Valid Names Results

Kermes vermilio Planchon, 1864 (Kermesidae: Kermes)

Nomenclatural History

Kermes vermilio Planchon 1864: 19-21. Type data: FRANCE: on Quercus coccifera. Unknown type status, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: All type material of Planchon is assumed lost (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, November 20, 1996).
Kermes ballotae Signoret 1875: 548-549. Type data: on Quercus ballota, by Lichtenstein. Unknown type status, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1960d, 38). Notes: There is no type material of this species in the MNHN (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication, December 2, 1999). Illustr.
Kermococcus vermilio (Planchon, 1864); Leonardi 1918: 212. change of combination
Coccus vermilio (Planchon, 1864); Cockerell 1929b: 150. change of combination
Talla ballotae (Signoret, 1875); Lindinger 1933a: 143. change of combination
Talla vermilio (Planchon, 1864); Lindinger 1933a: 143. change of combination Notes: Morrison, 1966 synonymized the genus Talla von Heyden with Kermes Boitard creating the combination Kermes vermillio.
Kermococcus vermilia (Planchon, 1864); Stacey, Heron & Sutton 1998: 54. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

kermes berry KozarDr1998h
Dyer’s kermes PellizPo2022
escama de las encinas PellizPo2022
grã-dostintureiros PellizPo2022
Kermès des teinturiers PellizPo2022

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 1 | Genera: 1

Fagaceae

Quercus | Hoy1963
Quercus aucheri | UlgentDo2019
Quercus coccifera | Hoy1963 PellizPoSe2011
Quercus ilex | Hoy1963 MarottTr2001
Quercus rotundifolia | Signor1875
Quercus suber | Hoy1963

Foes:

Families: 4 | Genera: 6

Coccinellidae

Exochomus quadripustulatus | BelcarMi1989

Encyrtidae

Cheiloneurus claviger | DelBenLa1992
Encyrtus infidus | Fulmek1943 Lepine1928 Trjapi1957 | (= Encyrtus scutellatus)(= Eucomys scutellata)
Metaphycus hirtipennis | Fulmek1943
Metaphycus hispanicus | Fulmek1943 | (= Aenasioidea hispanica)

Noctuidae

Eublemma scitula | GaikwaKeKa2022

Pteromalidae

Pachyneuron muscarum | DelBenLa1992

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 14

Algeria | Hoy1963

Corsica | Hoy1963

Crete | Hoy1963 PellizPoSe2011

France | Foldi2001 Hoy1963

Georgia (Republic of) | JaposhBaKi2020

Greece | Argyri1983 SzitaFeBe2017

Italy | DelBenLa1992

Sicily | LongoMaPe1995

Malta | MifsudMaRu2014

Morocco | Hoy1963

Portugal | SilvaCa1988

Sardinia | PellizFo1996

Spain | Hoy1963

Switzerland | WermelFo2015

Turkey | Hoy1963

Keys

PellizPoCo2012: pp.49 ( Immature (F) ) [Key to Kermes vermilio instars (prepupa, pupa and adult male not included)]
Borchs1960d: pp.34 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Kermococcus] Key as: Kermococcus vermilio
Bodenh1953a: pp.141 ( Adult (F) ) [Macroscopic key to the Turkish species of Kermes]

Remarks

Systematics: Other second instar Kermes males, clearly differ from K. vermilio because their marginal setae are long and hair-like, whereas those of K. vermilio are spinose.The Nearctic 2nd-instar males of K. cockerelli, K. rimarum and K. concinnulus also have long, hair-like marginal setae, and also tubular ducts and 5-locular pores scattered on both the dorsum and venter. (Pellizarri, et al., 2012)
Structure: Fully-grown reproductive females sub-spherical, dark red or brown, covered with a fine white or pale grey mealy wax; body 5 (3-7) mm long, 4.7 (2.7-6.6) mm wide and 4.6 (2.6-6) mm high. Due to their heavily sclerotized cuticle, these are unsuitable for a reliable identification, and characters are more reliable in prereproductive females. (Pellizzari, et. al, 2012) based on microscopic morphological characters.Larva body elongate oval, segments well defined. Adult female nearly spherical, red and covered with a remarkable powder layer (Leonardi, 1920). This species has ventral frontal lobes in male and female young instars. Marotta & Tranfaglia (1998) record these structures for the first time in the Kermesidae and state that they are likely present in other species of the family. First instar nymph oval and flat, orange-red with yellow legs. Settled specimens at first covered by mealy-white wax secretion, and then by thin wax threads. In overwintering specimens, the secretion consists of wax tufts regularly arranged on dorsum. Second-instar female oval, red, with white wax tufts regularly arranged on dorsum and thin wax threads on margin. Third-instar female body largely oval or hemispherical, red or brown; dorsum covered with glassy wax with some protruding conical waxy tufts regularly distributed Second-instar male similar to first-instar nymphs, but more elliptical; dorsum with white wax tufts regularly arranged and without thin wax threads. (Pellizzari, et al., 2012)
Biology: This species has one generation per year. The larvae appear in late May and in early June. They are very active for two or three days, then attach, giving preference to young branches. Females lay on average 2000 eggs (Leonardi, 1920). More recent discussions by Belcari & Minnocci (1989), Belcari (1991) and Del Bene & Landi (1992). Kermes vermilio is oviparous and monovoltine and overwinters as first instars (Marotta et al., 1999).
Economic Importance: The dried body of this insect was long used as a dye (Leonardi, 1920). This species has become invasive on ornamental Quercus ilex trees and heavy infestations have been recorded in urban environments, mainly in Central and Southern Italy. (Pellizzari, et al., 2012)
General Remarks: Detailed description by Leonardi (1920). Illustration by Borchsenius (1960d). Discussion of biological control by Del Bene & Landi (1992). Photographs in Pellizzai, et al., 2012,

