Valid Names Results
Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché, 1851) (Diaspididae: Pinnaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus buxi Bouché 1851: 111. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on Buxus sempervirens.. Holotype, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: Type material lost (Sachtleben 1944). Illustr.
- Mytilaspis buxi (Bouché, 1851); Signoret 1870: 93. change of combination
- Mytilaspis pandanni Comstock 1881a: 324-325. Type data: UNITED STATES: Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard Botanical Garden, on Pandanus sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1893e, 38). Illustr.
- Mytilaspis pandani Comstock, 1881; Comstock 1883: 118. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Comstock consistently corrected pandanni to pandani, however the original spelling must be considered correct.
- Coccus (Diaspis) vandalicus Reimer 1890: 278. Type data: CUBA: on Palmae. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1893e, 38). Notes: Reimer (1890) gives the author of Coccus (Diaspis) vandalicus as Galvez, however we are unable to find a reference for such an author and so the species is considered to be authored by Reimer. Location of type unknown.
- Chionaspis vandalicus (Reimer, 1890); Cockerell 1892a: 54. change of combination
- Pinnaspis pandani (Comstock, 1881); Cockerell 1892d: 136. change of combination
- Diaspis vandalicus (Reimer, 1890); Cockerell 1893e: 38. change of combination
- Pinnaspis bambusae Cockerell 1893p: 157. Type data: JAMAICA: Hope Gardens, on Bambusa sp., by T.D.A. Cockerell. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1942, SIV-445:6).
- Fiorinia buxi (Bouché, 1851); Del Guercio 1894: 182. change of combination
- Fiorinia pandaniana (Comstock, 1881); Del Guercio 1894a: 181. change of combination and misspelling of species epithet
- Pinnaspis pandani alba Cockerell 1894c: 307. Type data: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: Trinidad, St. Anns, on unidentified palm. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1935, 149). Notes: No types of Pinnaspis pandani albus can be located.
- Pinnaspis buxi pandani (Comstock, 1881); Cockerell 1896b: 336. change in status (level)
- Pinnaspis pandani albus Cockerell, 1894; Cockerell 1896k: v. misspelling of species epithet
- Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché, 1851); Newstead 1901b: 207. change of combination
- Pinnaspis buxi alba Cockerell, 1894; Maxwell-Lefroy 1902: 253. change in status (level)
- Mytilaspis (Pinnaspis) buxi (Bouché, 1851); Maxwell-Lefroy 1903: 47. change of combination
- Mytilaspis buti (Bouché, 1851); Newstead 1907a: 10. misspelling of species epithet
- Pinnaspis siphonodontis Cockerell & Robinson 1915: 110. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Los Baños, on Siphonodon celastrineus, 01/02/1914, by C.F. Baker. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by FerrisRa1947, 29, 32). Illustr.
- Hemichionaspis pseudaspidistrae Green 1916e: 58-59. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Koolpiniyah, on Pandanus odoratissimus, by Hill. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaWa1988,215). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by FerrisRa1947, 29). Illustr.
- Pinaspis buxi; Greenwood 1929: 350. misspelling of genus name
- Pinaspis pandani; Lindinger 1934: 164. misspelling of genus name
- Chionaspis simulatrix Froggatt 1936: 18. nomen nudum (discovered by WilliaWa1988, 215). Notes: Chionaspis simulatrix was apparently a Green manuscript name.
