 2011a)
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. In Georgia, L. japonica is a major pest of citrus, other fruits, tea and ornamental plants (Tabatadze & Yasnosh, 2001). Japanese maple scale is a serious orchard pest, especially of citrus in southern areas of the Former Soviet Union (Yasnosh 1986). In the U.S. it is known to damage maple and pyracantha (Davidson and Miller 1990) causing severe die back. It also has been reported as a pest of deciduous fruit trees (Kozár 1990a) and holly (McComb 1986). In Pennsylvania it is not a major pest, but it sometimes causes die back, and limbs and smaller branches can be killed (Stimmel 1995). Recent literature portrays it as a serious pest of citrus and ornamentals in the Former Soviet Union (Konstantinova 1992); of citrus, other fruit, tea, tung and various ornamentals in the Republic of Georgia (Tabatadze and Yasnosh 1997, Tabatadze and Yasnosh 1998); and of tea in China (Zheng et al. 1993). Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be an important world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005). EU Quarantine Pest according to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. (EFSA2021c)
- General Remarks: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Ferris (1938a) and Takagi (1969a). Illustration of first instar and second-instar male given by Takagi (2002). Color photograph in Watson (2022a).
Dutta (1990) mentioned that this species occurs in "Itali" but there is no evidence that this is the case. Although L. japonica was found on olives in Greece in 1983 (Kozar and Walter, 1985), it has not been found again, as confirmed by NPPO. (EFSA, 2018a) The record for Germany is considered to be invalid (EFSA, 2018a).
Illustrations
Citations
- AhmadGh1972: biological control, distribution, host, 90
- Ali1969a: distribution, host, 59
- Ali1970: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20
- Anonym2019: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration,
- Balach1953g: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 877-882
- Balach1958b: distribution, taxonomy, 335
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 260
- Beards1975: taxonomy, 661
- Bienko1993: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25-29
- Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 160-162
- Bodenh1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 48-51
- Boraty1960: taxonomy, 193
- Borchs1937: distribution, host, taxonomy, 91, 92
- Borchs1949d: distribution, taxonomy, 199
- Borchs1950b: distribution, taxonomy, 176
- Borchs1960b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 217, 218
- Borchs1963a: distribution, taxonomy, 77, 128, 175, 220, 2
- Borchs1964a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 865, 868, 872
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 217, 218
- Brick1912: distribution, host, 7
- Britti1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 285, 301-302
- Britto1920: distribution, 65
- Britto1923: distribution, host, 370
- BrownMc1962: structure, taxonomy, 165
- Chanyu1976: natural enemies,
- Chen1936: biological control, distribution, host, 226
- ChenWo1936: distribution, host, 102
- Chou1985: description, distribution, taxonomy, 200-203
- Chou1986: illustration, 614, 615
- Clause1927: distribution, host, 3, 4
- Clause1931: distribution, host, 11, 38
- Cocker1897d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 53
- Cocker1897j: distribution, host, 5
- Comper1936: biological control, distribution, 280
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 40
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 40
- DanielWoAd2024: distribution, natural enemies,
- Danzig1972: distribution, host, taxonomy, 217
- Danzig1977b: distribution, 41, 51
- Danzig1988: distribution, taxonomy, 721
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 114-116
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 301-302
- DaoBeWa2018: distribution, morphology, 82
- DaoBeWa2023: key, 1028
- DooleySm2013: catalog, 12
- Dutta1990: distribution, host, taxonomy, 157-158
- EFSA2018a: control, diagnosis, distribution, host,
- EFSA2021: distribution, host, 16
- EFSA2021c: distribution, host,
- EFSA2021d: distribution, host, 14
- EFSA2021f: biology, economic importance, 15-18
- EFSA2021i: dispersal, distribution, host,
- EFSA2022c: dispersal, economic importance, 18, 24, 37-38, 56, 192-202
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 113
- Ebelin1959: distribution, host, 257, 271, 279
- Ehrhor1907: distribution, host, 24
- Ezzat1956a: taxonomy, 358
- FeltRa1932: distribution, host, 318, 434
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 244
- Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SII-148
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:57
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, 54
- Gaprin1950: biological control, distribution, 249
- Gaprin1954: distribution, taxonomy, 588
- Gaprin1956: biological control, taxonomy, 113, 131
- Garcia1912: biological control, 48
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 241
- GhaniMu1974: biological control, distribution, 58
- GilderMaWo2020: biological control, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies,
- GillShDa2011a: chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-3
- Green1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 460-461, 466-467
- Green1916e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 61
- Green1919c: distribution, host, 449
- Hadzib1957a: taxonomy, 102
- Hadzib1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 211, 212, 277
- HarsurJoPa2018: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, 1-8
- Hartma1916: distribution, taxonomy, 104
- HertinSi1972: biological control, 185
- HilburWe1984: taxonomy, 2
- Howard1907: biological control, 73
- Howell1980: taxonomy, 91
- HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 197
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 154-155
- HuangPo1998: biological control, 1860
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 27
- JoshiBaBh2024: host plant, 2
