Valid Names Results
Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky, 1915 (Diaspididae: Odonaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Odonaspis ruthae Ehrhorn 1907: 26. nomen nudum
- Odonaspis graminis; Kotinsky 1910: 129. misidentification (discovered by McKenz1956, 165).
- Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky 1915: 102. Type data: HAWAII: Honolulu, on Bermuda grass; collected July, 1905.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (BenDov1988b,52). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Aonidia ruthae (Kotinsky, 1915); Lindinger 1932f: 189. change of combination
- Dycryptaspis ruthae (Kotinsky, 1915); Lindinger 1943a: 150. change of combination
- Odonaspis pseudoruthae Mamet 1954: 67. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Mananjary, on a climbing Gramineae.. Holotype, unknown, Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; junior synonym (discovered by BenDov1988b, 51). Illustr.
- Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky, 1915; Borchsenius 1966: 225. revived combination (previously published)
Common Names
- Bermuda grass scale Borchs1966 Dekle1965c McKenz1956
- couch scale MillerDa2005
- hard grass scale MillerDa2005
- Ruth's scale MillerDa2005
- escama del pasto Bermuda KondoWa2022b
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 6 | Genera: 32
- Arecaceae
- Nypa fruticans | WilliaWa1988
- Euphorbiaceae
- Euphorbia heterophylla | BenDov1988b WilliaWa1988
- Juncaceae
- Juncus | McKenz1956
- Malvaceae
- Hibiscus | WilliaWa1988
- Orchidaceae
- Cattleya | BenDov1988b
- Poaceae
- Andropogon | BenDov1988b BesheaTiHo1973
- Axonopus compressus | BenDov1988b
- Bambusa | BenDov1988b
- Brachypodium | BenDov1988b
- Cenchrus spinifex | BenDov1988b | (= Cenchrus pauciflorus)
- Chloris | BenDov1988b WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988
- Chloris gayana | BenDov1988b
- Cortaderia selloana | BenDov1988b
- Cymbopogon citratus | BenDov1988b
- Cymbopogon winterianus | MartinWoCu2022
- Cynodon | BesheaTiHo1973 Bodenh1937
- Cynodon dactylon | Bodenh1935 Ferris1938a Ferris1942 Hall1925 Hosny1939 Lepage1938 Mamet1949 McKenz1956 Dekle1965c RodrigKo2016
- Cynodon transvaalensis | BenDov1988b
- Dactyloctenium aegyptium | BenDov1988b | (= Brachypodium distachyum)
- Digitaria milanjiana | BenDov1988b
- Digitaria sanguinalis | BenDov1988b
- Distichlis | BenDov1988b
- Echinochloa colona | RodrigKo2016
- Eleusine indica | BenDov1988b MatileEt2006
- Eremochloa ophiuroides | BenDov1988b BesheaTiHo1973
- Festuca | BesheaTiHo1973
- Lepturus repens | BenDov1988b
- Melinis repens | WatsonOuKa2021 | (= Rhynchelytrum repens)
- Panicum | BenDov1988b BesheaTiHo1973 WilliaWa1988
- Panicum maximum | BenDov1988b
- Paspalum conjugatum | MatileEt2006
- Paspalum distichum | BenDov1988b
- Pennisetum polystachion | BenDov1988b
- Poaceae | BesheaTiHo1973 Mamet1941a
- Setaria verticillata | Hall1925
- Sorghum drummondii | McKenz1956 | (= Sorghum vulgare sudanense)
- Sorghum halepense | BenDov1988b BesheaTiHo1973 McKenz1956
- Spartina patens | BenDov1988b BesheaTiHo1973
- Sporobolus | BesheaTiHo1973
- Sporobolus indicus | BenDov1988b
- Stenotaphrum dimidiatum | Mamet1957
- Stenotaphrum secundatum | BenDov1988b
Foes:
Families: 3 | Genera: 4
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus pullus | BenDov1988b
- Encyrtidae
- Adelencyrtus odonaspidis | BenDov1988b Trjapi1989
- Habrolepis | KondoWa2022b
- Phlaeothripidae
- Podothrips semiflavus | BenDov1988b PalmerMo1990
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 47
- Argentina
- Chaco | BenDov1988b
- Misiones | KondoWa2022b
- Tucuman | KondoWa2022b
- Australia | Green1937 Hall1925
- New South Wales | BenDov1988b
- Queensland | BenDov1988b
- South Australia | BenDov1988b
- Western Australia | BenDov1988b
- Azores | BenDovSoBo2012
- Bermuda | BenDov1988b
- Bolivia | BenDov1988b
- Brazil
- Bahia | BenDov1988b
- Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) | Lepage1938
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
- Parana | KondoWa2022b
- Rio de Janeiro | MartinWoCu2022
- Sao Paulo | KondoWa2022b
- Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) | KondoWa2022b
- Chile | BenDov1988b GonzalCh1968
- Tarapaca | KondoWa2022b
- Christmas Island | BenDov1988b
- Colombia | RodrigKo2016
- Cook Islands | BenDov1988b WilliaWa1988
- Crete | PellizPoSe2011
- Cuba | BenDov1988b
- Easter Island | KondoWa2022b
- Egypt | BenDov1988b Ferris1938a Green1937 Hall1925 Hosny1939 Merril1953
- Ethiopia | BenDov1988b
- French Polynesia
- Society Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Tahiti | BenDov1988b WilliaWa1988
- Greece | PellizChMi2015
- Guadeloupe | BenDov1988b MatileEt2006
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | BenDov1988b Ferris1938a Green1937 Hall1925 Merril1953
- India | Hall1925
- Israel | BenDov1988b Bodenh1937 Green1937
- Kenya | BenDov1988b WatsonOuKa2021
- Kiribati | WilliaWa1988
- Gilbert Islands | BenDov1988b
- Lebanon | AbdulNMo2006
- Madagascar | BenDov1988b
- Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011
- Mauritius | BenDov1988b Borchs1966 Mamet1941a Mamet1943a Mamet1949
- Mexico | BenDov1988b Merril1953
- New Caledonia | Cohic1958
- Pakistan | BenDov1988b
- Panama | BenDov1988b
- Papua New Guinea | WilliaWa1988
- Peru | BenDov1988b
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island | BenDov1988b
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014 Mamet1957
- Saint Croix | KondoWa2022b
- Sardinia | KondoWa2022b
- South Africa | BenDov1988b
- Sri Lanka | BenDov1988b Ferris1938a Green1922 Hall1925 Merril1953
- Tanzania | BenDov1988b
- Tuvalu | BenDov1988b WilliaWa1988
- U.S. Virgin Islands | BenDov1988b Nakaha1983
- United States
- Alabama | Nakaha1982
- Arizona | BenDov1988b
- Arkansas | Nakaha1982
- California | BenDov1988b Ferris1938a McKenz1956 Merril1953
- Florida | BenDov1988b BesheaTiHo1973 Dekle1965c Merril1953
- Georgia | BenDov1988b BesheaTiHo1973 TippinBe1972
- Kansas | KondoWa2022b
- Louisiana | BenDov1988b Ferris1938a Merril1953
- Mississippi | BenDov1988b
- North Carolina | BenDov1988b
- South Carolina | BenDov1988b
- Texas | BenDov1988b Ferris1938a Merril1953
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | WilliaBu1987 WilliaWa1988
- Zimbabwe | BenDov1988b Green1937 Hall1935a
Keys
- ChenJiXi2024: pp.297-299 ( Adult (F) ) [species of Odonaspis]
- RodrigKo2016: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [species of Odonaspis in the Neotropical region]
- BenDov2015: pp.449 ( Adult (F) ) [Odonaspis from Australia]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-30 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.208 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
- BenDov1988b: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.198 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific]
- Beards1966: pp.525 ( Adult (F) ) [Federated States of Micronesia ]
- Balach1958b: pp.299 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
- Ezzat1958: pp.247 ( Adult (F) ) [Egypt]
- McKenz1956: pp.37 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
- Balach1953g: pp.732 ( Adult (F) ) [Mediterranean]
- Ferris1942: pp.65 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- Fullaw1932: pp.95-97, 108 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
Remarks
- Systematics: Odonaspis ruthae can be differentiated from other Odonaspis species by the following combination of characters: (i) perivulvar pores present; (ii) vulva placed at level of or posterior to level of anus; (iii) postvulvar sternite not sclerotized; (iv) ventral macroducts on all abdominal segments as wide as dorsal macroducts; (v) posterior spiracles associated with perispiracular pores; (vi) metathorax with a row of ventral ducts across the midline; and (vii) gland tubercles absent from thorax (Kondo & Watson 2022b).