- Pinnaspis alba Cockerell, 1894; Ferris & Rao 1947: 28. change in status (level)
- Pinnapsis buxi; Lindinger 1954: 620. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- bamboo mussel-scale Cocker1897l
- boxwood scale McKenz1956
- escama del balazo Mosque1976
- pandanus scale Cocker1897l
- screw pine scale ColonFMe1998
- small mussel scale Maxwel1903
- coconut scale Lever1969
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 49 | Genera: 101
- Apocynaceae
- Nerium oleander | FerrisRa1947 | (= Nerium odorum)
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex vomitoria | ColonFMe1998
- Araceae
- Aglaonema philippinense | CockerRo1914
- Alocasia | Borchs1966
- Anthurium crystallinum | Cocker1897l
- Anthurium grande | Nakaha1983
- Anthurium magnificum | Bodkin1922 Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Anubias | Borchs1966
- Colocasia esculenta | WilliaWa1988
- Epipremnum | Maxwel1902
- Epipremnum aureum | Nakaha1981a | (= Scindapsus aureus)
- Homalomena philippinensis | Robins1917
- Monstera | Maxwel1902
- Monstera adansonii | Leonar1918 | (= Philodendron pertusum)
- Monstera deliciosa | AlayoS1976 Heu2002 Newste1901b
- Philodendron | Balach1954e Heu2002
- Pothos chinensis | Takagi1970 | (= Pothos seemannii)
- Rhodospatha | Borchs1966
- Scindapsus | Nakaha1981a
- Spathiphyllum | Maxwel1902
- Spathiphyllum wallisii | MartinWoCu2022
- Araliaceae
- Polyscias | Suh2016
- Arecaceae
- Acrocomia | Lever1969
- Acrocomia media | ColonFMe1998
- Areca | WilliaWa1988
- Areca catechu | Cocker1897l
- Arecaceae | Reimer1890
- Calamus | Lever1969
- Chamaerops | Archan1937
- Cocos nucifera | CostaL1928 Heu2002 Mamet1943a
- Daemonorops lewisiana | Newste1901b
- Dictyosperma | Lever1969
- Dictyosperma album | Cocker1897l
- Dypsis | Mamet1951 | (= Neodypsis)
- Dypsis lutescens | AlayoS1976 Newste1901b | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Howea belmoreana | AlayoS1976 Ballou1926
- Howea forsteriana | AlayoS1976 Ballou1926 Newste1901b | (= Kentia)
- Hydriastele | Newste1901b
- Hyophorbe indica | Cocker1897l | (= Areca lutescens()
- Latania lontaroides | Cocker1896k
- Licuala grandis | AlayoS1976 Newste1901b
- Phoenix | Borchs1966
- Pinanga coronata | Cocker1897l | (= Pinanga kuhlii)
- Raphia | Mamet1959a
- Rhapis | Borchs1966
- Socratea exorrhiza | PetersHaMo2020s1
- Thrinax excelsa | CostaL1928
- Trachycarpus | Borchs1966 Lever1969
- Veitchia joannis | Hinckl1963
- Asparagaceae
- Cordyline fruticosa | ColonFMe1998 Heu2002 WilliaWa1988 | (= Cordyline terminalis)
- Dracaena | Cocker1897l
- Asphodelaceae
- Aloe | Mamet1959a
- Aspleniaceae
- Asplenium | Mamet1959
- Asteraceae
- Chrysanthemum morifolium | Paik1978
- Bignoniaceae
- Bignonia | FerrisRa1947 SureshMo1996
- Bromeliaceae
- Tillandsia | ColonFMe1998
- Vriesea | ColonFMe1998
- Burseraceae
- Canarium indicum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Canarium commune)
- Buxaceae
- Buxus | Balach1954e
- Buxus sempervirens | Bouche1851
- Cannabaceae
- Celtis philippensis | Ali1969a
- Celastraceae
- Siphonodon celastrineus | CockerRo1915
- Cucurbitaceae
- Momordica | WilliaWa1988
- Momordica charantia | WilliaWa1988
- Cupressaceae
- Cunninghamia | Tang1986
- Cyperaceae
- Cyperus alternifolius | Ballou1926
- Cyperus papyrus | LagowsGoHo2022
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros | AhmadGh1972 Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Euphorbiaceae
- Codiaeum | Suh2016
- Hevea brasiliensis | YunusHo1980
- Vernicia montana | FerrisRa1947 | (= Aleurites montanus)
- Fabaceae
- Bauhinia purpurea | WatsonOuKa2021
- Cassia fistula | FerrisRa1947
- Hardwickia binata | FerrisRa1947
- Inocarpus fagifer | WilliaWa1988
- Phaseolus vulgaris | WilliaWa1988
- Tamarindus indica | FerrisRa1947
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia | Mamet1943a
- Heliconia bihai | Cocker1897l
- Iridaceae
- Dietes bicolor | CulikMaVe2008 Heu2002 Nakaha1981a | (= Moraea bicolor)
- Ixonanthaceae
- Allanthospermum borneense | PetersHaMo2020s2
- Lecythidaceae
- Barringtonia edulis | WilliaWa1988
- Lythraceae
- Punica granatum | FerrisRa1947
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia ashtonii | PetersHaMo2020s2
- Magnolia champaca | FerrisRa1947 SureshMo1996 | (= Michelia champaka)
- Magnolia grandiflora | FerrisRa1947 SureshMo1996
- Malvaceae
- Gossypium barbadense | ColonFMe1998
- Hibiscus | Borchs1966
- Hibiscus arnottianus | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Sida | CulikMaVe2008
- Theobroma cacao | Tao1999
- Marantaceae
- Maranta | Borchs1966
- Meliaceae
- Dysoxylum | WilliaMi2010
