Valid Names Results

Leucaspis lowi Colvee, 1882 (Diaspididae: Leucaspis)

Nomenclatural History

Leucaspis lowi Colvee 1882: 10-12. Type data: SPAIN: Valencia, Jardin Botánico de nuestra cuidad, on Pinus sp.. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Types presumed lost.
Leucaspis löwii Colvee, 1882; Löw 1883e: 43. emendation that is unjustified (discovered by Borchs1966, 219). Notes: Colvée (1882) states that he is naming his species in honor of "Low." According to Article 32.5.1 of the fourth edition of the ICZN, "Incorrect transliteration or latinization, or use of an inappropriate connecting vowel, are not to be considered inadvertent errors." So, the spelling of Leucaspis lowi must stand as correct.
Leucaspis pini; Morgan 1892: 13. misidentification (discovered by Newste1894b, 232).
Fiorinia sulcii Newstead 1894b: 232-233. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Bodenh1949, 162). Illustr.
Leucaspis pini; Newstead 1894: 181-182. misidentification (discovered by Newste1894b, 232).
Leucaspis loewi Colvee, 1882; Cockerell 1896b: 337. emendation that is unjustified (discovered by Borchs1966, 219). Notes: Colvée (1882) states that he is naming his species in honor of "Low." According to Article 32.5.1 of the fourth edition of the ICZN, "Incorrect transliteration or latinization, or use of an inappropriate connecting vowel, are not to be considered inadvertent errors." So, the spelling of Leucaspis lowi must stand as correct.
Anamaspis Loewi (Colvee, 1882); Leonardi 1906b: 23-25. change of combination Illustr.
Leucaspis (Euleucaspis) sulci (Newstead, 1894); Lindinger 1906: 27. change of combination
Leucaspis sulcii (Newstead, 1894); Lindinger 1906: 9. change of combination
Leucaspis löwi Colvee, 1882; Lindinger 1906: 9. emendation that is unjustified (discovered by Lindin1906, 9).
Leucaspis šulci (Newstead, 1894); Lindinger 1906: 40. emendation that is unjustified (discovered by Borchs1966, 219).
Leucaspis sulci (Newstead, 1894); Lindinger 1907: 6. misspelling of species epithet
Leucodiaspis sulci (Newstead, 1894); Lindinger 1909b: 224. emendation that is unjustified
Leucodiaspis löwi (Colvee, 1882); Lindinger 1932: 107. emendation that is unjustified
Leucodiaspis loewi (Colvee, 1882); Zahradník 1952: 106. emendation that is unjustified Notes: Kirkaldy (1904a) considered Leucaspis Signoret 1869 preoccupied by Leucaspis Burmeister, 1835, in the Hymenoptera and suggested that the Signoret name be replaced with Leucodiaspis. Ferris (1936a) rejected this, considering it unnecessary (Morrison & Morrison, 1966).
Leucaspis loevi Colvee, 1882; Dziedzicka 1970: 26. misspelling of species epithet
Leucapis loewi Ülgentürk & Dokuyucu 2019: 484. misspelling of both genus and species names

Common Names

Löw's pine scale KosztaKo1988F

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 3 | Genera: 6

Pinaceae

Abies cephalonica | Korone1934
Pinus | Colvee1882
Pinus ayacahuite | BatsanKaKi2017
Pinus brutia | Yasar2020
Pinus halepensis | Balach1930c BenDov2012 Morgan1892 | (= Pinus maritima)
Pinus mugo | Boraty1955 Lindin1909b MatilePe2002 | (= Pinus montana)(= Pinus pumilio)
Pinus nigra | Bodenh1949 Bodenh1953 | including subsp. pallasiana and laricio (= Pinus austriaca)
Pinus pinaster | Bodenh1949 LepineMi1931
Pinus pinea | BenDov2012 Bodenh1953 Costan1950 | (= Pinus maderiensis)
Pinus radiata | BenDov2012 GersonHaSh1976
Pinus sylvestris | Lindin1909b MatilePe2002 SzitaFeBe2017 | (= Pinus sosnowsky)

