Valid Names Results
Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret, 1882) (Diaspididae: Ischnaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Mytilaspis longirostris Signoret 1882a: xxxv. Type data: FRANCE: glasshouse of the Museum of Paris, plant from Senegal, on Napoleona heudloti.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria; accepted valid name
- Ischnaspis filiformis Douglas 1887a: 21. Type data: UNITED KINGDOM: England, in conservatories of the Royal Botanic Society, on leaves of various palms Strychnos and Myristica. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1898, 109). Illustr.
- Ischnaspis piliformis Douglas, 1887; Riley & Howard 1893: 51. misspelling of species epithet
- Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret, 1882); Hempel 1900a: 509. change of combination
- Mytilaspis Ritzemae Bosi Leonardi 1901: 120. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, on Livistonia rutundifolia. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1935, 148).
- Lepidosaphes ritsemabosi (Leonardi, 1901); Fernald 1903b: 314. change of combination
- Ischnapsis longirostris; Meurgey 2011: 81. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- black line scale Cocker1897l
- black-thread scale Newste1910c
- black thread scale Blicke1965
- chermes longirostre KondoWa2022b
- cochinilla negra KondoWa2022b
- Kaffeekommaschildlaus KondoWa2022b
- koffiekommaluis KondoWa2022b
- kuro-ito-kaigaramushi KondoWa2022b
- shchitovka nitevidnaia KondoWa2022b
- swartdraad-dopluis KondoWa2022b
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 55 | Genera: 162
- Acanthaceae
- Eranthemum | Maxwel1902
- Justicia | Watson2002a
- Thunbergia | MillerDa2005
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum tinus | BenDov1974
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera | Lever1969 MillerDa2005
- Mangifera indica | Heu2002 Mamet1943a
- Spondias purpurea | ColonFMe1998
- Annonaceae
- Annona | Lever1969 MillerDa2005
- Annona cherimola | Mamet1943a
- Annona muricata | Mamet1943a
- Annona reticulata | Mamet1943a
- Artabotrys hexapetalus | CarnerPe1986 | (= artabotrys odoratissimus)
- Guatteria dumetorum | NormarOkMo2019
- Polyalthia longifolia | LitBa1994
- Apocynaceae
- Asclepias | MillerDa2005
- Landolphia | MillerDa2005
- Nerium oleander | CarnerPe1986
- Plumeria rubra | Mamet1943a | (= Plumeria acutifolia
- Tabernaemontana | MillerDa2005
- Tabernaemontana arborea | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Voacanga globosa | LitBa1994
- Araceae
- Anthurium scandens | ColonFMe1998
- Anubias | MillerDa2005
- Arum | MillerDa2005
- Dieffenbachia seguine | ColonFMe1998
- Monstera | BenDov1974 MillerDa2005
- Monstera deliciosa | ColonFMe1998 MestreHaEv2011
- Philodendron | MillerDa2005
- Syngonium auritum | ColonFMe1998
- Arecaceae
- Acrocomia | MillerDa2005
- Adonidia merrillii | LitBa1994 | (= Veitchia merrillii)
- Areca | Lever1969 MillerDa2005
- Arecaceae | Dougla1887a
- Arenga | MillerDa2005
- Attalea | Borchs1966
- Calamus | Borchs1966
- Caryota | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- Chamaedorea | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Chamaedorea seifrizii | MartinWoCu2022
- Chamaerops humilis | Archan1929
- Coccothrinax | MillerDa2005
- Cocos | MillerDa2005
- Cocos nucifera | Heu2002 Mamet1943a
- Dictyosperma | MillerDa2005
- Dictyosperma album | Mamet1943a
- Dypsis | Mamet1943a MillerDa2005 | (= Chrysalidocarpus)
- Dypsis lutescens | Heu2002 Mamet1943a | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Elaeis | Mamet1943a MillerDa2005
