Valid Names Results
Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerell, 1896) (Diaspididae: Pseudaonidia)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus theae Maskell 1891a: 59. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Kangra Valley, on tea plants.. Syntypes, female, junior homonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 231). Replacement name for Aspidiotus theae Green, 1890
- Aspidiotus theae Maskell 1891: 6. nomen nudum (discovered by DeitzTo1980, 43).
- Aspidiotus theae Maskell, 1891; Cockerell 1896b: 334. change of combination
- Aspidiotus duplex Cockerell 1896h: 20. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, host plant not indicated, from Takahashi; in Japanese nursery at San Francisco, California, on Camellia; and on orange trees from Japan.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym replacing a junior homonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 231). Replacement name for Aspidiotus theae Maskell, 1891a Notes: Replacement name for Aspidiotus theae Maskell, 1891
- Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) duplex Cockerell, 1896; Cockerell 1897i: 20. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) theae Maskell, 1891; Cockerell 1897i: 28. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) duplex Cockerell, 1896; Leonardi 1898a: 77. change of combination
- Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) theae Maskell, 1891; Leonardi 1898a: 77. change of combination
- Aspidiotus theae rhododendri Green 1900a: 67. Type data: SRI LANKA: Nuwara Eliya, on leaves of Rhododendron arboreum.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 231).
- Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerell, 1896); Fernald 1903b: 283. change of combination
- Pseudaonidia rhododendri (Green, 1900); Fernald 1903b: 283. change of combination
- Pseudaonidia rhododendri thearum Fernald 1903b: 283. replacement name that is a synonym (discovered by Danzig1993, 138). Replacement name for Aspidiotus theae Maskell, 1891a: 59
- Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis; Borchsenius 1935a: 19. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 231).
- Pseudaonidia duplax (Cockerell, 1896); Chou 1985: 249. misspelling of species epithet
Common Names
- camphor scale Borchs1966 Dekle1965c
- escama alcanfor CoronaRuMo1997
- Japanese camphor scale Borchs1966
- Yaponskaya kamphornaya shitovka Borchs1966
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 26 | Genera: 37
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera indica | Moghad2013a
- Toxicodendron succedaneum | Kuwana1902 Kuwana1907 Kuwana1933 Marlat1908 | (= Rhus succedanea)
- Apocynaceae
- Wrightia religiosa | JansenAl2023
- Aquifoliaceae
- Betulaceae
- Alnus hirsuta | TakahaTa1956
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus japonicus | Suh2020
- Cornaceae
- Cornus foemina | NormarOkMo2019
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros kaki | Suh2020
- Ericaceae
- Lyonia | NormarOkMo2019
- Rhododendron | Balach1951 Green1922 Kuwana1933 Marlat1908 Ramakr1921a
- Rhododendron arboreum | Green1900a Green1937
- Vaccinium | Suh2016
- Fabaceae
- Serianthes nelsonii | MooreMcWa2014
- Fagaceae
- Castanea crenata | TakahaTa1956 | (= Castanea pubinervis)
- Castanopsis cuspidata | Kawai1977
- Quercus | Kawai1977
- Quercus hemisphaerica | NormarOkMo2019
- Quercus phillyreoides | TakahaTa1956
- Hamamelidaceae
- Loropetalum | NormarOkMo2019
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum camphora | Kuwana1933 Takagi1970
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia denudata | Suh2020
- Magnolia figo | Takagi1970 Takaha1929 | (= Michelia fuscata)
- Magnolia kobus | Suh2020
- Malvaceae
- Hibiscus syriacus | Suh2020
- Moraceae
- Ficus ampelas | Takaha1955f | (= Ficus kingiana)
- Ficus carica | TakahaTa1956
- Ficus sarmentosa | Suh2020 | (= Ficus oxyphylla)
- Myricaceae
- Myrica rubra | Kuwana1933 Marlat1908 TakahaTa1956
- Oleaceae
- Ligustrum | Kawai1977
- Osmanthus | Kawai1977
- Osmanthus fragrans | Kuwana1933 Marlat1908
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Cleyera japonica | Kuwana1902 Kuwana1907 Kuwana1933 Marlat1908 | (= Eurya ochnacea)
- Eurya japonica | TakahaTa1956
- Ternstroemia japonica | TakahaTa1956
- Rhamnaceae
- Sageretia thea | JansenAl2023
- Rosaceae
- Photinia glabra | TakahaTa1956
- Pyracantha angustifolia | TakahaTa1956
- Rosa | MillerDa2005
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Green1937 Kuwana1927
- Citrus aurantium | TakahaTa1956 | (= Citrus natsudaidai)
- Citrus junos | TakahaTa1956
- Citrus unshiu | Suh2020