Poaceae

Ampelodesmos mauritanicus | Costan1950 | (= Ampelodesmos tenax)
Saccharum spontaneum | Costan1950 | ssp. aegyptiacum
Stenotaphrum secundatum | Costan1950 | (= Stenotaphrum americanum)

Taxaceae

Taxus baccata | Yasar2020

Foes:

Families: 3 | Genera: 9

Aphelinidae

Ablerus atomon | NikolsYa1966 UlgentErKa2008 | (= Azotus atomon)
Ablerus pinifoliae | KosztaKo1988F | (= Azotus pinifoliae)
Diaspiniphagus moeris | NikolsYa1966 | (= Coccophagoides similis)
Encarsia aurantii | NikolsYa1966 | (= Prospaltella aurantii)
Encarsia citrina | KosztaKo1988F | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
Encarsia intermedia | NikolsYa1966 | (= Prospaltella intermedia)
Encarsia leucaspidis | KosztaKo1988F | (= Prospaltella leucaspidis)

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus bipustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
Chilocorus renipustulatus | KosztaKo1988F
Exochomus flavipes | KosztaKo1988F
Myrrha octodecimguttata | KosztaKo1988F UlgentSzUy2013
Vibidia duodecimguttata | KosztaKo1988F

Encyrtidae

Anthemus | HertinSi1972
Anthemus funicularis | HertinSi1972
Anthemus leucaspidis | Koszta1956a
Anthemus pini | HertinSi1972
Parasauleia trjapitzini | KosztaKo1988F

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 32

Austria | Balach1953g

Belgium | Balach1953g

Bulgaria | TrenchTo2014 Tschor1939

China

Aomen (=Macau) | Atanas1959

Crete | PellizPoSe2011

Croatia | MastenSi2008

Czechoslovakia | Balach1953g

Denmark | Balach1953g Gertss2001

Estonia | Stalaz2021

France | Cocker1902v Foldi2001

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 Hadzib1950

Germany | Balach1953g SchmutHo2016

Greece | Korone1934

Hungary | KozarOrKo1977

Iran | KozarFoZa1996

Ireland | Balach1953g

Israel | GersonHaSh1976

Italy | Balach1953g LongoMaPe1995 MatilePe2002

Sicily | Costan1950 LongoMaPe1995

Latvia | Stalaz2021

Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2009

Madeira Islands | VieiraCaPi1983

Morocco | Balach1930c

Netherlands | Balach1953g

Norway | Fjeldd1996

Poland | Dziedz1970 SimonKa2011 Szulcz1926

Portugal | Balach1953g FrancoRuMa2011

Romania | DanzigPe1998 Knecht1930

Russia

Voronoezh Oblast | NormarOkMo2019

Spain | Colvee1882

Sweden | Balach1953g Gertss2001

Switzerland | Balach1953g

Turkey | Bodenh1949 UlgentOzMu2019

Keys

WatsonDuLi2000a: pp. ( Adult (F) ) [Expert system on a CD]
KosztaKo1988F: pp.356 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis] Key as: Leucaspis loewi
Balach1953g: pp.846 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis]
Lindin1906: pp.27 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis Euleucaspis] Key as: Leucaspis Euleucaspis sulci