- Elaeis guineensis | BenDov1974
- Geonoma | Archan1929
- Heterospathe | MillerDa2005
- Howea | MillerDa2005
- Howea belmoreana | Archan1929 Mamet1949 | (= Kentia balmoreana)
- Howea forsteriana | Archan1929
- Hydriastele | MillerDa2005 | (= Gronophyllum)
- Hyophorbe | Borchs1966
- Hyophorbe indica | BenDov1974 | (= Areca lutescens)
- Iriartella | MillerDa2005
- Latania verschaffeltii | Archan1929 Mamet1943a | (= Latania aurea)
- Livistona | MillerDa2005
- Livistona chinensis | Mamet1949
- Nephrosperma van-houtteanum | Mamet1943a
- Nypa | MillerDa2005
- Nypa fruticans | Beards1966
- Phoenicophorium borsigianum | Mamet1943a | (= Stevensonia grandifolia)
- Phoenix | MillerDa2005
- Phoenix canariensis | CarnerPe1986
- Phoenix dactylifera | Mamet1949
- Phoenix reclinata | BenDov1974
- Phoenix roebelenii | CarnerPe1986
- Phoenix sylvestris | MartinWoCu2022
- Pritchardia | Heu2002 Lever1969 MillerDa2005
- Pritchardia martii | Archan1929 | (= Pritchardia gaudichaudii)
- Ptychosperma | Borchs1966 Borchs1966 | (= Actinophloeus)
- Ptychosperma macarthurii | Archan1929
- Raphia | Mamet1943a
- Raphia farinifera | Mamet1943a | (= Raphia ruffia)
- Rhopalostylis baueri | Archan1929
- Roscheria melanochaetes | Mamet1943a
- Roystonea | HodgsoHi1990 MillerDa2005
- Sabal | Archan1929 Borchs1966 Lever1969 MillerDa2005 | (= Inodes)
- Sabal minor | Archan1929 | (= Sabal adansonii)
- Sabal palmetto | Archan1929
- Salacca | Lever1969
- Saribus rotundifolius | Leonar1901 | (= Livistona rutundifolia)
- Serenoa repens | Archan1929 | (= Brahea serrulata)
- Syagrus flexuosa | Mamet1943a | (= Cocos flexuosa)
- Verschaffeltia splendida | Mamet1943a
- Wallichia | MillerDa2005
- Washingtonia | Lever1969 MillerDa2005
- Asparagaceae
- Agave americana | GhabboMo1996
- Asparagus | Mamet1943a MillerDa2005
- Asparagus aethiopicus | ColonFMe1998 | (= Asparagus sprengeri)
- Cordyline | Borchs1966
- Cordyline australis | BenDov1974 | (= Dracaena australis)
- Dracaena kirkii | Archan1929
- Asphodelaceae
- Aloe | BenDov1974
- Bromeliaceae
- Bromelia | MillerDa2005
- Vriesea | MillerDa2005
- Buxaceae
- Buxus | Borchs1966
- Calophyllaceae
- Mammea | Borchs1966
- Cannaceae
- Canna | MillerDa2005
- Capparaceae
- Calanthea | Mamet1943a
- Caprifoliaceae
- Lonicera | MillerDa2005
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia | Watson2002a
- Rheedia | Borchs1966
- Cucurbitaceae
- Sechium edule | ColonFMe1998
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | MillerDa2005
- Cyperaceae
- Cyperus | Borchs1966
- Davalliaceae
- Davallia solida | MartinWoCu2022 | var fejeensis (= Davallia fejeensis)
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros | BenDov1974 MillerDa2005
- Diospyros kaki | WilliaWa1988
- Euphorbiaceae
- Euphorbia | Borchs1966
- Fabaceae
- Acacia | MillerDa2005
- Acacia confusa | Beards1966
- Acacia mangium | LitBa1994
- Acacia oshanesii | MillerDa2005
- Amherstia | MillerDa2005
- Amherstia nobilis | LitBa1994
- Andira inermis | ColonFMe1998
- Bauhinia | MillerDa2005
- Bauhinia purpurea | NormarOkMo2019
- Brownea | MillerDa2005
- Coronilla | MillerDa2005
- Gliricidia | MillerDa2005
- Inga | MillerDa2005
- Inocarpus fagifer | Hinckl1963
- Mucuna | Watson2002a
- Garryaceae
- Aucuba | Borchs1966
- Gnetaceae
- Gnetum | Borchs1966
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia | MillerDa2005
- Heliconia latispatha | ColonFMe1998
- Iridaceae
- Dietes bicolor | Heu2002 | (= Moraea bicolor)
- Moraea | MillerDa2005
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum | Lever1969
- Cinnamomum verum | Mamet1943a | (= Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
