Valid Names Results

Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmelin, 1790) (Coccidae: Toumeyella)

Nomenclatural History

• Coccus liriodendron Goeze 1778: 343. Type data: ENGLAND: living on a tulip tree that has been imported from the U.S.A.. Syntypes, unknown, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by WilliaKo2009, 69). Notes: Williams & Kondo (2009: 69) designated this name as a nomen oblitum.
• Coccus liriodendri Gmelin 1790: 2220. Type data: U.S.A.: Alabama, Auburn, 32°36'50''N, 85°28'50''W, 2.v.2006, coll. T. Kondo, ex Liriodendron tulipifera.. Neotype, female, by subsequent designation (KondoWi2008,1-5). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name Notes: Williams & Kondo (2009: 69) designated this species as nomen protectum. Gmelin's type material probably lost, see Sanders (1909a), Kondo & Williams (2008), Williams & Kondo (2009). The collection data in the original description by Gmelin (1790) reads "EUROPE: on Liriodendron trees imported from America. Illustr.
• Lecanium tulipiferae Cook 1878: 192. Type data: U.S.A.: Michigan, Lansing, on tulip tree.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by King1902b, 59).
• Lecanium liriodendri (Gmelin, 1790); Cockerell 1899h: 271. change of combination
• Eulecanium liriodendri (Gmelin, 1790); Fernald 1903b: 190. change of combination
• Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmelin, 1790); Sanders 1909a: 447. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; change of combination
• Lecanium (Toumeyella) liriodendri; Pettit & McDaniel 1920: 10. subsequent use
• Toumeyyella liriodendri; Turguter & Ülgentürk 2007: 316. misspelling of genus name

Common Names

• tulip tree scale Gill1988 HamonWi1984
• Escama blanda del tulípero KondoGa2022AP

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 10 | Genera: 15

Foes:

Families: 5 | Genera: 8

Associates:

Families: 1 | Genera: 1

Geographic Distribution

Keys

• Koszta1996: pp.391 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
• Gill1988: pp.111 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, California]
• HamonWi1984: pp.117 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, Florida]
• WilliaKo1972: pp.159 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, Virginia]

Remarks

• Systematics: In order to clarify the taxonomic status and to preserve the stability of this species, a neotype was designated by Kondo & Williams (2008) for the tuliptree scale: Coccus liriodendri Gmelin (now Toumeyella liriodendri). The adult female of this scale insect was redescribed and illustrated from newly collected specimens in its native range and on its type host, the tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliales: Magoliaceae). Gmelin (1790: 2220) listed this species as Coccus liriodendri on Liriodendron tulipifera L. and quoted an article by Hill (1752) who had described the species from England as living on a tulip tree that had been imported from the U.S.A. earlier. The article quoted by Gmelin is in German and was actually a translation of an English article by Hill (1752) but, nevertheless, the action by Gmelin validated the name. Williams & Kondo (2009) found that Goeze (1778: 343) listed the species Coccus liriodendron and quoted the article by Hill (1753) thus also validating the name as Coccus liriodendron Goeze. We regard the specific name liriodendron to be a noun in apposition and sufficiently different from the genitive singular specific name liriodendri coined by Gmelin. There is no evidence that Gmelin knew that Goeze had used a similar name previously. Williams & Kondo (2009), therefore, assumed that Goeze and Gmelin proposed similar names independently for the same organism, so that these names are synonyms. The combination Coccus liriodendron Goeze has never been used or listed in subsequent scale insect literature since Goeze described the species in 1778. On the other hand the name Coccus liriodendri Gmelin and its later combination Toumeyella liriondendri (Gmelin) have been widely used in the U.S.A. in taxonomic and economic literature, and the species is well known as a destructive pest on Liriodendron and Magnolia (both Magnoliaceae). Williams & Kondo (2009), therefore, regarded that the older name Coccus liriodendron Goeze to be a nomen oblitum and the name Coccus liriodendri Gmelin to be a nomen protectum. To comply with the provisions of Article 23.9.1.1. of The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999) Williams & Kondo (2009) regarded the older name Coccus liriodendron Goeze to be a nomen oblitum because the name has not been used since 1899, and regarded the younger name Coccus liriodendri Gmelin to be the valid name and to be a nomen protectum.
• Structure: Colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988) and by Kondo & Williams (2008). Amino acids and sugars in honeydew identified by Burns & Donley (1970). Body subcircular, convex, elevated at mid-dorsum, flattening towards margin; orange, heavily mottled or darkly tessellated in greyish blue or greyish green, mid-dorsum usually very lightly or not mottled. Slide-mounted adult female body oval, narrowing anteriorly, often asymetrical when developed in crowded spaces, 2.5–4.5 mm long, 1.8–4.2 mm wide, anal cleft about 1/5 of body length. Dorsal setae sharply spinose, straight or slightly curved, scattered evenly on dorsum. Dorsal microducts with a single opening and a long terminal filament, scattered throughout dorsum. (Kondo & Garonna, 2022)
• Biology: Develops one annual generation in eastern USA (Burns & Donley, 1970); Simpson & Lambdin (1983). Tuliptree scales overwinter as immatures on twigs and evergreen leaves. With the onset of warm weather the nymphs begin more actively feeding on the host’s phloem, and mature during the spring. Males emerge in June to mate with females. Females produce thousands of offspring from late August to early autumn. In the extreme southern parts of its range, like Florida, life stages may overlap and all stages can be found during the winter. (Borden & Dale, 2016)
• Economic Importance: A pest of Yellow-poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera in eastren USA (Burns & Donley, 1970). Large tuliptree scale populations weaken or may kill young trees, but populations as few as 38 individuals have been reported to kill two-year-old trees. (Borden & Dale, 2016)
• General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Kosztarab 1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1984), Kosztarab (1996) and by Kondo & Williams (2008). The record of T. liriodendri on Cephalantus sp. could be a misidentification of Neotoumeyella cephalanthi Kondo and Williams, a common species on that host (Kondo and Williams 2009). The record of T. liriodendr on coffee roots in Guatemala (Barrera 2008), is likely a misidentification (Kondo 2013). Hamon and Williams (1984) listed Ascyrum spp. and Hypericum cistifolium (Clusiaceae) as hosts of T. liriodendri, however, these are likely records of an undescribed species (M. L. Williams, pers. comm. in Kondo and González 2014). (Kondo and González, 2018)

Illustrations

Citations