Remarks

Systematics: Colvée (1882) states that he is naming his species in honor of Mr. "Low." According to Article 32.5.1 of the fourth edition of the ICZN, "Incorrect transliteration or latinization, or use of an inappropriate connecting vowel, are not to be considered inadvertent errors." So, changes to the species epithet such as "löwi" or "loewi" are unjustified and the original spelling of Leucaspis lowi must stand as correct.
Biology: One generation per year. In Germany, they overwinter as N2 and as mated or unmated adult females. Adults develop from overwintering N2 by early May and after mating lay about 26 eggs per female by late May or June. Eggs hatch in 18-20 days. Overwintering fertilized females often lay some eggs during the fall and complete their egg laying in May. From their eggs adult males and females develop by August and the ensuing mated females overwinter (Schmutterer, 1959).
General Remarks: Balachowsky (1953) recorded L. lowi as present in Britain and Ireland without providing any details. This was apparently based on a misinterpretation of Morgan (1892) who reported L. lowi (misidientifed as L. pini) from Portugal (Boratynski and Williams 1964). Ben-Dov et al. (2010) merely repeated this record. There are no slides of L. lowi deposited at the Natural History Museum, London (Dr Jon Martin, pers. comm., 2010) or at Fera (second largest scale collection in Britain) from Ireland or Britain. C. Malumphy has searched for Leucaspis on Pinus in Britain for 20 years with no success and believes that these records for Britain and Ireland are errors. (O'Connor, et al., 2019) Moghaddam & Watson (2021) consider the presence of this species in Iran as doubtful.

