Valid Names Results
Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis (Bouché, 1851) (Diaspididae: Lepidosaphes)Nomenclatural History
- Aspidiotus pinnaeformis Bouché 1851: 111. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on Cymbidium oleifolium. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Type material probably lost.
- Mytilaspis pinnaeformis (Bouché, 1851); Signoret 1870: 97. change of combination
- Mytilaspis machili Maskell 1898: 230-231. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Yokohama, on Machilus thunbergii, by Mr. Koebele. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand; junior synonym (discovered by DeitzTo1980, 39). Illustr.
- Lepidosaphes machili (Maskell, 1898); Fernald 1903b: 311. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis (Bouché, 1851); Green 1905: 28. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes tuberculata Malenotti 1916b: 183-185. Type data: ITALY: Florence, on Cymbidium tracyanum, 03/03/1916. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1934e, 165). Notes: Types presumed lost (Salvatore Marotta, personal communication, May 15, 2001). Illustr.
- Lepidosaphes tubercolata Malenotti, 1916; Leonardi 1920: 166-167. misspelling of species epithet
- Scrupulaspis machili (Maskell, 1898); MacGillivray 1921: 288. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes tuberculatus Malenotti, 1916; Green 1921: 198. change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender
- Parlatoria pinnaeformis (Bouché, 1851); Bodkin 1922: 60. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes cymbidicola Kuwana 1925a: 27-28. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Yokohama and Kobe, on "orchids," by I. Kuwana. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1934e, 165). Illustr.
- Lepidosaphes ezokihadae Kuwana 1932c: 147. Type data: JAPAN: Honshu, Morioka, on Phellodendron sachalinense, 16/12/1931, by G. Toba. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan; junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1957, 549). Illustr.
- Lepidosaphes cinnamomi Takahashi 1933: 48-50. Type data: TAIWAN: Kanko, near Shinten, on Cinnamomum kanehirai, 05/09/1932, by R. Takahashi. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1942, SIV-397). Illustr.
- Lepidosaphes piniformis (Bouché, 1851); Lindinger 1934e: 165. misspelling of species epithet
- Mytilococcus piniformis (Bouché, 1851); Lindinger 1936: 159. change of combination
- Mytilococcus tuberculata (Malenotti, 1916); Lupo 1939: 91. change of combination
- Lepidosaphes pinniformis (Bouché, 1851); Schmutterer 1952: 578. change of combination
- Eucornuaspis machili (Maskell, 1898); Borchsenius 1963: 1169. change of combination
- Eucornuaspis pinnaeformis (Bouché, 1851); Wise 1977: 108. change of combination
- Mytilococcus machili (Maskell, 1898); Zahradník 1977: 120. change of combination
Common Names
- cymbidium scale McKenz1956
- Machilus oystershell KSPP1972
- mussel scale Brain1929
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 21 | Genera: 36
- Arecaceae
- Rhapis | MillerDa2005
- Asparagaceae
- Cordyline | Hender2011
- Ophiopogon | MillerDa2005
- Asteraceae
- Tetradymia | McKenz1956 MillerDa2005
- Cercidiphyllaceae
- Cercidiphyllum | MillerDa2005
- Cercidiphyllum japonicum | Lepage1938
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | MillerDa2005
- Cycas revoluta | Takaha1929
- Daphniphyllaceae
- Daphniphyllum | MillerDa2005
- Daphniphyllum macropodum | Takagi1970 | (= Daphniphyllum membranaceum)
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | LepineMi1931 MillerDa2005
- Euphorbiaceae
- Croton | Fernal1903b MillerDa2005
- Fagaceae
- Quercus | Lepage1938 MillerDa2005
- Lardizabalaceae
- Stauntonia | MillerDa2005
- Stauntonia obovata | Takagi1970 | (= Stauntonia keitaoensis)
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum | MillerDa2005 Takaha1936a
- Cinnamomum camphora | Takaha1933
- Cinnamomum japonicum | Balach1954e Takagi1970 | (= Cinnamomum pedunculata)
- Cinnamomum micranthum | Takaha1933 | var. kanehirae (= Cinnamomum kanehirae)
- Lindera | MillerDa2005
- Lindera communis | Takagi1970
- Lindera megaphylla | Takagi1970 | (= Lindera oldhamii)
- Litsea | MillerDa2005
- Machilus | MillerDa2005 Takaha1936a
- Machilus glaucescens | Muraka1970 | (= Machilus thunbergii var. glaucescens)
- Machilus japonica | Takagi1970 | (= Machilus kusanoi)
- Machilus thunbergii | Maskel1898
- Neolitsea | MillerDa2005
- Neolitsea sericea | Muraka1970 Takagi1970 | (= Litsea glauca)
- Persea | Watson2002a
- Persea thunbergii | NormarOkMo2019
- Phoebe | MillerDa2005 Tao1999
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | MillerDa2005
- Magnolia compressa | Muraka1970 | (= Michelia compressa)
- Magnolia grandiflora | RaoKu1952
- Michelia | MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
- Moraceae
- Ficus | Lepage1938 MillerDa2005
- Orchidaceae
- Cattleya | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Chloraea piquichen | Muraka1970 | (= Cymbidium virescens)
- Cymbidium | Bouche1851 Tachik1962
- Cymbidium aloifolium | Bouche1851 Fernal1903b | (= Cymbidium pendulum)
- Cymbidium eburneum | Stalaz2021
- Cymbidium tracyanum | Maleno1916b
- Dendrobium | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Vanda | JansenAl2023
- Proteaceae
- Banksia | Lepage1938 MillerDa2005
- Rhamnaceae
- Pomaderris | MillerDa2005
- Pomaderris apetala | Lepage1938
- Rosaceae
- Cydonia oblonga | LepineMi1931 | (= Pyrus cydonia)