- Sapindaceae
- Acer negundo | NormarOkMo2019
- Acer palmatum | TakahaTa1956 | ssp. matsumurae
- Litchi chinensis | Takaha1955f | (= Nephelium litchi)
- Schisandraceae
- Illicium anisatum | TakahaTa1956 | (= Illicium religiosum)
- Smilacaceae
- Smilax | NormarOkMo2019
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Balach1951 Dekle1965c Green1937 McDani1970
- Camellia japonica | Balach1951 Borchs1936 Green1900c Kuwana1902 Kuwana1933 Marlat1908 Maskel1891a TakahaTa1956 | (= Thea japonica)
- Camellia sasanqua | Kuwana1933
- Camellia sinensis | Kuwana1933 Marlat1908 Takagi1970 TakahaTa1956
- Vitaceae
- Vitis | NormarOkMo2019
Foes:
Families: 7 | Genera: 10
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus perspeciosus | Muraka1970 | (= Azotus perspeciosus)
- Aphytis cylindratus | RosenDe1979 Tachik1956 Tachik1962b
- Aphytis longicaudus | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis proclia | Gordh1979
- Aphytis theae | RehmatAnKh2011
- Encarsia aurantii | Gordh1979 | (= Prospaltella aurantii)
- Encarsia citrina | Gordh1979 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encarsia fasciata | Gordh1979 | (= Prospaltella fasciata)
- Encarsia pseudoaonidiae | Muraka1970 | (= Aspidiotiphagus pseudoaonidiae)
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | Muraka1970 | (= Chilocorus kuwanae)
- Chilocorus similis | Nakaya1912
- Encyrtidae
- Adelencyrtus bifasciatus | Shiao1978
- Adelencyrtus lindingaspidis | Muraka1970
- Comperiella bifasciata | Flande1944a
- Comperiella unifasciata | Trjapi1989
- Nectriaceae
- Nectria aurantiicola | EvansPr1990
- Nectria flammea | EvansPr1990
- Phlaeothripidae
- Karnyothrips flavipes | PalmerMo1990
- Psychidae
- Cryptothelea gloverii | Koszta1996 | (= Platoeceticus gloverii)
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora flavopalliata | Gordh1979
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 13
- China | Kuwana1927
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | FengWe2011
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | FengWe2011
- Guizhou (=Kweichow) | FengWe2011
- Hebei (=Hopei) | FengWe2011
- Henan (=Honan) | Shen1993 Wu1999b
- Hubei (=Hupei) | FengWe2011
- Hunan | FengWe2011
- Shanghai | FengWe2011
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | FengWe2011
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | MartinLa2011
- Yunnan | FengWe2011
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | FengWe2011
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017
- Abkhaz ASSR | Nakaha1982
- Adzhar ASSR | Borchs1936 Danzig1993
- Guam | MooreMcWa2014
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | Green1937 Marlat1908
- India | Green1900c Green1937 Marlat1908 Ramakr1921a
- Assam | Maskel1891a
- Indonesia
- Java | Balach1951
- Iran | Moghad2013a
- Japan | Green1937 Kawai1977 Kawai1980 Kuwana1917a Kuwana1933 Marlat1908 Takagi1970 Takaha1955f
- Honshu | TakahaTa1956
- Kyushu | Kuwana1902 TakahaTa1956
- Shikoku | TakahaTa1956
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005 TakahaTa1956
- Sri Lanka | Balach1951 Green1900a Green1922
- Taiwan | Takagi1970 Takaha1929 TakahaTa1956 WongChCh1999
- United States
- Alabama | Ferris1938a
- California | Marlat1908
- Florida | Dekle1965c
- Georgia | BatsanKaKi2017 Nakaha1982
- Louisiana | Ferris1938a
- Mississippi | Ferris1938a
- Texas | Ferris1938a McDani1970
- Virginia | Nakaha1982
- Vietnam | JansenAl2023
Keys
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- FengWe2011: pp.174-175 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of the genus Pseudaonidia in Oriental Region (Adult female)]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-34 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- Koszta1996: pp.562 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
- Koszta1996: pp.562 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
- Danzig1993: pp.136 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
- Kawai1980: pp.204 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- McDani1970: pp.427 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Texas]
- Balach1951: pp.681 ( Adult (F) ) [Mediterranean]
- Ferris1942: pp.39 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Kuwana1933: pp.20-21 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Kuwana1933b: pp.49 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Marlat1908: pp.134 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
Remarks