- Litsea | Borchs1966
- Persea americana | CarnerPe1986
- Loganiaceae
- Strychnos | Dougla1887a
- Strychnos angolensis | MayneGh1934 | var. latifolia (= Strychnos cinnabarina)
- Strychnos nux-vomica | WilliaWa1988
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | Borchs1966
- Malvaceae
- Gossypium | BenDov1974
- Hibiscus | MillerDa2005
- Theobroma | Borchs1966
- Marantaceae
- Calathea | Borchs1966
- Maranta | MillerDa2005
- Thaumatococcus | JansenAl2023
- Marcgraviaceae
- Norantea | MillerDa2005
- Meliaceae
- Carapa | Watson2002a
- Guarea guidonia | ColonFMe1998
- Swietenia | MillerDa2005
- Swietenia macrophylla | ColonFMe1998
- Trichilia | Borchs1966
- Trichilia emetica | LagowsGoHo2022
- Trichilia hirta | MestreHaEv2011
- Monimiaceae
- Tambourissa parvifolia | Mamet1954
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- Ficus | CarnerPe1986 MillerDa2005
- Ficus benghalensis | Heu2002 Sankar1984
- Ficus benjamina | CarnerPe1986 | (= Ficus nitida)
- Ficus lutea | Mamet1943a | (= Ficus nautarum)
- Ficus microcarpa | ColonFMe1998
- Ficus pumila | ColonFMe1998
- Ficus variegata | MartinWoCu2022
- Musaceae
- Musa | Mamet1943a MillerDa2005
- Myristicaceae
- Myristica | Dougla1887a MillerDa2005
- Myrtaceae
- Eucalyptus | MillerDa2005
- Eugenia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Psidium guajava | Mamet1943a
- Napoleonaceae
- Napoleonaea | MillerDa2005 KondoWa2022b
- Napoleonaea heudelotii | Heu2002 Signor1882a
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum | Maxwel1902 MillerDa2005
- Jasminum sambac | Beards1966
- Ligustrum japonicum | Hinckl1963
- Olea europaea | MilleHeCa2016
- Orchidaceae
- Cattleya | MillerDa2005
- Caularthron | MillerDa2005
- Coelogyne | Borchs1966
- Grammatophyllum speciosum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Grammatophyllum papuanum)
- Odontoglossum | MillerDa2005
- Oncidium | MillerDa2005
- Schomburgkia | MillerDa2005
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | Borchs1966 Heu2002 MillerDa2005
- Piperaceae
- Piper nigrum | LitBa1994
- Rhamnaceae
- Ziziphus jujuba | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a
- Rosaceae
- Eriobotrya | MillerDa2005
- Prunus armeniaca | Watson2002a
- Rubus | MillerDa2005
- Rubiaceae
- Coffea | Lever1969 MillerDa2005
- Coffea arabica | Heu2002 Mamet1943a
- Coffea canephora | BenDov1974 | (= Coffea robusta)
- Gardenia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Genipa | Borchs1966
- Ixora | Mamet1943a MillerDa2005
- Ixora chinensis | MartinWoCu2022
- Portlandia | HodgsoHi1990
- Psychotria | Beards1966 MillerDa2005 | (= Cephaelis)
- Psychotria zombamontana | BenDov1974
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Lever1969 MillerDa2005
- Citrus aurantium | BenDov1974
- Citrus paradisi | ColonFMe1998
- Citrus sinensis | ColonFMe1998
- Sapindaceae
- Dimocarpus longan | Mamet1943a | (= Euphoria longana)
- Litchi | Lever1969 MillerDa2005
- Litchi chinensis | Heu2002 Mamet1943a Watson2002a | (= Nephelium litchi)
- Nephelium | MillerDa2005
- Nephelium ramboutan-ake | Mamet1943a
- Sapotaceae
- Labramia bojeri | MartinWoCu2022 | (= <>Mimusops thouarsii)
- Manilkara | MillerDa2005
- Manilkara zapota | Watson2002a
- Mimusops coriacea | Mamet1943a | (= Mimusops bojeri)
- Pouteria | Borchs1966 | (= Lucuma)
- Pouteria dominigensis | MestreHaEv2011
- Stemonuraceae
- Gonocaryum | MillerDa2005 KondoWa2022b
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia | MillerDa2005
- Theaceae
- Camellia | MillerDa2005
- Ulmaceae
- Chaetachme aristata | BenDov1974
- Verbenaceae
- Congea | MillerDa2005
