Valid Names Results

Porphyrophora polonica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Margarodidae: Porphyrophora)

Nomenclatural History

Coccus polonicus Linnaeus 1758: 456. Type data: EUROPE: Country not indicated, "Habitat in Scleranthi perennis radicibus" [=on roots of perennial Scleranthus].. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Type material lost (D.J. Williams, 1985, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov).
Coccus pilosellae Linnaeus 1758: 456. Type data: EUROPE: on roots of Hieracium pilosella. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Willia2007b, 450).
Coccus radicum Beckmann 1790: 3. Type data: EUROPE: on roots of perennial plants, such as Scleranthus, Uva ursi and others.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Jakubs1965, 18). Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
Coccionella polonica (Linnaeus, 1758); Hahnemann 1793: 1090. change of combination
Porphyrophora frischii Brandt 1833: 225. Type data: Locality not indicated: on Scleranthus perennis.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 29).
Porphyrophora polonica (Linnaeus, 1758); Burmeister 1835: 78. change of combination
Coccus alchemillae Walker 1852: 1082. junior synonym (discovered by WilliaBe2009, 7-8).
Porphyrophora fritchii Brandt, 1833; Signoret 1869: 854. misspelling of species epithet
Porphyrophora polinica (Linnaeus, 1758); Signoret 1869: 854. misspelling of species epithet
Porphyrophora alchimillae Signoret 1869: 842. nomen nudum Notes: Signoret erroneously credited the authorship of this binomen to Bergen (1748), a pre-Linnean publication.
Porphyrophora fritchii Brandt, 1833; Signoret 1877: 667. misspelling of species epithet
Margarodes (Porphyrophora) polonicus (Linnaeus, 1758); Cockerell 1902q: 258. change of combination
Coccus alchimillae Fernald 1903b: 325. nomen nudum
Porphyrophora polonica polonica (Linnaeus, 1758); Goux 1948b: 185. change in status (level)
Coccionella alchimillae Lindinger 1954: 615. nomen nudum

Common Names

crimson-dyeing scale insect Cardon2007
ground pearl KosztaKo1988F
Polish carmine scale Jashen1999a
polish carmine scale AAEE1925
Polish carmine scale insect Cardon2007
Polish cochineal scale KosztaKo1988F
polish cochineal scale KosztaKo1988F

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 7 | Genera: 19

Asteraceae

Pilosella officinarum | Linnae1758 Willia2007b | (= Hieracium pilosella)

Boraginaceae

Alkanna | KosztaKo1988F

Caryophyllaceae

Cerastium | KosztaKo1988F
Dianthus | Jashen1999a
Gypsophila fastigiata | Kohler2008
Herniaria | KosztaKo1988F
Scleranthus | Jashen1999a Linnae1758
Scleranthus perennis | BrandtRa1833
Spergularia | KosztaKo1988F

Fabaceae

Caragana | Tang2000a TangHa1995
Caragana korshinskii | TangHa1995
Caragana microphylla | BenDov2005a
Lens culinaris | KaydanUlEr2007
Medicago | Jashen1999a

Orobanchaceae

Melampyrum | KosztaKo1988F

Poaceae

Agropyron | Tang2000a TangHa1995
Festuca | KosztaKo1988F
Koeleria pyramidata | Jashen1999a | (= Koeleria cristata)

Rosaceae

Dasiphora subacaulis | Jashen1999a
Fragaria | KosztaKo1988F
Potentilla | KosztaKo1988F
Potentilla acaulis | Jashen1999a
Potentilla inclinata | Jashen1999a | (= Potentilla impolita)
Potentilla recta | Jashen1999a
Sibbaldianthe bifurca | Jashen1999a | (= Potentilla bifurcata)

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 13

China

Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | Tang2000a TangHa1995

Czech Republic | Jakubs1965

France | FoldiGe2018 Jakubs1965

Germany | Jakubs1965 Kohler2008 SchmutHo2016

Hungary | Jakubs1965 KosztaKo1978 KozarKiSa2004

Kazakhstan

Dzhambul Oblast | MatesoJa1988

Lithuania | Jakubs1965

Netherlands | Jansen2001

Poland | Jakubs1965 SimonKa2011

Slovakia | Lauter2011

Sweden | Gertss2001 Jakubs1965

Switzerland | Jakubs1965

Turkey | KaydanUlEr2007

Keys

VahediHo2007: pp.31-34 ( Adult (F) ) [Porphyrophora species of Palearctic region]
Vahedi2002: pp.279-289 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Porphyrophora]
TangHa1995: pp.47-48, 603-606 ( Adult (F) ) [Palearctic]
KosztaKo1988F: pp.47 ( Adult (F) ) [Central Europe]
Borchs1950b: pp.38 ( Adult (F) ) [USSR]