- Structure: Scale of the female dark brown, circular, high convex, exuviae submarginal; scale of the male somewhat elongate oval, exuvia at one end (Ferris, 1938a). Colour photograph of scale cover by Wong et al. (1999). Slide-mounted adult female pyriform, dorsum sclerotized at maturity; prosoma with 2 or 3 oval membranous areas on each side. Anterior spiracles each associated with a group of 14−22 disc pores. Pygidium with 4 pairs of lobes. Median lobes (L1) large, parallel, each symmetrical, rounded at apex, notched on each margin. Second, third and fourth lobes (L2, L3 and L4) similar in shape, elongate, with one notch on eachmargin. Median plates small; lateral plates well-developed, fimbriate at apex, each as long as a lobe. Plates absentfrom segment V; margins of segments IV and V denticulate. Dorsum of pygidium with conspicuous reticulate pattern of small areolations. Dorsal ducts numerous, present in oblique segmental rows on pygidium and prepygidium. Perivulvar disc pores present in 4 groups. Ventral microducts present on submargin of prepygidial and pygidial segments. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2021)
- Economic Importance: The camphor scale has been recorded as a pest of ornamental plants (Schmutterer et al., 1957; Beardsley & Gonzalez, 1975; Dekle, 1976; Kosztarab, 1996) and of citrus (Ebeling, 1959; Talhouk, 1975).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Maskell (1891a), Leonardi (1898c), Green (1900a), Kuwana (1933), Borchsenius (1937, 1950b), Ferris (1938a), Balachowsky (1951, 1953i), McDaniel (1978), Chou (1985, 1986), Danzig (1993) and by Kosztarab (1996). Feng & Wei, 2011, listed this species as occurring in the Hawaiian Islands and the United States, but this distribution record needs to be verified.
Illustrations
Citations
- Balach1951: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 681-684
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 261
- BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 103
- BeardsGo1975: economic importance, 49
- BenDov1990c: taxonomy, 114
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, 708-712
- BerlesLe1898a: taxonomy, 104
- Borchs1935a: taxonomy, 19
- Borchs1936: distribution, host, 138
- Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 136
- Borchs1939: taxonomy, 46
- Borchs1949: taxonomy, 231
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 212-214,219
- Borchs1966: catalog, 231
- Boyce1948: control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- CatchiWh1924: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 604-606
- Cendan1937: distribution, host,
- Chen1936: taxonomy, 211,224
- ChenWo1936: distribution, host,
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 249-250
- Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 652
- ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 24
- Cocker1896b: distribution, 333,334
- Cocker1896h: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20
- Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20,28
- Comper1926: biological control, distribution, host, 33-50
- Comper1961a: biological control, 17-71
- ComperAn1961: biological control, distribution, host, 17
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, host, 38-41
- Craw1906: distribution, host, 139-158
- CressmBlKe1935: ecology, host, life history, 267-283
- CressmDa1936: chemical control, 865-878
- CressmKe1933: life history, 1177-1179
- DEDAC1923: distribution, host,
- Danzig1972: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 220
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 138-139
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, 338
- DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
- DeitzTo1980: taxonomy, 43
- Dekle1964a: distribution, host, 1-2
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 117
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 134
- DooleyEv2012: illustration, 13
- Dozier1923: distribution, host, life history, natural enemies, taxonomy, 1-15
- EFSA2022c: dispersal, economic importance, 41-42, 56, 237-241
- EHG1897: distribution, host, 67-85
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 113
- Ebelin1949: control, distribution, host, life history,
- EnglisTu1933: chemical control, 987-989
- EvansPr1990: biological control, 3-17
- FDACSB1982: distribution, host, 5-11
- FDACSB1987: distribution, host, 4-7
- FengWe2011: distribution, taxonomy, 173-175
- Fernal1903b: 283-284
- Ferris1937c: illustration, taxonomy, 52,90
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 43,48
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, 446:39
- Flande1944a: biological control, 365-371
- Flande1971: biological control, life history, 957-872
- Fleury1934: distribution, host, 483-500