- Duranta | MillerDa2005
- Lantana | MillerDa2005
- Stachytarpheta | Mamet1943a
Foes:
Families: 2 | Genera: 7
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis chrysomphali | HertinSi1972
- Coccophagus caridei | HertinSi1972
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus | Lever1969
- Chilocorus cacti | HertinSi1972
- Chilocorus distigma | VeseyF1938
- Chilocorus nigritus | DeBachRo1976
- Chilocorus wahlbergi | VeseyF1938
- Egius platycephalus | HertinSi1972
- Exochomus | Lever1969
- Exochomus flavipes | HertinSi1972
- Exochomus ventralis | HertinSi1972
- Pentilia castanea | HertinSi1972
- Scymnomorphus | HertinSi1972 Vinson1936
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 102
- Admiralty Islands | Takaha1939b
- Angola | FerraoCa1972
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | RileyHo1893
- Argentina | Autran1907
- Australia
- Northern Territory | Watson2002a
- Queensland | Watson2002a
- South Australia | Maskel1897a
- Bahamas | Watson2002a
- Barbados | Watson2002a | Watson2002a
- Belize | Watson2002a
- Bermuda | Ogilvi1928
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Beards1966
- Brazil
- Bahia | Watson2002a
- Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) | Watson2002a
- Espirito Santo | Watson2002a
- Minas Gerais | Watson2002a
- Para | Watson2002a
- Parana | Watson2002a
- Pernambuco | Watson2002a
- Rio Grande do Sul | GomesCRe1947
- Rio de Janeiro | MartinWoCu2022
- Santa Catarina | Watson2002a
- Sao Paulo | BenDov1974
- Cameroon | Watson2002a
- Canada
- Ontario | Jarvis1908TD
- Canary Islands | CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001 | Watson2002a
- Cape Verde | Fernan1999
- Christmas Island | NeumanODGu2016
- Colombia | KondoKa1995
- Cook Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Costa Rica | Watson2002a
- Cuba | Ballou1926 MestreHaEv2011
- Czech Republic | KondoWa2022b
- Czechoslovakia | Zahrad1953
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | MayneGh1934
- Denmark | KozarzRe1975
- Dominican Republic | Watson2002a
- Ecuador | Yust1958
- Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Hall1922
- El Salvador | Berry1959
- Eritrea | BenDov1974
- Ethiopia | BenDov1974
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Caroline Islands | Dumble1954
- Fiji | OConno1949
- France | DanzigPe1998 FoldiGe2018
- French Guiana | KondoWa2022b
- French Polynesia
- Tahiti | WilliaWa1988
- Galapagos Islands | LincanHoCa2010
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017
- Germany | Watson2002a
- Ghana | Watson2002a
- Grenada | Cocker1897l
- Guadeloupe | Balach1957c
- Guam | Beards1966
- Guatemala | Hamilt1967
- Guiana | GermaiDeLa2016
- Guinea | BenDov1974
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | McInti1889
- Hawaiian Islands | MillerDa2005
- Hawaii | Heu2002
- Kauai | Heu2002
- Lanai | Heu2002
- Maui | Heu2002
- Molokai | Heu2002
- Niihau | Nishid2002
- Oahu | Heu2002 Kirkal1904b
- India
- Karnataka | Watson2002a
- Kerala | KondoWa2022b
- Indonesia
- Irian Jaya | KondoWa2022b
- Java | Leonar1901
- Ireland | Green1934d
- Italy | LongoMaPe1995
- Sicily | KondoWa2022b
- Jamaica | Cocker1892a
- Japan | Craw1896
- Kenya | DeLott1967a
- Madagascar | Mamet1954
- Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011
- Malaysia
- Malaya | BenDov1974
- Martinique | Kerveg1932
- Mauritius | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988
- Mexico | GonzalAt1984 MillerDa2005
- Chiapas | PadillMaNa2016
- Ciudad de México | PadillMaNa2016
- Morelos | PadillMaNa2016
- Nuevo Leon | PadillMaNa2016
- Nuevo Leon | PadillMaNa2016
