Valid Names Results
Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green, 1908) (Pseudococcidae: Rastrococcus)Nomenclatural History
- Phenacoccus iceryoides Green 1908a: 26. Type data: INDIA: Gujarat, Surat on Capparis horrida. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia1989,448). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Dactylopius (Pseudococcus) obtusus Newstead 1911a: 164. Type data: GERMAN EAST AFRICA [= TANZANIA]: Tanga, on baobabrinde [= baobab bark]. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Willia1989,448). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Green1922, 391).
- Phenacoccus obtusus (Newstead, 1911); Lindinger 1913: 67. change of combination
- Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green, 1908); Ferris 1954a: 55. change of combination
- Ceroputo iceryoides (Green, 1908); Lindinger 1958: 372. change of combination
- Rastrococcus cappariae Avasthi & Shafee 1983: 103. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Aligarh, Naqvi Park on Capparis sepiaria. Holotype, female, Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India; junior synonym (discovered by Willia1989, 448). Illustr.
- Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green, 1908); Williams 1989. revived combination (previously published)
- Phenococcus iceroides Patil et al. 2011: 693. lapsus calami
- Rostrococcus iceryoides; Amin, et al. 2015: 220. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- Cochinilla harinosa algodonosa KondoSaWa2022
- mango mealybug KondoSaWa2022
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 33 | Genera: 86
- Anacardiaceae
- Lannea coromandelica | BenDov1994 GalaniWa2012 Willia1989 | (= Lannea wodier),(= Odina wodier)
- Mangifera | Ali1968 BenDov1994
- Mangifera indica | BenDov1994 Green1908a Willia2004a SiriseWaHe2013
- Sorindeia madagascariensis | TangaEkGo2016
- Annonaceae
- Annona muricata | TangaEkGo2016
- Annona senegalensis | TangaEkGo2016
- Annona squamosa | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Annona stenophylla | TangaEkGo2016
- Apocynaceae
- Alstonia scholaris | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Apocynaceae | Willia2004a
- Plumeria rubra | BenDov1994 Willia1989 | (= Plumeria acutifolia)
- Arecaceae
- Areca catechu | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Asteraceae
- Aldama excelsa | Willia2004a | (= Helianthus excelsus)
- Viguiera excelsa | Willia2004a
- Bignoniaceae
- Bignonia magnifica | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Burseraceae
- Boswellia | BenDov1994 Green1908a Willia2004a
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum inophyllum | BenDov1994 Willia1989
- Capparaceae
- Capparis divaricata | BenDov1994 Green1908a Willia2004a | (= Capparis horrida)
- Capparis sepiaria | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Combretaceae
- Terminalia arjuna | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Cucurbitaceae
- Cucurbita pepo | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Euphorbiaceae
- Codiaeum | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Croton | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Euphorbia | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Mallotus | BenDov1994 Ferris1954a
- Fabaceae
- Albizia lucidor | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a | (= Albizia lucida)
- Albizia procera | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Albizia saman | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a | (= Pithecellobium saman)
- Archidendron jiringa | Willia2004a | (= Pithecellobium lobatum)
- Biancaea decapetala | TangaEkGo2016 | (= Caesalpinia sepiaria)
- Caesalpinia | BenDov1994 Willia1989
- Cajanus | Ali1968 BenDov1994
- Cajanus cajan | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Cassia | Ali1968 BenDov1994
- Cassia fistula | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Centrosema | Ali1968 BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Crotalaria | Ali1968 BenDov1994
- Dalbergia melanoxylon | TangaEkGo2016
- Dalbergia peltieri | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Delonix regia | BenDov1994 Willia1989 | (= Caesalpinia regia)
- Derris | Ali1968 BenDov1994
- Derris malaccensis | BenDov1994 Willia1989
- Dialium holtzii | TangaEkGo2016
- Erythrina variegata | BenDov1994 Willia1989 | (= Erythrina indica)
