Valid Names Results
Porphyrophora polonica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Margarodidae: Porphyrophora)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus polonicus Linnaeus 1758: 456. Type data: EUROPE: Country not indicated, "Habitat in Scleranthi perennis radicibus" [=on roots of perennial Scleranthus].. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Type material lost (D.J. Williams, 1985, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov).
- Coccus pilosellae Linnaeus 1758: 456. Type data: EUROPE: on roots of Hieracium pilosella. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Willia2007b, 450).
- Coccus tinctorius La Chenaye-Desbois 1759: 240. junior synonym Notes: tinctorius La Chenaye-Desbois, 1759, 2: 240, Coccus Current status: La Chenaye-Desbois applied this name to the “Graine de Pologne” or the “Cochenille du Nord”. The name tinctorius was used by some pre-Linnaeus 1758 authors as Coccus tinctorius radicum, more importantly by Breyn [Breynius], and this trinomen was listed in synonymy by Linnaeus (1758) under Coccus polonicus Linnaeus; for works by Breyn see Williams (2007). Lindinger (1954: 615) listed La Chenaye-Desbois’ binomen among names applied to Coccionella polonica (now Porphyrophora polonica (Linnaeus) (Family Margarodidae) (Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 45-46).
- Coccus radicum Beckmann 1790: 3. Type data: EUROPE: on roots of perennial plants, such as Scleranthus, Uva ursi and others.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Jakubs1965, 18). Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
- Coccionella polonica (Linnaeus, 1758); Hahnemann 1793: 1090. change of combination
- Porphyrophora frischii Brandt 1833: 225. Type data: Locality not indicated: on Scleranthus perennis.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903b, 29).
- Porphyrophora polonica (Linnaeus, 1758); Burmeister 1835: 78. change of combination
- Coccus alchemillae Walker 1852: 1082. junior synonym (discovered by WilliaBe2009, 7-8).
- Porphyrophora fritchii Brandt, 1833; Signoret 1869: 854. misspelling of species epithet
- Porphyrophora polinica (Linnaeus, 1758); Signoret 1869: 854. misspelling of species epithet
- Porphyrophora alchimillae Signoret 1869: 842. nomen nudum Notes: Signoret erroneously credited the authorship of this binomen to Bergen (1748), a pre-Linnean publication.
- Porphyrophora fritchii Brandt, 1833; Signoret 1877: 667. misspelling of species epithet
- Margarodes (Porphyrophora) polonicus (Linnaeus, 1758); Cockerell 1902q: 258. change of combination
- Coccus alchimillae Fernald 1903b: 325. nomen nudum
- Porphyrophora polonica polonica Goux, 1948; Goux 1948b: 185. change in status (level)
- Coccionella alchimillae Lindinger 1954: 615. nomen nudum
Common Names
- crimson-dyeing scale insect Cardon2007
- ground pearl KosztaKo1988F
- Polish carmine scale Jashen1999a
- polish carmine scale AAEE1925
- Polish carmine scale insect Cardon2007
- Polish cochineal scale KosztaKo1988F
- polish cochineal scale KosztaKo1988F
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 7 | Genera: 20
- Asteraceae
- Pilosella officinarum | Linnae1758 Willia2007b | (= Hieracium pilosella)
- Boraginaceae
- Alkanna | KosztaKo1988F
- Caryophyllaceae
- Cerastium | KosztaKo1988F
- Dianthus | Jashen1999a
- Gypsophila fastigiata | Kohler2008
- Herniaria | KosztaKo1988F
- Scleranthus | Jashen1999a Linnae1758
- Scleranthus perennis | BrandtRa1833
- Spergularia | KosztaKo1988F
- Fabaceae
- Caragana | Tang2000a TangHa1995
- Caragana korshinskii | TangHa1995
- Caragana microphylla | BenDov2005a
- Lens culinaris | KaydanUlEr2007
- Medicago | Jashen1999a