- Oaxaca | PadillMaNa2016
- Sinaloa | PadillMaNa2016
- Veracruz | PadillMaNa2016
- Mozambique | Almeid1973
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- New Caledonia | Watson2002a
- Nicaragua | KondoWa2022b
- Nigeria | Mamet1943a
- Northern Mariana Islands
- Saipan Island | Beards1966
- Palau | Takaha1936c
- Panama | Cocker1899n
- Papua New Guinea | Giliom1966
- Peru | JansenAl2023
- Philippines | Suh2016
- Luzon | LitBa1994
- Portugal | Seabra1918 | FrancoRuMa2011
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | Maxwel1902
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1957 WilliaWi1988
- Russia | KondoWa2022b
- Saint Croix | Nakaha1983
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | KondoWa2022b
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Principe | Simmon1969
- Sao Tome | Laing1928
- Senegal | Signor1882a
- Seychelles | VeseyF1940
- Sierra Leone | BenDov1974
- Singapore | Watson2002a
- Slovakia | KondoWa2022b
- Solomon Islands | BenDov1974
- South Africa | Brain1920
- Sri Lanka | Green1922 Varshn2002
- Suriname | Bunzli1935 Dinthe1958
- Sweden | Ossian1959
- Taiwan | Watson2002a
- Tanzania | Ritchi1928
- Tonga | WilliaWa1988
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | Cocker1893j
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983
- Uganda | Newste1910c
- United Kingdom
- England | Dougla1887a
- United States
- California | Essig1915a Gill1997 MillerDa2005
- Connecticut | Britto1920 MillerDa2005
- District of Columbia | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- Florida | Ferris1937 MillerDa2005
- Georgia | Ferris1937 MillerDa2005
- Illinois | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- Louisiana | Barber1910 MillerDa2005
- Maryland | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- Massachusetts | King1899d MillerDa2005
- Missouri | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- New Jersey | MillerDa2005 Weiss1915
- New York | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- Ohio | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
- Oklahoma | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005 Trimbl1928
- Tennessee | MillerDa2005
- Virginia | MillerDa2005
- Wisconsin | KondoWa2022b
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | Chazea1981
- Venezuela | Giliom1966
- Western Samoa | WilliaWa1988
- Zambia | KondoWa2022b
- Zanzibar | Green1916a | Watson2002a
- Zimbabwe | Hall1928
Keys
- RamosPeKo2017: pp.8145-8152 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Diaspididae on Citrus spp. from Colombia]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-32 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20-21 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
- Koszta1996: pp.409 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the genera of the subfamily Diaspidinae]
- WolffCo1993a: pp.153 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspidid species on mango in Brazil]
- Matile1982: pp.68 ( ) [Key to species of Ischnaspis]
- BenDov1974: pp.28 ( ) [Key to sepcies of Ischnaspis]
- Danzig1971d: pp.841 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of the family Diaspididae]
- Fullaw1932: pp.96 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Hawaiian Diaspinae]
Remarks
- Systematics: The elongate body, combined with paucity of dorsal ducts, the coarse reticulations of the pygidial dorsum, the large and widely separated median lobes, the pronounced sclerosis at the basis of the second lobes, together with the very small clusters of the perivulvar pores, are very distinctive (Ferris, 1937).