- Structure: Female scale oyster shaped or mytiliform when fully grown, about 1.75 mm long, 0.75 mm wide; chalk white; exuvia, straw-coloured, at elevated end, partly or entirely covered with white waxy dust which rubs off easily; ventral scale well developed, with dorsal completely enclosing and sealing insects. Male scale same shape, but only about half the size of the female (Kotinsky, 1915). Scale of the female white, broad and elongate, tapering somewhat posteriorly; that of the male white, elongate, and slender (Ferris, 1938a). Colour photograph by Gill (1997).
- Biology: Occurring beneath the sheathing bases of the leaves and on the rootstocks.
- Economic Importance: The Bermuda grass scale, is the most polyphagous species among the Odonaspidinae, was reported to damage lawn grasses in Israel (Halperin, 1971; Berlinger & Barak, 1981) and to be a common pest of forage and turf grasses in the Southern United States (Dale and McCoy, 1964; Tippins & Martin, 1982).
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1938a), McKenzie (1956), Ben-Dov (1988b), Gill (1997) and by Colon-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud (1998).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 36
- AbdulNMo2006: distribution, host, 517-520
- AbouEl2001: biological control, distribution, host, 185-195
- Balach1953g: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 743-746
- Balach1958b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 299
- BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 103
- BenDov1988b: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-55,67,71,139
- BenDov1990e: distribution, host, 658
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 32, 43
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, 841-843
- BenDovSoBo2012: distribution, 68
- BerlinBa1981: distribution, host, life history, 62-67
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 15
- Bodenh1935: distribution, host, 247
- Bodenh1937: distribution, host, 217
- Borchs1966: catalog, 225
- ChenJiXi2024: distribution, key, list, 296, 298
- ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 22
- Cock1985a: biological control, 3
- Cohic1958: distribution, host, 19
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 133-134
- CostaCoHa2000: control, distribution, host,
- CostaCoHa2003: control, 3365
- CostaL1934: distribution, host, 136
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- DaleMc1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 228
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, 318
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 100
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 121
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
- Ehrhor1907: distribution, host, taxonomy, 26
- Ezzat1958: distribution, taxonomy, 247
- EzzatNa1987: distribution, 87
- FDACSB1987: distribution, host, 4-7
- Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 165
- Ferris1942: description, distribution, host, 446
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 14,24
- Fullaw1932: taxonomy, 95,108
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, 23
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 208,210-211
- Gonzal2016: diagnosis, distribution, illustration, 52, 105, 132, 190-191
- GonzalCh1968: distribution, host, 111
- Green1922: distribution, host, 463
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 335
- Hall1925: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 15
- Hall1935a: distribution, host, 222
- Halper1971: chemical control, distribution, host, 141-147
- Hosny1939: description, distribution, host, 15
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 18
- KondoWa2022o: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 512
- Kotins1910: taxonomy, 129
- Kotins1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 102
- Lepage1938: catalog, 412
- Lindin1932f: taxonomy, 189
- Lindin1943a: taxonomy, 150
- Mamet1941a: distribution, host, 40
- Mamet1943a: 164
- Mamet1949: catalog, 51
- Mamet1954: taxonomy, 67
- Mamet1957: distribution, host, 370,377
- Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 385
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 6
- MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 172
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 164-165
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 64
- MerrilCh1923: distribution, host, 246
- Meurge2011: distribution, 82
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 142
- MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 304
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 306-308
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 153
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 63
- Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 13
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, phylogeny, taxonomy, 27, 38, S6
- Nur1990b: life history, taxonomy, 196
- PalmerMo1990: biological control, 67-76
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,71
- PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295,298
- RiherdCh1952: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 1-5
- RodrigKo2016: description, diagnosis, distribution, key, structure, 1-6
- Shetla1994: distribution, economic importance, host,
- TippinBe1968a: distribution, host, 134-136
- TippinBe1972: distribution, host, 287
- TippinMa1982: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 319-321
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 291
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 17
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2021: distribution, 524
- WatsonOuKa2021: distribution, host, 82
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 231
- WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 95
- WilliaWa1988: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 198-201
- Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 426,428