- Sophora alopecuroides | ZhengWu2024
- Orobanchaceae
- Melampyrum | KosztaKo1988F
- Poaceae
- Agropyron | Tang2000a TangHa1995
- Agropyron desertorum | ZhengWu2024
- Festuca | KosztaKo1988F
- Koeleria pyramidata | Jashen1999a | (= Koeleria cristata)
- Rosaceae
- Dasiphora subacaulis | Jashen1999a
- Fragaria | KosztaKo1988F
- Potentilla | KosztaKo1988F
- Potentilla acaulis | Jashen1999a
- Potentilla inclinata | Jashen1999a | (= Potentilla impolita)
- Potentilla recta | Jashen1999a
- Sibbaldianthe bifurca | Jashen1999a | (= Potentilla bifurcata)
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 13
- China
- Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | Tang2000a TangHa1995
- Ningxia (=Ningsia) | ZhengWu2024
- Xinjiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) | ZhengWu2024
- Czech Republic | Jakubs1965
- France | FoldiGe2018 Jakubs1965
- Germany | Jakubs1965 Kohler2008 SchmutHo2016
- Hungary | Jakubs1965 KosztaKo1978 KozarKiSa2004
- Kazakhstan
- Dzhambul Oblast | MatesoJa1988
- Lithuania | Jakubs1965
- Netherlands | Jansen2001
- Poland | Jakubs1965 SimonKa2011
- Slovakia | Lauter2011
- Sweden | Gertss2001 Jakubs1965
- Switzerland | Jakubs1965
- Turkey | KaydanUlEr2007
Keys
- ZhengWu2024: pp.497 ( Adult (F) ) [Margarodidae from China]
- VahediHo2007: pp.31-34 ( Adult (F) ) [Porphyrophora species of Palearctic region]
- Vahedi2002: pp.279-289 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Porphyrophora]
- TangHa1995: pp.47-48, 603-606 ( Adult (F) ) [Palearctic]
- KosztaKo1988F: pp.47 ( Adult (F) ) [Central Europe]
- Borchs1950b: pp.38 ( Adult (F) ) [USSR]
Remarks
- Systematics: Jashenko (1999a) showed that the morphology of this species is very variable, basing the study on 29 populations in forest-steppe and step biotopes of Poland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Russia and Mongolia. Williams & Ben-Dov (2009: 42-43), provided this information: scleranthi Virey, 1821a: 523, Coccus. Virey listed this name as the same as Coccus polonicus Linnaeus and credited the name to Fabricius. We have no evidence that Fabricius listed this name. Lindinger (1954:615) added the name authored by La Chenaye- Desbois (1759: 675) to a list of names applied to Coccionella polonica (L.). Current status: We have seen this work but La Chenaye-Desbois was referring to works by Linnaeus pre-1758, later applied by Linnaeus (1758) to Coccus polonicus Linnaeus, now Porphyrophora polonica (Linnaeus) (Family Margarodidae).
- Structure: In life: Adult female attached to the surface of the root of the host plant; body egg-shaped, violet-red, covered in abundant hair-like setae; legs well developed, foreleg fossorial (Zheng & Wu, 2024). Wouters & Verhecken (1991) compared, by HPLC methods, the constituents of pigments of Porphyrophora polonica (from Poland) and Porphyrophora crithmi (from southern France) and concluded that "according to the pigment analyses, P. polonica is identical to P. crithmi.
- Biology: Kohler (2008) indicated that populations of this species have been declining in Germany since 1918.
- Economic Importance: Since ancient times this insect was a source for dyes in textile industry (Schmutterer, 1957; Cardon, 2007).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Signoret (1876a), Jakubski (1929, 1934, 1965), Borchsenius (1950b), Kawecki & Wernorowna (1975), Kosztarab & Kozar (1978, 1988), Tang & Hao (1995), Tang (2000a), Vahedi (2002), Foldi (2005a) and by Vahedi & Hodgson (2007). Jashenko (1999a) showed that the morphology of the species is very variable, basing the study on 29 populations in forest-steppe and step biotopes of Poland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Russia and Mongolia.