- Structure: Female scale black, anterior apex which incorporates the larval exuviae yellow, 1.4-3.0 mm long and 0.3-0.4 mm wide. Adult female narrow and elongate (Ben-Dov, 1974). Exposed body of adult female cream to yellowish; eggs yellowish to orange; crawlers yellow. Despite their small size, heavy infestations are often conspicuous (Kondo & Watson 2022).
- Biology: Vesey-Fitzgerald (1940) studied the life history of black thread scale in the Seychelles and found that females produced from 20 to 30 eggs each. Eggs hatch soon after being laid and crawlers settle to feed in about 24 hours. The second instar appears in about 3 days. Development proceeds throughout the year. Brown (1965) reported that this species is parthenogenetic. Vesey FitzGerald (1940) studied the life history of black thread scale in the Seychelles and found that females produced 20 to 30 eggs each. Eggs hatch soon after being laid, and crawlers settle to feed in about 24 hours. The second instar appears in about 3 days. Development proceeds throughout the year. Brown (1965) reported that this species is parthenogenetic. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. According to Dekle (1977) the black thread scale is occasionally a serious pest of palms and greenhouse plants in Florida. Martorell (1940) found it causing heavy chlorosis and defoliation of Honduras mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in Puerto Rico. Bondar (1924) reported the black thread scale as a pest of coffee in Brazil. In Guam it was noted as a pest of mango by Swezey (1936). In the Seychelles, Vesey FitzGerald (1940) recorded it as a serious pest of: Annona reticulata, A. cherimolia, Musa (all varieties), cinnamon, Coffea robusta, litchi, mango, oil palm, Raphia, Zizyphus jujuba. He did not find any effective parasites or predators. DeBach and Rosen (1976) later reported that the introduced coccinellids Chilocorus nigritus (Fabricius) and C. distigma (Klug) achieved complete control of the black thread scale on these islands. It also is reported as a greenhouse pest in many parts of the world (Burger and Ulenberg 1990), and is a pest of coconut in Malaysia (Chua and Wood 1990), of oil palms in India (Dhileepan 1992), of mango and avocado in the Canary Islands (Perez Guerra 1986), and of coffee in Mexico (Ibarra-Nunez 1990). Beardsley and González (1975) consider this scale to be one of 43 serious armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a serious world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- General Remarks: Detailed redescriptions and illustrations by Balachowsky (1954e) and Ben-Dov (1974). Color photograph in Kondo & Watson (2022a).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 35
- Ali1970: catalog, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 18-19
- Almeid1973: distribution, host, 4
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997-1003
- Archan1929: distribution, host, 196
- Arnett1985: economic importance, 241
- Autran1907: distribution, host, 154
- Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 135-139
- Balach1957c: distribution, host, 200
- Ballou1926: catalog, distribution, host, 26-27
- Ballou1945: distribution, host, 93
- Barber1910: distribution, host, 425
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 259
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 533-534
- Beatty1944: distribution, host, 127
- Bedfor1998a: distribution, economic importance, host, 160
- BenDov1974: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 20-23
- BentleBa1931: economic importance, 26
- Berry1959: distribution, host, 229
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 11
- Blicke1965: taxonomy, 289, 310
- Bodkin1914: distribution, economic importance, 117
- Borchs1937: distribution, taxonomy, 80
- Borchs1937a: distribution, taxonomy, 111
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 201
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 78
- Brain1920: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 107-108
- Brain1929: distribution, host, 144
- Britto1920: distribution, host, 66
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, 379-380
- Bunzli1935: distribution, host, 526, 573
- Butche1959: distribution, host, 364
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 42
- CharleHe2002: distribution, 608
- Chazea1981: distribution, 14
- Cocker1892a: distribution, host, 55
- Cocker1893: distribution, host, 17
- Cocker1893j: distribution, host, 256
- Cocker1896d: distribution, 307
