Valid Names Results

Kerria Targioni Tozzetti, 1884 (Tachardiidae (= Kerriidae))

Nomenclatural History

• Laccifer Oken 1815: 430. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr by monotypy and original designation . unavailable name that is placed (discovered by Lindin1933b: 228) Notes: Kirkaldy (1906) first noted the priority of Laccifer Oken, 1815 (type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, 1782) over Tachardia R. Blanchard, 1886c, but it was Cockerell (1924) who formally introduced the family-group name Lacciferidae and used it to replace Tachardiidae. Chamberlin (1925) accepted Cockerell's changes and Lacciferidae was subsequently used in lac insect taxonomy. However, Lindinger (1933b) pointed out that the names in Oken (1815) were not consistently binomial, hence invalid, and therefore restored Tachardia Blanchard. Oken's (1815) book was intensively studied by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and an informal opinion was published (ICZN, 1954) which actually supported Lindinger's (1933b) conclusion. The ICZN (1954) opinion invalidated Laccifer, hence also the family-group name Lacciferidae. Nevertheless, several scale insect students continued to use Lacciferidae (e.g. Ferris, 1955a; Kapur, 1958; Munting, 1965a; Wang et al., 1982).
• Carteria Signoret 1874: 101. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr by monotypy and original designation . synonym and homonym (discovered by Fernal1903b: 123) Notes: (preoccupied in Protozoa)
• Kerria Targioni Tozzetti 1884: 410. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr by monotypy . accepted valid name
• Tachardia Blanchard 1886c: lxii. . replacement name that is a synonym (discovered by Chambe1925JC: 33)
• Tachardia (Tachardia) Blanchard, 1886; Chamberlin 1923: 165. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr by monotypy and original designation . change in status (level)
• Lakshadia Mahdihassan 1923: 98. Type species: Lakshadia indica Mahdihassan by monotypy . (= Coccus lacca, Kerr ) replacement name that is unjustified (discovered by MorrisMo1966: 103)
• Lackshadia Mahdihassan 1931d: 296;. by present designation . misspelling of genus name
• Kerria (Chamberlinia) Varshney 1984b: 365. Type species: Tachardia greeni Chamberlin by original designation . junior homonym (discovered by Varshn1987a: 361)
• Kerria (Chamberliniella) Varshney 1987a: 361. by present designation . replacement name Notes: for Kerria (Chamberlinia) Varshney, 1984.

Remarks

• Systematics: The name Laccifer Oken, 1815, antedated Tachardia Blanchard in Signoret, 1886c, but this priority was first noted by Kirkaldy (1906) and accepted by Cockerell (1924) and by Chamberlin (1925). Lindinger (1933b) pointed out that the principles of binominal nomenclature were not consistently applied in Oken (1815). The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature studied the case of Oken Lehrbuch and published an informal opinion (Hemming, 1954) which seems to confirm Lindinger's (1933b) finding. Morrison & Morrison (1966: 101) concluded that stability in lac insect nomenclature will not be disturbed by the removal of Laccifer, since several name changes have already been made, from Carteria to Tachardia to Laccifer to Kerria. In addition, many species already described in Tachardia have been transferred to other genera. Morrison & Morrison's (1966) interpretation is followed in this catalogue.

  A detailed study of the type specimens and the other identified material of Kerria by Ahmad, et al., 2013 indicate that there is much overlap of character states among the two subgenera. Kerria and Chamberliniella. In particular, the presence of star pores, abbreviated supra-anal plate, sessile brachia with ill-defined dimples, and convoluted marginal duct clusters are not exclusive to the subgenus Chamberliniella but have been observed also in some species placed in subgenus Kerria. It appears, therefore, that the subgeneric divisions of Chamberliniella and Kerria overlap and therefore that the subgeneric classification of Kerria (Kerria) and Kerria (Chamberliniella) need to be revised.

• Biology: Lac insects are gregarious in nature and settle in close proximity. Hence, density of settlement has a bearing on lac yield. Higher density of settlement results either in increased mortality due to insufficient availability of space and nutrition or a higher male population, which ultimately affects lac yield. (Sharma & Kandasamy, 2023)
• Economic Importance: Varshney (1984b) indicated that the species belonging to the sub-genus Kerria (Chamberlinia) were considered unsuitable for lac production. Quality of the secreted resin due to the presence of dye differed significantly among various stocks of lac insects. Kusmi strain of K. lacca produced the lightest colored resin whereas that produced by K. chinensis and K. sharda insects was the darkest. (Sharma & Kandasamy, 2023)
• General Remarks: Definition and characters by Green (1922), Varshney (1976; 1984b) and by Mishra & Sushil (2000). Varshney (1984b) provided characters for separating this subgenus Kerria (Chamberliniella) from Kerria (Kerria).