- Sandoricum | Borchs1966
- Trichilia | Borchs1966
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | WilliaWa1988
- Artocarpus integer | FerrisRa1947 | (= Artocarpus integrifolius)
- Ficus racemosa | FerrisRa1947 | (= Ficus glomerata)
- Musaceae
- Ensete ventricosum | WatsonOuKa2021 | (= Musa ensete)
- Musa | Heu2002 WilliaWa1988
- Ochnaceae
- Schuurmansia | WilliaWa1988
- Oleaceae
- Olea | AhmadGh1972
- Olea europaea | AhmadGh1972 | ssp. cuspidata
- Orchidaceae
- Dendrobium | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Epidendrum | Lupo1938a
- Pandanaceae
- Martellidendron hornei | Mamet1943a | (= Pandanus hornei)
- Pandanus | Comsto1881 Heu2002
- Pandanus conoideus | Newste1901b
- Pandanus samoensis | WilliaWa1988 | (= Pandanus upoluensis)
- Pandanus sechellarum | GreenLa1921
- Pandanus utilis | AlayoS1976 Cocker1897l Green1916e | (= Pandanus odoratissimus)
- Pinaceae
- Pinus | Tang1986
- Piperaceae
- Piper | WilliaWa1988
- Poaceae
- Poaceae | Borchs1966
- Proteaceae
- Helicia | WilliaWa1988
- Pteridaceae
- Adiantum aethiopicum | WilliaWa1988
- Rubiaceae
- Coprosma laevigata | WilliaWa1988
- Ixora | Suh2016
- Morinda citrifolia | WilliaWa1988
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Frogga1936
- Smilacaceae
- Smilax | Nakaha1981a
- Solanaceae
- Solanum lycopersicum | WilliaWa1988 | (= Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia | Nakaha1981a
- Strelitzia reginae | Nakaha1981a
- Thurniaceae
- Prionium | Borchs1966
- Thymelaeaceae
- Daphne oleoides | Varshn2002
- Verbenaceae
- Lantana | Cocker1896k
Foes:
Families: 3 | Genera: 15
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus | AhmadGh1972
- Aphytis | AhmadGh1972
- Aphytis diaspidis | Balach1954e
- Encarsia | AhmadGh1972 | (= Prospaltella)
- Encarsia citrina | Garcia1930 HuangPo1998 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus | Lever1969
- Chilocorus circumdatus | HertinSi1972
- Chilocorus distigma | HertinSi1972 VeseyF1941
- Chilocorus nigritus | HertinSi1972 VeseyF1941
- Chilocorus wahlbergi | HertinSi1972
- Cryptognatha nodiceps | HertinSi1972
- Cryptogonus orbiculus | HertinSi1972
- Exochomus | Lever1969
- Exochomus flavipes | HertinSi1972
- Exochomus ventralis | HertinSi1972
- Lotis bicolor | HertinSi1972
- Nephus guttiger | HertinSi1972 | (= Scymnus guttiger)
- Platynaspis | HertinSi1972
- Scymnus nevadensis | HertinSi1972
- Scymnus njalensis | HertinSi1972
- Scymnus nubilus | HertinSi1972 | (= Scymnus trepidulus)
- Serangium kunowi | HertinSi1972
- Sticholotis punctata | HertinSi1972
- Telsimia nitida | Lever1969
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus semiflavus | AhmadGh1972 Lesche2000
Associates:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Formicidae
- Technomyrmex albipes | Lever1969
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 78
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | Maxwel1902
- Argentina | Nakaha1982
- Australia
- Northern Territory | Green1916e
- Barbados | Cocker1897l
- Belize | MerrilCh1923
- Brazil | MerrilCh1923
- Bahia | Azeved1929
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
- Rio de Janeiro | Cocker1902k Lepage1938
- Sao Paulo | Green1930b
- Cameroon | Hall1946a
- Cape Verde | LagowsGoHo2022
- China
- Beijing (=Peking) | Tang1984b
- Fujian (=Fukien) | Tang1986
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Hua2000
- Hainan | Hua2000
- Henan (=Honan) | Hua2000
- Hunan | Hua2000
- Shandong (=Shantung) | Tang1984b
- Shanxi (=Shansi) | Tang1984b
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Tao1999
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | Nakaha1982
- Yunnan | Tao1999
- Colombia | Mosque1976 NormarOkMo2019
- Comoros | Matile1978
- Cook Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Costa Rica | SuhJi2009
- Cuba | AlayoS1976 Reimer1890
- Czechoslovakia | KozarzRe1975 Zahrad1957
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | Balach1954e
- Denmark | Henrik1921 KozarzRe1975
- Dominica | Maxwel1902
- Ecuador | Nakaha1982
- Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Ezzat1958
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Pohnpei Island | Beards1966
- Truk Islands | Nakaha1982
- Fiji | Simmon1924
- France | FerrisRa1947 FoldiGe2018
- French Polynesia
- Society Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Tahiti | Nakaha1982
- Germany | Bouche1851 MerrilCh1923
- Ghana | Hall1946a
- Grenada | Cocker1897l
- Guadeloupe | MatileEt2006 Meurge2011
- Guam | Beards1966
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Cocker1897l
- Hawaiian Islands | Nakaha1982