- Cocker1897l: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 150
- Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 31
- Cocker1902p: distribution, host,
- Cohic1956: distribution, host, 20, 59
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 101-102
- Compto1930: taxonomy, 69
- CostaL1942: distribution, 273
- Craw1896: distribution, host, 40
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 841
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 277
- Davis1896: distribution, economic importance, 35
- DeBachRo1976: biological control, distribution, 144
- DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 116
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 11, 75
- Dinthe1950: biological control, distribution, host, 49
- Dinthe1958: distribution, 421
- Dinthe1960: distribution, host, 49
- Dougla1887a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 21
- Dumble1954: distribution, 1-202
- Dupont1931: distribution, host, M-205
- Esaki1940: host, 413
- Esaki1940a: distribution, economic importance, 277, 279
- Essig1915a: distribution, host, 190
- FeltMo1928: distribution, host, 202
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 314, 318
- Fernan1999: distribution, host, 86
- FerraoCa1972: distribution, 28
- Ferris1936a: illustration, taxonomy, 22, 62
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-67
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 12,24
- Frogga1914: description, distribution, taxonomy, 876
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, taxonomy, 48
- Fullaw1932: distribution, host, 96
- Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
- GermaiDeLa2016: host, list of species, 3
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 23
- GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 348
- Ghesqu1927: distribution, host, 313
- Giliom1966: catalog, distribution, host, 424
- Gill1997: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 165-166
- GomesCRe1947: distribution, host, 171
- GomezM1967G: distribution, host, 95
- GonzalAt1984: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 214, 218, 221
- Goot1912: distribution, host, 288
- Gowdey1913: distribution, host, 249
- Gowdey1917: distribution, host, 189
- Gowdey1921: distribution, host, 34
- GreathPo1977: biological control, distribution, 268
- Green1916a: distribution, host, 376
- Green1922: distribution, host, 464
- Green1930b: distribution, taxonomy, 214
- Green1934d: taxonomy, 112
- GreveIs1983: distribution, host, 18
- Hall1922: distribution, host, taxonomy, 37
- Hall1926a: distribution, host, 30, 38, 40
- Hall1928: distribution, host, 278
- Hall1946a: taxonomy, 522, 547
- Hamilt1967: distribution, 1409-1413
- Hartma1916: taxonomy, 108
- Hempel1900a: distribution, host, 509
- Hempel1904: distribution, host, 323
- Henrik1921: distribution, host, 315
- HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, 181
- Heu2002: distribution, host, 33
- HillNe1982: distribution, 228
- Hinckl1963: distribution, host, 47
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 26,34
- Jarvis1908TD: distribution, host, 52-53
- Kalsho1981: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 175
- Kawai1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 257
- KawaiMaUm1971: distribution, host, 22
- Kerveg1932: distribution, host, 1671
- King1899d: distribution, host, 252
- Kirkal1904b: distribution, host, 157
- Kondo2010: distribution, host, illustration, 1-3
- KondoKa1995: distribution, host, 56
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 17
- KondoWa2022l: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 491
- Koning1908: distribution, taxonomy, 4
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 515-516
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 84
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, host, 33
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 202
- Kuwana1925: distribution, host, 3
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 10
- Laing1928: distribution, host, 215
- Leonar1901: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 120
- Leonar1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 29, 48-51
- Leonar1914: taxonomy, 222
- Lever1969: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, 49-50
- LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 5
- Lindin1909b: taxonomy, 224
- Lindin1911: taxonomy, 379
- LitBa1994: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 378-379, 383
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 127