Keys

• KondoGu2007: pp.5-6 ( Adult (F) ) [Genera of Kerriidae]
• KondoGu2005: pp.403 ( Adult (F) ) [genera of Kerriidae]
• MishraSu2000: pp.216-217 ( Adult (F) ) [India]
• Varshn1984b: pp.367 ( Adult (F) ) [Oriental region]
• Varshn1976: pp.14 ( Adult (F) ) [Genera of Tachardiinae ]
• Varshn1976: pp.20-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of India]
• Kapur1958: pp.8 ( Adult (F) ) [World]

Associated References

• Ali1970: catalog, taxonomy, pp. 63
• BashirWaLi2021: distribution, host, key, pp.
• BenDov2006b: catalog, taxonomy, pp. 257-258, 260
• BenDovLi1998: taxonomy, pp. 455-456
• Berles1896: taxonomy, pp. 66
• Blanch1883: taxonomy, pp. 248
• Chambe1923: description, taxonomy, pp. 164-165
• Chambe1925JC: taxonomy, pp. 33-34
• Cocker1924: taxonomy, pp. 47
• Comsto1882: taxonomy, pp. 209
• Fernal1903b: pp. 123
• Ferris1937: taxonomy, pp. 5
• Green1896e: taxonomy, pp. 17
• Green1922: description, taxonomy, pp. 402-406
• GullanCo2001: phylogeny, taxonomy, pp. 91-99
• GullanKo2008: taxonomy, pp. 63-70
• Hemmin1954: taxonomy, pp. 193-201
• Kapur1958: catalog, taxonomy, pp. 13-23
• Kirkal1905: taxonomy, pp. 78
• Kirkal1906: taxonomy, pp. 247-249
• KondoGu2005: taxonomy, pp. 403
• KondoGu2007: taxonomy, pp. 5-6
• KosztaBeKo1986: taxonomy, pp. 9
• KozarDr1998l: pp. 453
• Lindin1933a: taxonomy, pp. 166
• Lindin1933b: taxonomy, pp. 228
• Lindin1937: taxonomy, pp. 187
• LitGu2001: taxonomy, pp. 119-126
• MacGil1921: taxonomy, pp. 153-154
• Mahdih1923: taxonomy, pp. 98
• Mahdih1931d: taxonomy, pp. 296
• Mahdih1935a: taxonomy, pp. 365-366
• Maskel1895b: taxonomy, pp. 70
• MishraSu2000: description, taxonomy, pp. 215-217
• Morris1920: taxonomy, pp. 178
• MorrisMo1966: taxonomy, pp. 30, 98-103, 191
• Oken1815: taxonomy, pp. 425
• Russel1970: taxonomy, pp. 11
• SharmaKa2023: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, pp.
• SharmaRa1999: catalog, taxonomy, pp. 439-440
• SharmaRa1999: catalog, taxonomy, pp. 440
• Signor1874: description, taxonomy, pp. 101-105
• Signor1877: catalog, taxonomy, pp. 657
• Signor1886c: taxonomy, pp. lxii
• Takaha1941: taxonomy, pp. 138
• Tao1999: taxonomy, pp. 48
• Targio1884: taxonomy, pp. 410
• Targio1885: taxonomy, pp. 106
• Varshn1966: taxonomy, pp. 116-118
• Varshn1970: catalog, pp. i-vi
• Varshn1976: description, taxonomy, pp. 19-22
• Varshn1977: taxonomy, pp. 14-15,19-22
• Varshn1984b: description, taxonomy, pp. 366-368,382-383
• Varshn1987a: taxonomy, pp. 361-362
• Varshn1999: taxonomy, pp. 61-62
• Varshn2009: catalog, pp. 6, 7
• Varshn2020: distribution, taxonomy, pp. 7
• Willia1969a: taxonomy, pp. 327-328
• Zhang1992Z: taxonomy, pp. 386-387
• Zhang1993a: taxonomy, pp. 273

29 Species