- FoxWil1939: distribution, economic importance, host, 2296
- Gordh1979: biological control, 896,900,907,908,911
- Green1900a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 67-68
- Green1900c: distribution, host, 3
- Green1922: distribution, host, 463
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 334
- GreenMa1907: distribution, taxonomy, 344
- HanksDe1998: ecology, life history, 239-262
- HorticInNo1923a: distribution, host, 237-239
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 27
- Kawai1977: distribution, economic importance, host, 158,161
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 205
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 19
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 563-565
- Kuwana1902: distribution, host, 66
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 194
- Kuwana1917a: distribution, taxonomy, 175
- Kuwana1927: distribution, host, 71
- Kuwana1933: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 21-23
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 52-60
- Leonar1897: taxonomy, 285
- Leonar1898a: taxonomy, 77
- Leonar1898c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 80-82
- Leonar1899: taxonomy, 173
- Lindin1943a: taxonomy, 151
- Lobdel1937: taxonomy, 78
- MaChZh1995: distribution, host, 117-119
- MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 454
- Marlat1908: distribution, host, taxonomy, 134,136-137
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 38
- Maskel1891: taxonomy, 6
- Maskel1891a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 59-60
- Maskel1892: taxonomy, 11
- Maskel1893b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 207
- Maskew1914: distribution, host, 193-194
- McDani1970: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 427-428
- MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 304
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 346-349
- Miyosh1926: distribution, host, 303-326
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 49
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 13, 205-206, 249
- MooreMcWa2014: description, distribution, 1-2
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, life history, 76
- NagarkSa1990: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 553-542
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 72-73
- Nakaya1912: biological control, distribution, host, 932-936
- NiuLiXu2024: DNA sequencing, S1 Table
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 30, 81, S6
- PalmerMo1990: biological control, 67-76
- QinZhYu2018: DNA sequencing, ecology, natural enemies, taxonomy, 7
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 357
- RehmatAnKh2011: biological control, distribution, host,
- Rose1990c: distribution, economic importance, 535-542
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 604-607,681-684
- Sassce1923: distribution, host, 152-158
- SassceWe1923: chemical control, 84-87
- SassceWe1924: chemical control, 214-222
- SchildSc1928: biological control,
- SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 493
- Shen1993: distribution, host, 59
- ShiLi1991: distribution, host, 166
- Shiao1978: biological control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 65-77
- Silves1929: distribution, host, 897-904
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 315, 329
- Suh2019b: natural enemies, 3
- Suh2020: distribution, host, illustration, 4, 6, 7, 9-12, 14, 26
- Tachik1956: biological control, distribution, host, 1-6
- Tachik1962b: biological control, distribution, host, 565-566
- Takagi1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 140
- Takagi2000: taxonomy, 59
- TakagiRo1981: biological control, distribution, host, 314-321
- Takaha1929: distribution, host, 79
- Takaha1953a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 10-13
- Takaha1955f: distribution, host, 242
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 16
- Tanaka1966: biological control, 1-42
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 74,111
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 296
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 36-37
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Watson1926: distribution, host,
- Watson2001: list, 177
- WatsonBe1937: control, distribution, host,
- Whitne1933: distribution, host, 59-70
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 222, 231
- WongChCh1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 33,76
- Woodwo1909: distribution, host, 359-360
- Wu1999b: distribution, host, 234
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 170
