Del Bene, G., & Landi, S. 1992 Kermes vermilio (Planchon) e i suoi nemici naturali in Toscana. [Kermes vermilio (Planchon) and its natural enemies in Tuscany.]. ATTI Giornate Fitopatologiche 229-236.

Notes: The biological cycle of K. vermilio is studied and the complex of its entomophagous insects in Tuscany is reported. It includes the Encyrtidae Metaphycus hirtipennis and Aenasoiodea hispanica, primary endophagous and gregarious parasitoids in both sexes; the Encyrtidae Cheiloneurus claviger and the Pteromalidae Pachyneuron muscarum hyperparasites. The highest percentage (37%) was recorded in May-June. M. hirtipennis was reared by 2nd-3rd instar larvae and females of K. vermilio; A. hispanica from male coccoons, 3rd instar larvae and females; the hyperparasites only from females. It is necessary to avoid insecticide treatments with non-selective a.i., that can act negatively on natural enemies. White oils may be used from July to October, when first instar larvae of K. vermilio are present.