- Falcataria moluccana | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a | (= Albizia falcataria)
- Indigofera spicata | TangaEkGo2016
- Lablab purpureus | BenDov1994 SinhaSaDi1985 Willia1989 Willia2004a | (= Dolichos lablab), (= Lablab niger)
- Lonchocarpus nicou | Willia2004a
- Millettia pinnata | MangalSuNa2012 | (= Pongamia pinnata)
- Parkinsonia aculeata | BenDov1994 TangaEkGo2016 Willia1989
- Psoralea corylifolia | SahuJoGa2019
- Samanea saman | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Tephrosia candida | BenDov1994 GalaniWa2012 Green1922
- Lamiaceae
- Callicarpa tomentosa | BenDov1994 Green1922 | (= Callicarpa lanata)
- Clerodendrum johnstonii | TangaEkGo2016
- Tectona grandis | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Vitex | Ali1968 BenDov1994
- Vitex pinnata | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a | (= Vitex pubescens)
- Magnoliaceae
- Michelia | Ali1968 BenDov1994
- Malvaceae
- Ceiba pentandra | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Willia2004a | (= Bombax anfractuosum)
- Clappertonia ficifolia | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a | (= Honkenya ficifolia)
- Durio zibethinus | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Gossypium | Ali1968 BenDov1994 SinhaSaDi1985 Willia2004a
- Gossypium gossypioides | TangaGhTo2021
- Gossypium hirsutum | BenDov1994 DeLott1964 Willia2004a
- Grewia | Willia2004a
- Heliocarpus americanus | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Hibiscus mutabilis | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | SinhaSaDi1985 Willia2004a
- Theobroma cacao | Ali1968 BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Thespesia | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | TangaEkGo2016
- Ficus | Ali1968 BenDov1994
- Ficus amplissima | BenDov1994 SinhaSaDi1985 Willia1989 Willia2004a | (= Ficus indica)
- Ficus benghalensis | TangaEkGo2016
- Ficus grossularioides | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a | (= Ficus alba)
- Ficus vallis-choudae | TangaEkGo2016
- Morus alba | TangaEkGo2016
- Musaceae
- Musa | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Musa paradisiaca | TangaEkGo2016
- Myrtaceae
- Psidium guajava | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Phyllanthaceae
- Bridelia pustulata | BenDov1994 Willia1989
- Flueggea virosa | TangaEkGo2016
- Phyllanthus | Ali1968 BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Phyllanthus engleri | TangaEkGo2016
- Phyllanthus reticulatus | DineshVe2016
- Poaceae
- Cynodon dactylon | Willia2004a
- Podocarpaceae
- Podocarpus | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Polygalaceae
- Polygala | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Rosaceae
- Rosa | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Rubiaceae
- Canthium | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Coffea arabica | Ali1968 BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Coffea canephora | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a | (= Coffea robusta)
- Gardenia | Ali1968 BenDov1994 Willia2004a
- Gardenia jasminoides | BenDov1994 Willia1989 | (= Gardenia florida)
- Mussaenda | Willia2004a
- Wendlandia thyrsoidea | GalaniWa2012 | (= Wendlandia notoniana)
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Ali1968 BenDov1994 SinhaSaDi1985 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Citrus aurantiifolia | Willia2004a
- Citrus sinensis | TangaEkGo2016
- Citrus swinglei | Willia2004a
- Harrisonia abyssinica | TangaEkGo2016
- Murraya koenigii | BenDov1994 Green1922 Willia2004a
- Santalaceae
- Osyris lanceolata | TangaEkGo2016
- Sapindaceae
- Deinbollia borbonica | TangaEkGo2016
- Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius | TangaEkGo2016
- Nephelium lappaceum | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Sapotaceae
- Manilkara zapota | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a | (= Achras sapota)
- Mimusops elengi | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Solanaceae
- Solanum anguivi | TangaEkGo2016 | (=? Solanum indicum)
- Solanum tuberosum | BenDov1994 NandaGh1989
- Theaceae
- Camellia sinensis | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Vitaceae
- Vitis vinifera | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
Foes:
Families: 13 | Genera: 29
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus ceroplastae | TangaGhTo2021
- Chamaemyiidae