- JoshiBhSa2023: host plant, 181
- KSPP1972: distribution, taxonomy, 108
- Kanda1930a: biological control, distribution, 196
- Kaussa1970: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 9
- KaussaFa1968: distribution, host, taxonomy, 67
- Kawai1972: distribution, taxonomy, 20
- Kawai1977: distribution, host, 152
- Kawai1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 186-187
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 18
- KonstaKo1990: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 66-77
- KonstaKoJa1984: distribution, host, 350
- Koszta1963: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 89-90
- Koszta1981: illustration, structure, 153
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 530-532
- Kozar1985: distribution, 203
- Kozar1987: distribution, host, 100
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 67
- KozarKo1981: distribution, host, 215
- KozarKo1981a: distribution, host, 128
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 85
- KozarYaKo1982: distribution, host, 334-335
- Kozarz1956a: distribution, host, 302
- Kuhmin1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 90
- Kuwana1902: distribution, economic importance, host, 74
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 197-198
- Kuwana1923c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 321-323
- Kuwana1927: distribution, 72
- Kuwana1928: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 36-37
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 52-60
- LangfoCo1939: distribution, host, 38
- Leonar1906b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 28
- Leonar1907c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 93
- Lindin1906: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 9, 27, 37-38
- Lindin1932b: taxonomy, 107
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 266
- MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
- McComb1986: taxonomy, 63
- Miller2005: distribution, 487
- MillerDa1974: illustration, iv
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 303
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 276
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
- Miyosh1926: distribution, host, 306
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 40
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 164, 247
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, life history, 65-66
- Myers1922: distribution, taxonomy, 200
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 53
- NikolsYa1966: biological control, 150, 194, 260, 281
- Nishid2002: catalog, 142
- NiuLiXu2024: DNA sequencing, S1 Table
- NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
- NormarOkMi2019: phylogeny, 688
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 25, 78
- Paik1958: distribution, host, 31
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 363-364
- Paik1982: biological control, distribution, 52
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,71
- PellizVe1999: distribution, host, illustration, 17-18
- Pierce1917: economic importance, 5, 32, 192
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 350
- Quayle1938a: ecology, 299
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 358
- RosenDe1970: biological control, distribution, 41
- RosenDe1979: biological control, 761
- RouhanVaMa2018a: distribution, host, 3
- Sankar1984: biological control, distribution, host, 30
- Seghat1977: distribution, host, 16
- ShiLi1991: host, 164
- Shinji1936b: distribution, taxonomy, 96
- Sleesm1945: distribution, host, 47
- Suh2012: distribution, 73, 76
- Suh2012: taxonomy, 76
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 317, 328
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 2, 3, 6-8, 10-12, 14-17, 19-21
- SuhJi2009: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 1039-1054
- TabataYa2001: biological control, distribution, host, 429-434
- Tachik1955: distribution, host, 57
- Tachik1962: distribution, host, 77
- Tachik1962a: biological control, distribution, host, 74-77
- Takagi1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 74-75
- Takagi1969a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 26, 31
- Takagi1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 137-138
- Takagi2002: illustration, taxonomy, 59, 81-82
- Takaha1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 15-17
- Takaha1939c: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 89
- Takaha1940a: taxonomy, 332
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 13
- Talhou1975: distribution, host, 23
- TanakaKa2021a: diagnosis, host, illustration,
- Tang1977: distribution, host, taxonomy, 140
- Tang1980: taxonomy, 206
- Tang1984b: distribution, host, 129
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
- Tao1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 85
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 97
- TelengBo1936: biological control, 77
- Tikhon1966: distribution, host, 77
- Trembl1999: distribution, 21
- Trimbl1928: distribution, host, 45
- Trjapi1964: biological control, distribution, 465
- Trjapi1981: biological control, distribution, 5
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S120
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Wang1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 183
- Wang1981TC: distribution, host, taxonomy, 290
- Wang1982c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 76-77, 109
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration,
- Watson2022a: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 501
- Weidha1968: economic importance, 256
- Westco1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 408
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 224, 225
- Wu1935: distribution, host, taxonomy, 212
- Yang1982: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 281-282, 284
- Yasnos1974: biological control, distribution, 247
- Yasnos1978: biological control, distribution, 474, 482
- Yasnos1979: biological control, distribution, 68
- ZhangHu1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 177-178