- Hawaii | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Kauai | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Maui | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Molokai | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Oahu | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- India | Ali1969a
- Tamil Nadu | SureshMo1996
- Indonesia | Nakaha1982
- Irian Jaya | WilliaWa1988
- Java | WilliaMi2010
- Ireland | Green1934d
- Italy | Leonar1918 LongoMaPe1995
- Jamaica | Cocker1892a
- Japan | FerrisRa1947
- Kenya | WatsonOuKa2021
- Madagascar | Mamet1951
- Malaysia
- Malaya | Nakaha1982
- Sarawak | PetersHaMo2020s2
- Mauritius | Mamet1943a WilliaWi1988
- Mexico | Nakaha1982
- Montserrat | Maxwel1902
- Pakistan | AhmadGh1972
- Palau | Nakaha1982
- Panama | MerrilCh1923
- Papua New Guinea | Frogga1936 WilliaWa1988
- Peru | Nakaha1982
- Philippines
- Luzon | CockerRo1914
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | NakahaMi1981
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1959 WilliaWi1988
- Romania | FetykoKoDa2010
- Russia | DanzigPe1998
- Saint Lucia | Malump2014a
- Sao Tome and Principe
- Sao Tome | Fernan1974
- Seychelles | GreenLa1921 VeseyF1940
- Sierra Leone | Hargre1927
- Singapore | Nakaha1982
- Solomon Islands | WilliaWa1988
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994
- Spain | Garcia1930
- Sri Lanka | Green1937
- Suriname | Nakaha1982
- Sweden | Ossian1959
- Switzerland | Ferris1937
- Taiwan | Takagi1970
- Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) | BazaroSh1971
- Tanzania | Lindin1910b
- Thailand | Nakaha1982
- Togo | MerrilCh1923
- Tonga | WilliaWa1988
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | Cocker1897l
- U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983
- United Kingdom
- England | Newste1901b
- United States
- California | McKenz1956
- District of Columbia | MerrilCh1923
- Florida | Dekle1965c MerrilCh1923
- Illinois | MerrilCh1923
- Massachusetts | Comsto1881a
- New York | MerrilCh1923
- Pennsylvania | Trimbl1928
- Venezuela | Nakaha1982
- Vietnam | Suh2016
- Western Samoa | WilliaWa1988
Keys
- KimKiLe2023: pp.6 ( Adult (F) ) [Scales on bamboos in South Korea]
- Suh2014: pp.6 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis from Korea]
- SuhJi2009: pp.1041-1043 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of armored scales intercepted on imported plants (slide mounted females)]
- ColonFMe1998: pp.119 ( ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis of Puerto Rico]
- Danzig1993: pp.312 ( ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.212 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- Chen1983: pp.17 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- Chou1982: pp.92 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Pinnaspis]
- Wang1982c: pp.85 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- Paik1978: pp.375 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- BazaroSh1971: pp.113 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- Danzig1971d: pp.843 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae]
- Beards1966: pp.554 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to known Micronesian species of Pinnaspis]
- Ezzat1958: pp.246 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis known to occur in Egypt]
- McKenz1956: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- Balach1954e: pp.277 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- FerrisRa1947: pp.43 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- Hall1946a: pp.529 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Ethiopian species of Pinnaspis]
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:60 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- Lupo1938a: pp.299 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]
- Fullaw1932: pp.96 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Hawaiian Diaspinae]
- MacGil1921: pp.290, 341 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Hemichionaspis] Key as: Hemichionaspis pseudaspidistrae, Pinnaspis siphonodontis
Remarks
- Systematics: Borchsenius (1966) lists Diaspis vandalicusas an unplaced nomen nudum. While Reimer (1890) states only that it is "an insect of diminutive size, barely visible to the naked eye" this must be considered a valid description. Cockerell (1893e) considered Diaspis vandalicus to be a junior synonym of Mytilaspis buxi Bouché. Long time confusion of Pinnaspis buxi with P. aspidistrae means that host and distribution records for each could be erroneous (Balachowsky, 1954e).