- Leucopis | TangaGhTo2021
- Chrysopidae
- Chrysopa | TangaGhTo2021
- Coccinellidae
- Cheilomenes sexmaculata | SahuJoGa2019
- Chilocorus nigritus | TangaGhTo2021
- Cryptolaemus montrouzieri | SinhaSaDi1985
- Hyperaspis maindroni | TangaGhTo2021
- Pseudospidimerus circumflexus | SinhaSaDi1985
- Scymnus coccivora | SinhaSaDi1985
- Cryptochetidae
- Cryptochetum iceryae | TangaGhTo2021
- Drosophilidae
- Cacoxenus perspicax | TangaGhTo2021
- Encyrtidae
- Aenasius advena | TangaGhTo2021
- Aenasius longiscapus | TangaEkGo2016
- Agarwalencyrtus ajmerensis | TangaGhTo2021
- Agarwalencyrtus citri | TangaEkGo2016
- Anagyrus | SinhaSaDi1985
- Anagyrus aegyptiacus | TangaEkGo2016
- Anagyrus chrysos | TangaGhTo2021
- Anagyrus mangicola | AhmedApKa2023
- Anagyrus mirzai | TangaGhTo2021
- Anagyrus pseudococci | TangaEkGo2016
- Aphycus sapporoensis | TangaGhTo2021
- Carabunia bicoloripes | TangaGhTo2021
- Ericydnus ventralis | TangaGhTo2021 | (= Ericydnus paludatus)
- Gyranusoidea tebygi | AhmedApKa2023
- Leptomastidea minyas | TangaGhTo2021
- Leptomastidea tecta | TangaEkGo2016
- Leptomastix dactylopii | TangaEkGo2016
- Neoplatycerus tachikawai | TrjapiTr2002
- Parechthrodryinus excelsus | TangaGhTo2021
- Praleurocerus viridis | TangaGhTo2021 TangaGhTo2021
- Eulophidae
- Tetrastichus | TangaGhTo2021
- Hemerobiidae
- Hemerobius | TangaGhTo2021
- Lycaenidae
- Spalgis epius | DineshVe2016 PatilPaPa2011 SinhaSaDi1985
- Platygasteridae
- Allotropa | TangaGhTo2021
- Pteromalidae
- Promuscidea unfasciativentris | KondoSaWa2022
- Signiphoridae
- Chartocerus walkeri | KondoSaWa2022
Associates:
Families: 2 | Genera: 5
- Caulimoviridae
- BSV | PalmaJBlGu2019 WatsonKu2005
- Formicidae
- Camponotus barbaricus | TangaGhTo2021
- Camponotus rufipes | TangaGhTo2021
- Crematogaster cerasi | TangaGhTo2021
- Monomorium pharaonis | TangaGhTo2021
- Oecophylla longinoda | TangaGhTo2021
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 15
- Andaman Islands | Willia2004a
- Bangladesh | BenDov1994 Varshn1992 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Brunei | Willia2004a
- China | BenDov1994 Tang1992 TangHaTa1992
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | BenDov1994 Ferris1954a
- India | BenDov1994 Green1908a Varshn1992
- Andhra Pradesh | Willia2004a
- Assam | Willia2004a
- Bihar | Mohamm1963 Willia2004a
- Gujarat | Willia2004a
- Jammu & Kashmir | Willia2004a
- Karnataka | Willia2004a
- Kerala | Willia2004a
- Madhya Pradesh | Willia2004a
- Maharashtra | Willia2004a
- NCT Delhi | KondoSaWa2022
- Odisha (=Orissa) | KondoSaWa2022
- Tamil Nadu | SureshCh2008 Willia2004a
- Uttar Pradesh | Willia2004a
- West Bengal | Willia2004a
- Indonesia
- Java | KondoSaWa2022
- Kenya | BenDov1994 Willia1989
- Malawi | TangaMoPr2019
- Malaysia | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Sabah | Willia2004a
- Sarawak | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Nepal | Willia2004a
- Singapore | BenDov1994 Willia1989 Willia2004a
- Sri Lanka | BenDov1994 Green1922 Varshn1992 Willia2004a
- Tanzania | DeLott1964 Newste1911a Newste1913
- Thailand | Willia2004a
- Zanzibar | WilliaMa2005a
Keys
- Suh2019a: pp.2-6 ( Adult (F) ) [mealybugs interepted in S. Korea]
- SiriseWaHe2013: pp.78-80 ( Adult (F) ) [Mealybugs on Fruit Crops in Sri Lanka]
- Willia2004a: pp.715-716 ( Adult (F) ) [Rastrococcus species of southern Asia]
- Tang1992: pp.409, 410 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
- Willia1989: pp.439 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- AvasthSh1987: pp.42 ( Adult (F) ) [India]
Remarks
- Systematics: Adult female R. iceryoides (compared with R. invadens, in parentheses): body convex (fairly flat); body contents orange-red, body coated with mealy white wax (pale green, body coated with mealy white wax except for a bare area on midline); body margin surrounded by short, thick wax filaments, with white wax secretions from abdominal margins coalescing to form ovisac of thick white wax with fluted walls; when ovisac is full of eggs, it pushes posterior of adult female upwards off the substrate at an angle of about 45° (body margin surrounded by long, conspicuous waxy filaments (Kondo, et al., 2022)
- Structure: Parida & Moharana (1982) and Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=10. External appearance of adult female and immature stages described and illustrated by Narasimham (1990).