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 149
- Lounsb1921: distribution, host, 276
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 291
- Malump2012b: distribution, 213
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 161-162
- Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 38, 39
- Mamet1952: distribution, host, 171
- Mamet1954: distribution, host, 18
- Mamet1957: distribution, 369
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 5
- Maskel1897a: distribution, host, 242
- Matile1982: taxonomy, 70
- MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
- Maxwel1902: distribution, host, 253-254
- MayneGh1934: distribution, host, 35
- McInti1889: distribution, host, 353
- Medler1980: distribution, 89
- Merril1953: distribution, host, taxonomy, 51
- MerrilCh1923: distribution, host, taxonomy, 238
- MestreHaEv2011: distribution, host, 12
- Meurge2011: distribution, 81
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 140
- Miller2005: distribution, 487
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 302
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 238
- MiskimBo1970: host, 30-31
- Morgan1889a: distribution, host, 349-350
- Mosque1976: distribution, host, 43, 89
- MunroFo1936: catalog, distribution, host, 88
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 44
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 12
- Newste1898: distribution, host, taxonomy, 94
- Newste1901b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 210
- Newste1906: distribution, host, 71
- Newste1907a: distribution, host, 15
- Newste1910c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 199
- Newste1914: taxonomy, 311
- Nishid2002: catalog, 141
- NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 23,37
- Nur1971: taxonomy, 303
- OConno1949: distribution, host, 88
- OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 39
- Ogilvi1928: distribution, host, 28
- Ossian1959: distribution, host, 200
- PadillMaNa2016: distribution, host, 557
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, host, 502
- Pelot1950: distribution, host, 17
- PerezG2008: distribution, 215
- PerezGCa1985: distribution, 316
- PetersHaMo2020s1: DNA, distribution, host,
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 349
- RamosPeKo2017: illustration, key, 8148, 8149
- RileyHo1893: distribution, host, 51
- Ritchi1928: distribution, host, 37
- RodrigNaVa2019: distribution, host, 468
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Ruther1914: distribution, host, c12
- Saakya1954: distribution, host, 28
- Samway1984: biological control, 99
- Sankar1984: biological control, distribution, host, 28
- Schmut1959: distribution, host, taxonomy, 170
- Seabra1918: distribution, host, 164
- Seabra1921: distribution, host, 100
- Signor1882a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, xxxv
- SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, distribution, host, 175
- Simmon1957: catalog, distribution, host, 4
- Simmon1969: distribution, host, 20
- South1910: biological control, ecology, 19
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 315, 327
- Sweetm1958: biological control, distribution, 453
- Takaha1936c: distribution, host, 117
- Takaha1939b: distribution, host, 266
- TavareLiGo2018: host, 324
- Trench1926: distribution, host, 157
- Trimbl1928: distribution, host, 47
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 49
- Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 431
- VeseyF1938: biological control, distribution, 188
- VeseyF1940: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 259-262
- Vinson1936: biological control, 26
- Ward1890: economic importance, 305
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2002a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
- Watson2021: distribution, 523
- Weiss1915: distribution, host, 102
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 226
- WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 95
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 421-143
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 68
- Wilson1917: distribution, host, 9
- Wise1977: distribution, 109
- WongChCh1999: distribution, illustration, 27, 68
- YunusHo1980: distribution, host, 34
- Yust1958: distribution, host, 76, 95, 120
- YustCe1956: distribution, host, 436, 432
- Zahrad1953: distribution, host, 140
- Zahrad1990c: distribution, host, 16
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 165
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, 404