Illustrations

Citations

AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 996-1003
Atanas1959: distribution, host, 433
Bachma1953: distribution, host, 183
Balach1930c: distribution, host, 120
Balach1953g: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 846, 848, 868-872
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 259
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 31, 43
Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 160, 162-164
Bodenh1953: distribution, host, taxonomy, 51
BognarVi1979: distribution, host, 17
Boraty1955: distribution, host, 67
BoratyWi1964a: distribution, taxonomy, 105
Borchs1934: distribution, host, 21
Borchs1937: distribution, taxonomy, 93, 105, 173, 179, 1
Borchs1949d: distribution, taxonomy, 201
Borchs1950b: distribution, taxonomy, 178
Borchs1950c: taxonomy, 369
Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 219
Borchs1973: distribution, taxonomy, 125
Brown1965: taxonomy, 283
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 300
Cocker1902v: distribution, host, 86
Colema1903: distribution, host, taxonomy, 84
Colvee1882: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 10-12
Costan1950: distribution, host, 13
Danzig1959: description, distribution, taxonomy, 449
Danzig1964: distribution, taxonomy, 647
Danzig1968: distribution, host, 500
Danzig1985: distribution, host, taxonomy, 147
DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 296-297
DeSant1979: biological control, 332
Dziedz1970: distribution, host, 26
Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 250
Ferris1936a: taxonomy, 20
Ferris1937d: illustration, taxonomy, 104, 109
FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 295
Fjeldd1996: distribution, host, 19
Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 308
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 13,24
Gavalo1932: distribution, host, 140
Gavalo1932a: distribution, host, 153
Gavril2018: reproduction, 240
GersonHaSh1976: distribution, host, 44
Gertss2000: distribution, host, 152
Gertss2001: distribution, 127
Gertss2011: distribution, host, 44
GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 134, 135-138
GomezM1946: distribution, host, 62
GomezM1954: distribution, host, 122
GomezM1957: distribution, host, 49
GomezM1958a: distribution, host, 8, 10
GomezM1960G: distribution, host, 170
Green1915: taxonomy, 461
GruwelWoKo2016: phylogeny, 173, 175, 176
Hadzib1950: distribution, host, 256, 259, 262
HallWi1962: taxonomy, 30
Hellri2004: distribution, host, 88
HertinSi1972: biological control, 185
Hoke1925: physiology, 38
Jaap1914: distribution, host, 140
KaymakYa2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 45-46
Kiritc1928: distribution, host, 116
Knecht1930: distribution, host, 236
Komosi1974a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 26-27
Korone1934: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 41-42, 48
KosztaKo1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 6, 143, 162, 163
KosztaKo1988F: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 356-357
Koteja1971a: distribution, host, 324
Koteja1974a: taxonomy, 249
Koteja1974b: taxonomy, 84
Koteja1976: illustration, taxonomy, 282
Koteja1984e: distribution, 676
KotejaLi1976: structure, 678
KotejaZa1966: distribution, host, 328
KotejaZa1969: distribution, host, 367
KotejaZa1983: distribution, host, 483
Kozar1980: distribution, economic importance, 69
Kozar1985: distribution, 203
Kozar2009a: distribution, 583
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 67
KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 61
KozarKoSa2002: catalog, distribution, 39
KozarOrKo1977: distribution, host, 73
KozarOs1987: distribution, host, 94
KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 86, 101, 137, 153, 174, 188, 209
KozarTzVi1979: distribution, host, 132
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 81
Kozarz1986: distribution, taxonomy, 308
KozarzMi1984: distribution, host, 406, 407
KozarzRe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, 29
KozarzVl1981: distribution, host, 16, 23
KozarzVl1982: distribution, host, 195
Kuznet1967: taxonomy, 221
Kuznet1970: distribution, host, 1644
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
Leonar1906b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 23-25
Leonar1907c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 88
Leonar1908a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 186-187
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 117, 132-135
LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 248
Lindin1906: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 9, 40-44
Lindin1907: taxonomy, 6
Lindin1909b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 224-225
Lindin1912b: description, taxonomy, 254
Lindin1932b: taxonomy, 107
Lindin1933: taxonomy, 46
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 140
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 127
LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 144
Low1883e: distribution, taxonomy, 43
Lupo1944: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 207, 208, 237-242
MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 267
MalumpOsPy2009: distribution, host, 120-127
MalumpOsPy2010: distribution, host, 260
MalumpRe2011: distribution, 72
Martin1983: distribution, host, 57
MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
MatilePe2002: distribution, host, 357
Mesnil1949: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 95-96
MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
Moghad2013a: distribution, 39
Morgan1892: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 13-14
Newste1894: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 181-182
Newste1894b: description, illustration, taxonomy, 232-233
NikolsYa1966: biological control, 237, 264, 280, 281
NormarOkMi2019: phylogeny, 688
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 25, 78, S6
Nur1971: life history, 303
OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 40
Ossian1959: distribution, host, 197
Peleka1962: distribution, host, 63
Pelliz1976: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 8-10
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,68
PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295
Pierce1917: economic importance, 73
PodsiaMa2012: description, illustration, structure, 43-47
Rasina1955: distribution, host, 72
Rasina1959: distribution, host, 113
Rogoja1962: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 295-297
RosenDe1978: biological control, 101
RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
Schmut1951: host, taxonomy, 128
Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 143, 147-149
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 64, 94
SimonKa2011: distribution, 240
Stalaz2021: distribution, 453, 465
Sugony1962: biological control, distribution, 179, 180
SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 469
Szulcz1926: distribution, host, taxonomy, 140
Teodor2018: distribution, history, 43
TerGri1954: distribution, host, 65
TerGri1962: distribution, host, 141, 153, 157
TerGri1969a: distribution, host, 89, 90
Terezn1963a: distribution, host, 54
Terezn1963c: distribution, host, 1527
Terezn1966b: distribution, host, 679
Terezn1966c: distribution, host, 961
Terezn1975: distribution, host, 28, 29, 73, 75, 166
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
Tsalev1968: distribution, host, 212
Tsalev1972: biological control, distribution, host, 85
Tschor1939: distribution, 90
Tudor1982: biological control, 89
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 484
UlgentErKa2008: biological control, host, 253-264
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S120
UlgentOzMu2019: distribution, host, 54, 61
VieiraCaPi1983: distribution, host, 129
Wang1982c: distribution, taxonomy, 109
Watson2001: list, 177
Watson2002: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration,
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 226, 233
Wolff1911: taxonomy, 79, 80
Wunn1925: distribution, host, 246
Wunn1925b: distribution, host, 281
Yanin1975: distribution, host, 44
Yasar2020: distribution,
Yasnos1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 494, 498, 500, 501
Zahrad1952: distribution, host, 100, 106
Zahrad1972: distribution, host, 442-443
ZakOga1966: distribution, host, 82
ZakOga1967: distribution, host, 215