- Biology: The distribution of Rastrococcus spp. within mango trees (Mangifera indica) was studied at Bangalore, India. Population densities of R. invadens Williams, R. iceryoides (Green) and R. mangiferae (Green) were significantly higher on the abaxial leaf surface compared with the adaxial surface. Mealybug density was also higher from ground level up to 2m compared with above 2m. Significant variations in Rastrococcus spp. populations among trees and species composition per tree were observed. As populations built up on leaves, migration to other leaves occurred, more predominantly in R. mangiferae than in R. invadens. As the population of R. iceryoides increased on leaves, migration to twigs occurred (Narasimham & Chacko, 1991). Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978) and by Sinha et al. (1985b).
- Economic Importance: In sub-Saharan Africa, crop loss can be as high as 100%. The problem is so serious that growers have sometimes abandoned their orchards or simply cut down trees for firewood, usually following disappointments with synthetic pesticides control which in most cases is not effective or sustainable. (Ndlela, et al., 2022) Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968). The distribution of Rastrococcus spp. within mango trees (Mangifera indica) was studied at Bangalore, India. Population densities of R. invadens Williams, R. iceryoides (Green) and R. mangiferae (Green) were significantly higher on the abaxial leaf surface compared with the adaxial surface. Mealybug density was also higher from ground level up to 2m compared with above 2m. Significant variations in Rastrococcus spp. populations among trees and species composition per tree were observed. As populations built up on leaves, migration to other leaves occurred, more predominantly in R. mangiferae than in R. invadens. As the population of R. iceryoides increased on leaves, migration to twigs occurred (Narasimham & Chacko, 1991).
- General Remarks: Description and ilustration of adult female by Newstead (1913), Green (1922), Nanda & Ghose (1989), Williams (1989) and by Williams (2004a).
Illustrations
Citations
- AminNaMi2015: distribution, host, 220
- AvasthSh1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 103-104
- Bartle1978e: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 169
- BenDov1994: catalog, 435-436
- Buchne1957a: symbionts, 126-132
- Buchne1965: structure, taxonomy, 272-273
- Calkin1983: distribution, economic importance, 321
- ChackoKrAn1978: biological control, 14-19
- ChoiLe2022: morphology, phylogeny, 358,361
- DeLott1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 381
- DineshVe2016: biological control, natural enemies,
- Ferris1954a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 55
- FrohliRo1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-10
- GalaniWa2012: distribution, host, 9
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 226
- GonzalHeBu2024: endosymbiont, 2
- Greath1971: biological control, distribution, host,
- Green1908a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 26
- Green1922: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 391-392
- GujjarVeSu2018: biological control, natural enemies, 116-119
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 30
- KondoSaWa2022: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, host plant, illustration, natural enemies, taxonomy, 207-209
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 25
- LePell1968: economic importance,
- Lindin1913: distribution, host, taxonomy, 67
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 372
- MangalSuNa2012: description, distribution, ecology, host, 110-116
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 48
- Mohamm1963: distribution, host, taxonomy, 127
- Mohara1990: structure, 48
- Moore2001: economic importance, host, 232-266
- NandaGh1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 329-336
- Narasi1990: description, taxonomy, 259-266
- NarasiCh1991: distribution, host, life history, 445-448
- NdlelaNiMo2022: climate change, distribution, host,
- Newste1911a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 164-165
- Newste1913: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 68-70
- PalmaJBlGu2019: distribution, host, 290
- ParidaMo1982: structure, 19
- PatilPaPa2011: biological control, 693
- PillaiGoSa1991: distribution, host, 253-260
- PooranAnTh2024: economic importance, host, illustration, natural enemies, 526, 534
- PramanGh1991: distribution, host, life history, 25-30
- Ramakr1919: distribution, host, 627
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 344
- Ramakr1941: distribution, host, 107-113
- SahuJoGa2019: host, natural enemies, 94, 95
- SahuJoGa2019: biological control, distribution, natural enemies,
- Sassce1912: distribution, host, taxonomy, 86
- SinhaSaDi1985: biological control, distribution, host, 14
- SiriseWaHe2013: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, 71,73,76,77,78
- Sohi1964: distribution, host, 111
- Suh2019a: key, 4
- SureshCh2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 285-291
- TandonLa1978: biological control, distribution, host, 467-468
- Tang1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 411-412
- TangHaTa1992: distribution, host, 7
- TangaEkGo2016: biological control, economic importance, host, natural enemies, 655-668
- TangaGhTo2021: biological control, natural enemies,
- TangaMoPr2019: biological control, natural enemies,
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 27
- TrjapiTr2002: biological control, distribution, host, 205
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, 46
- Watson2021: distribution, 527
- Willia1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 448-452
- Willia2004a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 721-724
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 247
- WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 166
- WilliaMa2005a: distribution, host, 147
- WilliaMa2012: distribution, host, 90
- Woodwo1903: taxonomy, 32