- Structure: Female scale very small, pale brownish or almost colorless. Adult female pale yellowish. Male scale white with 3 strong carinae (Cockerell, 1892a).
- Biology: First stage active nymphs settle on feeding surface and soon become immobile. Second stage nymphs shelter under skin of 1st stage nymphs (Vesey-Fitzgerald, 1940). Although McKenzie (1956) presumed this species to be parthenogenetic, Cockerell (1892a) and Mamet (1959) did describe males.
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest.
- General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration by McKenzie (1956). Description of male scales by Mamet (1959).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 37
- AhmadGh1972: biological control, distribution, host, 95
- AlayoS1976: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 15-16
- Ali1969a: distribution, host, 63
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997-1003
- Archan1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 78-79
- Azeved1929: distribution, host, 113
- Balach1954e: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 277-280
- Ballou1926: catalog, distribution, host, 29-30
- BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 114-116
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 554, 555
- Berles1896: distribution, host, taxonomy, 368
- Bodkin1914: distribution, host, 115
- Bodkin1922: distribution, 57
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 197
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 111, 377
- Bouche1851: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 111
- Brick1910: taxonomy, 7
- Britto1923: distribution, host, taxonomy, 370
- BrunerScOt1945: catalog, distribution, host, 40
- CaveRe1996: distribution, host, 8
- Chen1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 21-22, 112
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 92, 96-98
- Chou1986: illustration, 495
- Cocker1892a: description, distribution, host, 54
- Cocker1892b: distribution, host, 333
- Cocker1892d: distribution, host, taxonomy, 136
- Cocker1892f: taxonomy, 119
- Cocker1893a: distribution, host, 174
- Cocker1893e: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 38-39
- Cocker1893j: distribution, 256
- Cocker1893p: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 157-158
- Cocker1894c: description, distribution, host, 307
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 336
- Cocker1896k: distribution, host, taxonomy, v
- Cocker1897l: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 149
- Cocker1902k: distribution, host, 456
- CockerRo1914: distribution, host, taxonomy, 329-330
- CockerRo1915: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 110
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 120-121
- Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 324-325
- Comsto1883: distribution, host, taxonomy, 118, 121-122
- CostaL1928: distribution, host, 121
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 843
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 312-314
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 334
- DaoBeWa2018: distribution, morphology, phylogeny, 82
- Dash1916: distribution, 42
- DeBachRo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 145
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 13, 113
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 130
- DelGue1894a: taxonomy, 181, 182
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
- Ezzat1958: description, distribution, taxonomy, 246
- FeltMo1928: distribution, host, 199
- FengWaLi2004: taxonomy, 19
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 242, 328
- Fernan1974: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 1-2
- Ferris1921b: taxonomy, 93
- Ferris1936a: illustration, taxonomy, 22, 76
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-98
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 41
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-445:6, SIV-446:6
- FerrisRa1947: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 28, 29, 32-33, 43
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 295
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- Frogga1936: distribution, host, 18
- Fullaw1932: distribution, taxonomy, 96, 105
- Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, 70
- Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
- GermaiAtBa2008: distribution, 129-135
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 23
- Gill1997: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 232, 234
- Gowdey1921: distribution, host, 25, 27
- Green1897: distribution, host, taxonomy, 69-70
- Green1916e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 58-59
- Green1930b: distribution, host, 214
- Green1934d: distribution, 114
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 323
- GreenLa1921: distribution, host, 127
- Greenw1929: distribution, host, 350
- GruwelWoKo2016: phylogeny, 173-176
- Hall1946a: distribution, taxonomy, 529, 547, 548
- Hargre1927: distribution, host, 116
- Hargre1937: distribution, host, 516
- Hempel1904: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 318-319
- Henrik1921: distribution, taxonomy, 314-315
- HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, 188-189
- Heu2002: distribution, host, 50
- HillNe1982: distribution, 228
- Hinckl1963: distribution, host, 20, 55
- HodekHo2009: biological control, 235
- HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 26
- Hoffma1927: distribution, 76
- HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 200
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 158
- HuangPo1998: biological control, 1860
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 303-304
- KawaiMaUm1971: distribution, host, 24
- KimKiLe2023: key, 6
- King1899c: distribution, 229
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 19