- Prunus | MillerDa2005
- Prunus persica | LepineMi1931
- Pyrus | MillerDa2005
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | LepineMi1931 MillerDa2005
- Citrus aurantium | GomezM1937
- Citrus limon | SzitaFeGe2023
- Phellodendron | MillerDa2005
- Phellodendron amurense | Takagi1960
- Phellodendron sachalinense | Kuwana1932c
- Schisandraceae
- Illicium | MillerDa2005
- Illicium anisatum | Takagi1960 | (= Illicium religiosum)
- Taxaceae
- Taxus | MillerDa2005
- Taxus cuspidata | Lepage1938
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Suh2016
Foes:
Families: 7 | Genera: 12
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis diaspidis | Fulmek1943
- Aphytis maculicornis | Fulmek1943
- Aphytis mytilaspidis | Fulmek1943
- Aphytis proclia | HertinSi1972
- Encarsia aspidioticola | Watson2002a
- Encarsia aurantii | Fulmek1943 Watson2002a | (= Prospaltella aurantii)
- Encarsia citrina | Fulmek1943 Watson2002a | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encarsia lounsburyi | Fulmek1943 Watson2002a | (= Aspidiotiphagus lounsburyi)
- Encarsia singularis | Fulmek1943 Watson2002a | {= Prospaltella singularis)
- Marietta carnesi | Fulmek1943
- Pteroptrix chinensis | Fulmek1943 Watson2002a | (= Casca chinensis)
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus | Fulmek1943
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | PriesnHo1940
- Coccidophilus citricola | Fulmek1943
- Exochomus | Fulmek1943
- Encyrtidae
- Metaphycus flavus | Fulmek1943 Watson2002a | (= Euaphycus flavus)
- Mymaridae
- Arescon aspidioticola | Fulmek1943 | (= Aphelinus aspidioticola)
- Noctuidae
- Prospalta | LazaroGoRo2023
- Phlaeothripidae
- Karnyothrips flavipes | PalmerMo1990 PriesnHo1940
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora flavopalliata | Fulmek1943
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 37
- Angola | FerraoCa1972
- Argentina | Autran1907
- Australia | MillerDa2005
- Tasmania | Hudson1967
- Azores | FrancoRuMa2011
- Brazil | Lepage1938
- China | RaoKu1952
- Crete | Ayouta1940
- Czechoslovakia | Balach1954e
- Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Archan1937
- France | Foldi2001
- Germany | Balach1954e Bouche1851
- Greece | MilonaKoKo2008a
- Guatemala | Nakaha1982
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Bodkin1922
- Hawaiian Islands | Kirkal1904b MillerDa2005
- Hawaii | Nakaha1981a
- India | Merril1953
- West Bengal | RaoKu1952
- Iran | Archan1937
- Italy | LongoMaPe1995 Maleno1916b
- Japan | Ali1969a
- Hokkaido | Takagi1960
- Honshu | Kuwana1932c Maskel1898
- Kyushu | NormarOkMo2019 Takagi1960
- Shikoku | Tachik1962
- Latvia | Danzig1993
- Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011
- Malta | Borg1932
- Mexico
- Morelos | LazaroGoRo2023
- Puebla | LazaroGoRo2023
- Morocco | LepineMi1931
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- New Zealand | Hender2011
- Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Seabra1941
- Romania | FetykoKoDa2010
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994 SuhJi2009
- Spain | GomezM1937
- Syria | Archan1937
- Taiwan | Takaha1929 Tao1999
- Turkey | Archan1937
- United Kingdom
- England | Fernal1903b MalumpHaSa2012
- United States
- California | Merril1953 MillerDa2005
- Delaware | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- District of Columbia | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Florida | Dekle1976 Merril1953 MillerDa2005
- Maryland | Merril1953 MillerDa2005
- Massachusetts | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- New Jersey | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- New York | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Uzbekistan
- Tashkent Oblast | Archan1937
- Vietnam | Takaha1942b
Keys
- PowellZeMi2024: pp.19 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to slide-mounted Lepidosaphes]
- SzitaFeGe2023: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Pseudococcidae on imported fruits in Hungary]
- LazaroGoRo2023: pp.247-248 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored scale species on avocado in central Mexico]
- MoghadWa2021: pp.139 ( Adult (F) ) [Lepidosaphes in Iran]
- Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
- Hender2011: pp.105 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Lepidosaphes adult females in New Zealand]
- SuhJi2009: pp.1041-1043 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of armored scales intercepted on imported plants (slide mounted females)]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-32 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
- Watson2002a: pp. ( Adult (F) ) [Expert system on a cd]
- Gill1997: pp.168 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to California species of Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes machili
- Danzig1993: pp.246 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes]
- Chou1982: pp.155 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Lepidosaphes]
- Danzig1971d: pp.841 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae] Key as: Lepidosaphes machili
- Takagi1960: pp.93 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes machili
- Takaha1955e: pp.69 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes machili
- Balach1954e: pp.32 ( Adult (F) ) [Tableau de détermination des espèces du g. Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes machili
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:56 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes machili