Illustrations

Citations

Argyri1983: distribution, host, 364, 366
Balach1927: taxonomy, 184
Balach1929a: biological control, 303
Balach1930e: distribution, host, 220
Balach1931a: distribution, taxonomy, 99
Balach1950c: distribution, 343, 345
Balach1950d: distribution, taxonomy, 740, 741-742
Balach1953f: distribution, taxonomy, 182, 183, 184
Barany1978: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 85-92
BarbagBiBo1995: distribution, 43
Beffa1937: taxonomy, 67
Belcar1991: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-4
BelcarMi1989: biological control, distribution, host, 1-5
Blanch1883: description, distribution, taxonomy, 271-281
Bodenh1931: taxonomy, 243
Bodenh1953a: distribution, taxonomy, 140, 141-142, 158
Bohmer2000: chemistry, taxonomy, 57
Borchs1960d: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 12, 13, 22, 34, 38,
BorgesViSa1986: taxonomy, 39
Buchne1965: chemistry, 236
Carmon1985: biological control, description, host, illustration, life history, 433-443
Casazz1928: chemistry, 411
Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 327
Cocker1899j: taxonomy, 270
Cocker1929b: taxonomy, 150
Comsto1881a: taxonomy, 337
DelBenLa1992: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 229-236
Donkin1977: chemistry, host, 9, 51
Donkin1977a: chemistry, 847
Dziedz1967: taxonomy, 19
FavretOuWi2014: taxonomy, 75
Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 61, 65
Ferris1921b: taxonomy, 61
Feytau1916: distribution, economic importance, host, 2
Foldi2000: distribution, host, 81
Foldi2001: distribution, 305
Foldi2003: distribution, 150
Foldi2003b: life history, 28
FoldiCa1985: structure, taxonomy, 34, 44
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 11
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 16,25
Frogga1921a: taxonomy, 62
Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, taxonomy, 39, 79
GaikwaKeKa2022: natural enemies, 4
GarciaPi1924: biological control, distribution, host, 356
GavrilKu2019: economic importance, 204
Georgh1977: host, 153
GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, 22, 246, 248-249
GomezM1958a: distribution, 10
GomezM1960O: distribution, host, 204
Goux1946b: taxonomy, 98, 99
Hoy1963: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 162-163
JaposhBaKi2020: distribution, host, 66
JaposhCe2010: distribution, 133
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 90-106
KondoGu2022: economic importance, 2
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 21
Koszta1987: chemistry, distribution, host, 218
KozarDr1998h: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 413
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 76
Lanham1964: chemistry, 174
Leonar1918: host, 212
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 267-269
Lepage1940a: taxonomy, 262
Lepine1928: biological control, distribution, 320
LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 250
Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 286
Lindin1933a: taxonomy, 143
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 136
Lindin1958: taxonomy, 369
Lizery1938: taxonomy, 341
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 122
LongoRuMa1991: distribution, host, 189
Lupo1966a: chemistry, 26
MarottRiTr1999: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 63-83
MarottTr1998: distribution, host, structure, 1
MarottTr2001: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, structure, 133-138
Martin1984MP: distribution, host, taxonomy, 66-67
Maskel1894: taxonomy, 93
Mayet1903: chemistry, description, taxonomy, 729, 730-733
Melis1930: taxonomy, 14
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 514
MilonaKoKo2008: distribution, host, 33
MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
NewmanOCAn1929: chemistry, 516
Panis1974: distribution, host, 494
Paoli1915: host, 240
Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
PellizCa1991a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 195, 202
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 63,65,71
PellizFo1996: distribution, 120
PellizGe2010a: distribution, economic importance, 476
PellizGe2010a: economic importance, 476
PellizPo2022: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 354-355
PellizPoCo2012: description, distribution, illustration, structure, 36-50
PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 294,296
Perrie1926: taxonomy, 124
Pierce1917: distribution, host, 153
Planch1864: taxonomy, 19
PorcelPe2014: taxonomy, 61
Schmut1972a: biological control, host, 420
Schwep1986: chemistry, 159
SerranDoBo2015: history,
Signor1875: description, taxonomy, 555
Silves1911: description, host, illustration, taxonomy, 148
Silves1939: distribution, host, 694-696
StaceyHeSu1998: economic importance, 54
Sternl1969: taxonomy, 252
SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 469
Targio1868: host, taxonomy, 733
Taylor1987: chemistry, 143
Trabut1910: host, 71
Trabut1911: host, 53
Tranfa1981: distribution, host, taxonomy, 22
Traver1935: host, 77
Trjapi1957: biological control, 707
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 487
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S121
UlgentKaKo2013: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25
UnalAyKa2016: SEM, Wolbachia, honeydew, host, 104
Vayssi1920: distribution, 258
Vayssi1921: taxonomy, 360-361
Waller1986: chemistry, 147
Weber1930: taxonomy, 370
WermelFo2015: biology, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 361-365
Willia2015: taxonomy, 582
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 239
WilliaBe2009: catalog, 47
WouterVe1989: chemistry, 393, 394, 398-400
WouterVe1991: chemistry, taxonomy, 211
Yang1982: description, illustration, 114
Ziderm1986: chemistry, 419