Remarks

Systematics: Jashenko (1999a) showed that the morphology of this species is very variable, basing the study on 29 populations in forest-steppe and step biotopes of Poland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Russia and Mongolia. Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 42-43), provided this information: scleranthi Virey, 1821a: 523, Coccus. Virey listed this name as the same as Coccus polonicus Linnaeus and credited the name to Fabricius. We have no evidence that Fabricius listed this name. Lindinger (1954:615) added the name authored by La Chenaye- Desbois (1759: 675) to a list of names applied to Coccionella polonica (L.). Current status: We have seen this work but La Chenaye-Desbois was referring to works by Linnaeus pre-1758, later applied by Linnaeus (1758) to Coccus polonicus Linnaeus, now Porphyrophora polonica (Linnaeus) (Family Margarodidae).
Structure: Wouters & Verhecken (1991) compared, by HPLC methods, the constituents of pigments of Porphyrophora polonica (from Poland) and Porphyrophora crithmi (from southern France) and concluded that "according to the pigment analyses, P. polonica is identical to P. crithmi.
Biology: Kohler (2008) indicated that populations of this species have been declining in Germany since 1918.
Economic Importance: Since ancient times this insect was a source for dyes in textile industry (Schmutterer, 1957; Cardon, 2007).
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Signoret (1876a), Jakubski (1929, 1934, 1965), Borchsenius (1950b), Kawecki & Wernorowna (1975), Kosztarab & Kozar (1978, 1988), Tang & Hao (1995), Tang (2000a), Vahedi (2002), Foldi (2005a) and by Vahedi & Hodgson (2007). Jashenko (1999a) showed that the morphology of the species is very variable, basing the study on 29 populations in forest-steppe and step biotopes of Poland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Russia and Mongolia.

Illustrations

Citations

Beckma1790: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3
BenDov2005a: catalog, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 102-104
Blanch1883: economic importance, life history, taxonomy, 307-312
Bodenh1953a: taxonomy, 152
Bohmer2000: chemistry, 57-60
Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 38
BrandtRa1833: description, host, taxonomy, 356
Buchne1965: structure, taxonomy, 292-295
Buchne1966: life history, structure, 316-331
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 305
Burmei1835: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 78-79
Cardon2007: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 635-646
Cocker1902q: distribution, taxonomy, 258
Comsto1881a: economic importance, taxonomy, 440
Fernal1903b: 29
Foldi1998: catalog, 437-438
Foldi2001: distribution, 303
Foldi2001a: taxonomy, 214
Foldi2005a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 111-113
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 11
Gavril2003a: distribution, host, 107
Gavril2018: cytogenetics, 27
GavrilKu2019: economic importance, 204
Gertss2001: distribution, 123-130
Gertss2008: catalog, taxonomy, 55-58
Goux1948b: taxonomy, 184-185
Hahnem1793: taxonomy, 193
Jakubs1921: distribution, host, life history, 155-182
Jakubs1929: description, distribution, ecology, host, life history, taxonomy, 1076-1096
Jakubs1934: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 1-502
Jakubs1965: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 18-25
Jansen2001: distribution, host, 199
Jashen1999: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 46
Jashen1999a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 103-132
JashenAm1999: economic importance, taxonomy, 47-58
KalandSi2014: distribution,
Kaweck1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 7
Kaweck1965a: structure, taxonomy, 205-211
KaweckWe1975: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-148
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 99
Kohler2008: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 193-202
Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 24
KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 160-161
KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 14
KondoGu2022: economic importance, 2
Koszta1987: economic importance, 218
KosztaKo1978: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 19
KosztaKo1988F: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 52-53
Koteja2000a: distribution, 172
KotejaPyVo2003: structure, taxonomy, 253
KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 56
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 56
LagowsGo2006: distribution, host, life history, 5-15
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 70
LagowsGoSt2006: distribution, host, life history, 5-14
LagowsGoSt2008: distribution, host, life history, 241-249
Lauter2011: description, distribution, host, life history, 77-78
LechJa2016: chemistry, economic importance, 3349–3358
Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 63,179,181,307,384
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 141
Lindin1939: taxonomy, 38
Lindin1954: taxonomy, 614, 615
Linnae1758: description, taxonomy, 456
MatesoJa1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 754, 758-759
Morris1928: taxonomy, 5,73,77-78,223
PicardBa1939: distribution, economic importance, host, 118-120
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 18
SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 421
SerranDoBo2015: history,
Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 854,866-867
Signor1876a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 382-383
Signor1877: catalog, taxonomy, 667,672
Silves1908: taxonomy, 149
Silves1938: taxonomy, 36
SimonKa2011: distribution, 234
Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
Szulcz1931: distribution, host, 124-135
Tang2000a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 6-13
TangHa1995: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 62-65,547,674
Targio1868: taxonomy, 723
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S122
Vahedi2002: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 187-192
VahediHo2007: description, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 93-96
Virey1821b: taxonomy, 523
Werner1963: economic importance, 185-186
Willia2007b: taxonomy, 450, 427-490
Willia2015: taxonomy, 581
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 241
WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 7-8,26,37,38,40,42,
WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 166
WilliaBeMa2009: taxonomy, 159
WilliaFo2005: taxonomy, 20-21
WouterVe1991: chemistry, distribution, host, 211-225
Zahrad1959a: taxonomy, 534