- Kuwana1925a: pp.4 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes] Key as: Lepidosaphes machili, Lepidosaphes cymbidicola
- MacGil1921: pp.284, 288 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lepidosaphes] Key as: Scrupulaspis machili
- Leonar1903: pp.28 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Mytilaspis] Key as: Mytilaspis pinnaeformis
Remarks
- Systematics: Borchsenius (1966) refers to Bodkin's 1922 citation of Parlatoria pinnaeformis Bouché as incertae sedis. We are unable to determine why he did so. L. pinnaeformis has been confused with L. beckii and much of the literature pertaining to L. pinnaeformis on citrus refers to L. beckii and not L. pinnaeformis. There is also controversy about the distinctness of L. pinnaeformis and L. machili. We have accepted the synonymy presented by Borchsenius (1966) since there seems to be no obvious differences between L. pinnaeformis and L. machili. Both are elongate scales that are most common on orchids, particularly cymbidium orchids. The presence of modified eyes as a stout spine on each side of the head distinguishes L. pinnaeformis from other Lepidosaphes species in New Zealand. (Henderson, 2011) Interspecies divergence (4.0%) of COI revealed apparent separation of L. pinnaeformis into two cryptic species. (Qin, et al., 2018)
- Structure: Adult female body robust, with the free abdominal segments moderately lobed laterally and with the pygidium broad and little rounded. Median lobes about as wide as or a little wider than long, rounded apically, notched or serrate on each side, separated from each other by about half width of one of them (Takagi, 1970). Female scale cover mussel shell shaped, shades of medium and light brown arranged in concentric rings; 1st-exuvium small and translucent, 2nd exuvium light brown, short and broad. (Henderson, 2011)
- Biology: In Central European greenhouses there are about 4 generations per year. The reproduction is bisexual; males are available in all colonies. Females lay 31-132 eggs, with larvae hatching about 10 days later (Schmutterer, 1959). The life history of this species is poorly known. According to Schmutterer (1959), it has about 4 generations each year in greenhouses. Females lay 31 to 132 eggs which hatch in about 10 days. Males are present in all colonies. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. The cymbidium scale was considered a serious pest of orchids grown in nurseries in California in the 1930s to 1950s (McKenzie 1956) but now is not of major importance because it is easily controlled (Gill 1997). It can build to heavy populations and cause significant damage when left unchecked. It is a pest in nearly any area of the world where cymbidium orchids are grown. It has been considered to be a pest in the following: Britain (Miles and Miles 1935); California (Steinweden 1948); Germany (Schmutterer 1959); and Russia (Saakyan-Baranova 1954), to name a few. Miller and Davidson (1990) consider this species to be an occasional pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- General Remarks: Detailed redescription by Takagi (1970).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 35
- Ali1969a: distribution, host, 43-44
- AlmeidPeMa2018: distribution, host, 355
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997-1003
- Archan1937: distribution, host, 73
- Autran1907: distribution, host, 154
- Ayouta1940: distribution, 3M
- Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 32, 47-51
- Bodkin1922: distribution, 60
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, 182
- Borchs1958a: distribution, 168
- Borchs1963: taxonomy, 1168, 1169
- Borchs1964: taxonomy, 160
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 58, 374
- Borg1932: distribution, host, 12
- Bouche1851: distribution, host, taxonomy, 111
- Brain1929: distribution, host, 144
- CharleHe2002: distribution, host, taxonomy, 589-595,603
- ChoJeKa2013: distribution, host, 405
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 155, 166-168
- Chou1986: illustration, 579
- Cocker1893k: distribution, host, 548
- Comsto1883: distribution, host, taxonomy, 125
- Comsto1916: distribution, host, taxonomy, 586
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 841
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 256-258
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 289-290
- Davies1981: taxonomy, 151
- Davies1983: taxonomy, 144
- DaviesBo1979: taxonomy, 101
- DeitzTo1980: distribution, taxonomy, 39
- Dekle1976: distribution, host, illustration, 102
- Dougla1887a: distribution, host, 21
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 311
- FerraoCa1972: distribution, 29
- Ferris1936: taxonomy, 7
- Ferris1937: taxonomy, SI-71
- Ferris1942: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SIV-397, SIV-446:56
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 295
- Foldi2001: distribution, 306
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 13,24
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, 52-53, 55
- Ghauri1962: taxonomy, 125, 212
- Ghesqu1927: distribution, host, 310, 313
- Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
- Gill1997: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 168, 174, 183
- GomezM1937: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 175-180
- GomezM1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 83
- Green1905: taxonomy, 28
- Green1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 198-199