Illustrations
Citations
- Beckma1790: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3
- BenDov2005a: catalog, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 102-104
- Blanch1883: economic importance, life history, taxonomy, 307-312
- Bodenh1953a: taxonomy, 152
- Bohmer2000: chemistry, 57-60
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 38
- BrandtRa1833: description, host, taxonomy, 356
- Buchne1965: structure, taxonomy, 292-295
- Buchne1966: life history, structure, 316-331
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 305
- Burmei1835: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 78-79
- Cardon2007: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 635-646
- Cocker1902q: distribution, taxonomy, 258
- Comsto1881a: economic importance, taxonomy, 440
- Fernal1903b: 29
- Foldi1998: catalog, 437-438
- Foldi2001: distribution, 303
- Foldi2001a: taxonomy, 214
- Foldi2005a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 111-113
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 11
- Gavril2003a: distribution, host, 107
- Gavril2018: cytogenetics, 27
- GavrilKu2019: economic importance, 204
- Gertss2001: distribution, 123-130
- Gertss2008: catalog, taxonomy, 55-58
- Goux1948b: taxonomy, 184-185
- Hahnem1793: taxonomy, 193
- Jakubs1921: distribution, host, life history, 155-182
- Jakubs1929: description, distribution, ecology, host, life history, taxonomy, 1076-1096
- Jakubs1934: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 1-502
- Jakubs1965: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 18-25
- Jansen2001: distribution, host, 199
- Jashen1999: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 46
- Jashen1999a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 103-132
- JashenAm1999: economic importance, taxonomy, 47-58
- KalandSi2014: distribution,
- Kaweck1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 7
- Kaweck1965a: structure, taxonomy, 205-211
- KaweckWe1975: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-148
- KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 99
- Kohler2008: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 193-202
- Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 24
- KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 160-161
- KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 14
- KondoGu2022: economic importance, 2
- Koszta1987: economic importance, 218
- KosztaKo1978: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 19
- KosztaKo1988F: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 52-53
- Koteja2000a: distribution, 172
- KotejaPyVo2003: structure, taxonomy, 253
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 56
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 56
- KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 88, 102, 119, 139, 155, 186
- LagowsGo2006: distribution, host, life history, 5-15
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 70
- LagowsGoSt2006: distribution, host, life history, 5-14
- LagowsGoSt2008: distribution, host, life history, 241-249
- Lauter2011: description, distribution, host, life history, 77-78
- LechJa2016: chemistry, economic importance, 3349–3358
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 63,179,181,307,384
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 141
- Lindin1939: taxonomy, 38
- Lindin1954: taxonomy, 614, 615
- Linnae1758: description, taxonomy, 456
- MatesoJa1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 754, 758-759
- Morris1928: taxonomy, 5,73,77-78,223
- PicardBa1939: distribution, economic importance, host, 118-120
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 18
- SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 421
- SerranDoBo2015: history,
- Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 854,866-867
- Signor1876a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 382-383
- Signor1877: catalog, taxonomy, 667,672
- Silves1908: taxonomy, 149
- Silves1938: taxonomy, 36
- SimonKa2011: distribution, 234
- Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
- Szulcz1931: distribution, host, 124-135
- Tang2000a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 6-13
- TangHa1995: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 62-65,547,674
- Targio1868: taxonomy, 723
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S122
- Vahedi2002: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 187-192
- VahediHo2007: description, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy, 93-96
- Virey1821b: taxonomy, 523
- Werner1963: economic importance, 185-186
- Willia2007b: taxonomy, 450, 427-490
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 581
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 241
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 7-8,26,37,38,40,42,
- WilliaBe2015: taxonomy, 166
- WilliaBeMa2009: taxonomy, 159
- WilliaFo2005: taxonomy, 20-21
- WouterVe1991: chemistry, distribution, host, 211-225
- Zahrad1959a: taxonomy, 534
- ZhengWu2024: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, nymph, taxonomy, 451