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 86
- KozarzRe1975: distribution, economic importance, host, 36
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 10
- Leonar1918: distribution, host, 211
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 179-181
- Lepage1938: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 415
- Lesche2000: biological control, 919
- Lever1969: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 50-51
- Lindin1909b: taxonomy, 225
- Lindin1909e: distribution, host, 40
- Lindin1910b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 46
- Lindin1924: taxonomy, 176
- Lindin1934e: taxonomy, 164
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 149
- Lindin1954: taxonomy, 620
- Lindin1958: taxonomy, 371
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 128
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 149
- Lupo1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 299, 305-310
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 290, 341
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 77
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 165
- Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 46-47
- Mamet1951: distribution, host, 229
- Mamet1959: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 124-126
- Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 384
- Marlat1921a: distribution, host, 26
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, 42
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 7
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 5, 55, 84, 126, 139,
- Matile1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 40, 56
- Maxwel1902: distribution, host, taxonomy, 253
- Maxwel1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 47
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34, 148, 150-151
- Merril1953: distribution, host, 72
- MerrilCh1923: distribution, host, taxonomy, 248
- Meurge2011: distribution, 81
- Miller2005: distribution, 488
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 304
- Misra1924CS: distribution, host, 348
- Morgan1888b: illustration, taxonomy, 119
- Morgan1890a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 229
- MorseNo2006: phylogeny, taxonomy, 340
- Mosque1976: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 57-58, 94
- Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 403
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 69
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 14
- NakahaMi1981: distribution, host, 35
- Newste1901b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 207-209
- Newste1914: distribution, host, 311
- NikolsYa1966: biological control, 261
- Nishid2002: catalog, 142
- NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, 29, 73
- OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 39
- Ossian1959: distribution, host, 200
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 375, 377-378
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, host, 503
- PerezG2008: distribution, 215
- PetersHaMo2020s1: DNA, distribution, host,
- PetersHaMo2020s2: DNA, distribution, host,
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 351
- Reh1904: taxonomy, 23
- Reimer1890: distribution, host, 278
- Reyne1961: distribution, host, 121, 122
- Robins1917: distribution, host, taxonomy, 39, 40
- RosenDe1978: distribution, host, 98-99
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Saakya1954: host, 27
- Samway1984: biological control, distribution, host, 99
- Sassce1923: distribution, host, 155
- Schmut1952: taxonomy, 579
- Schmut1957b: taxonomy, 149
- Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 215-217
- ShiLi1991: host, 165
- Signor1870: taxonomy, 93
- SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, distribution, host, 178
- Silves1939: taxonomy, 796
- Simmon1924: distribution, host, 53
- Simmon1938: distribution, host, 39
- Suh2014: distribution, 1,6
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 317, 328
- SuhJi2009: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 1039-1054
- SureshMo1996: distribution, host, 257
- Sweetm1958: biological control, distribution, 453
- Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 105-106
- Tang1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 166-167
- Tang1984b: distribution, host, 129
- Tang1986: distribution, host, 297, 298
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 105
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 109
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 43
- Terezn1986: distribution, host, 52
- Trimbl1928: distribution, host, 45
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 70
- Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 430
- VelasqRi1969: distribution, host, 196
- VeseyF1940: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 262-264
- VeseyF1941: biological control, distribution, host, 161-162
- Wang1982c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 88, 85
- Ward1890: economic importance, 308
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2021: distribution, 524
- WatsonOuKa2021: distribution, host, 82
- Wester1918: host, 53
- Wester1920: host, 64
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 219, 229, 230, 232
- WilliaBe2009: catalog, 47
- WilliaMi2010: distribution, host, 46
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 212, 215, 218
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, 71
- WongChCh1999: distribution, illustration, 31-32, 74
- WoodruBeSk1998: distribution, taxonomy, 107
- Wu1935: distribution, host, taxonomy, 210
- Yang1982: illustration, taxonomy, 232, 233
- YunusHo1980: distribution, host, 35
- Zahrad1957: distribution, host, 51
- Zahrad1990c: distribution, host, 16
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 169
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 387, 390