- Green1925: distribution, host, 44
- Hender2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 8,11,13,22,33,105-6,
- HertinSi1972: biological control, 183
- Hodgso2020: key, 146
- Hua2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 151, 153
- Hudson1967: distribution, taxonomy, 91
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 34
- JoshiBaBh2024: diagnosis, 5
- KSPP1972: distribution, taxonomy, 107
- Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 243-244
- Kirkal1904b: distribution, host, 158
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 17
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 83
- Kozarz1974: distribution, host, 19
- Kuwana1909: distribution, host, 157
- Kuwana1925a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 4, 27-28, 35-37
- Kuwana1932c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 147
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 56-60
- LazaroGoRo2023: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, natural enemies, taxonomy, 248, 260-261
- Leonar1898: taxonomy, 47
- Leonar1903: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 28, 37-38, 65-69
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 151, 166-167
- Lepage1938: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 409
- LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 249
- Lindin1934e: distribution, taxonomy, 165
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 140
- Lindin1936: taxonomy, 159
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 549
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 127
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 149
- Lupo1939: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 71, 91-96
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 288
- Maleno1916b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 183-185
- MalumpHaSa2012: distribution, host, 6
- Maskel1898: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 230-231
- McKenz1956: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 32, 123-124
- Merril1953: distribution, host, taxonomy, 57
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, 517
- Miller2005: distribution, 487
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 303
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 262
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
- Moghad2013a: distribution, 38
- MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, taxonomy, 139, 155-156
- Morgan1890a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 229-230
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 83
- Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, 400
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 48
- Nishid2002: catalog, 142
- NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 24, 59, S6
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 341-342, 345-347
- Peleka1962: distribution, host, 62
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,72
- PellizPo2014: distribution, host, 6
- Perrie1926: distribution, host, 126
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 349
- PowellZeMi2024: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, 3, 14-15, 19
- QinZhYu2018: DNA sequencing, ecology, natural enemies, taxonomy, 5-11
- QinZhYu2018: DNA sequencing, ecology, natural enemies, taxonomy, 7
- RaoKu1952: distribution, host, 9
- Saakya1954: distribution, host, 27
- Schmut1952: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 578
- Schmut1957b: taxonomy, 150
- Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 158, 161-164
- Seabra1941: distribution, 8
- Signor1870: distribution, host, taxonomy, 97
- Silves1921: taxonomy, 1
- Silves1926a: biological control, distribution, 97, 99-100
- Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 475
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 319, 328
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 13
- SuhJi2009: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 1039-1054
- SzitaFeGe2023: distribution, host, key, 4
- Tachik1962: distribution, host, 78
- Takagi1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 79, 93
- Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 2, 13-14
- Takaha1929: distribution, host, 12, 22, 74
- Takaha1933: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 48-50, 61
- Takaha1936a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 220
- Takaha1937a: distribution, host, 71, 73
- Takaha1942b: distribution, host, 42
- Takaha1955e: distribution, host, taxonomy, 69, 75
- Tang1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 196
- Tang1984b: distribution, 130
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 3
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 97
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 85
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 43
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S120
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 47
- Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 431
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2002a: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
- Whitne1933: distribution, host, 67
- Willia1971b: taxonomy, 8
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 220, 226, 234
- Wise1977: distribution, 108
- WongChCh1999: distribution, illustration, 23, 63
- Yang1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 203, 205, 209
- Zahrad1977: distribution, host, 120
