Valid Names Results
Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas, 1890) (Monophlebidae: Icerya)Nomenclatural History
- Crossotosoma aegyptiacum Douglas 1890: 79. Type data: EGYPT: Alexandra [sic]. Lectotype, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name Notes: Unruh & Gullan (2008b: 75) gave this collection data of the lectotype "No. 40/BM 1945, 121/ R. Newstead." / " Icerya/(=Crossotosoma)/ Aegyptiaca Doug/ females (Egypt)./ Alexandra 1890.".
- Icerya aegyptiacum (Douglas, 1890); Riley & Howard 1890: 256. change of combination
- Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas, 1890); Maskell 1893b: 247. change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender
- Icerya tangalla Green 1896: 7. Type data: SRI LANKA: Tangalla, on leaves of unidentified plant.. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (WilliaWa1990,21). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Rao1951, 54).
Common Names
- breadfruit mealybug WatsonOoGi1995
- Egyptian cottony cushion scale Newste1894c
- Egyptian Icerya RileyHo1890b
- Egyptian mealybug Hall1922
- Cochinilla acanalada de Egipto KondoWa2022b
- Egyptian cushion scale KondoWa2022b
- Breadfruit mealybug KondoWa2022b
- Egyptian fluted scale KondoWa2022b
- ejiputo-watafuki-kaigaramushi KondoWa2022b
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 65 | Genera: 129
- Acanthaceae
- Asystasia | Rao1951
- Barleria | Rao1951
- Barleria cristata | Morris1920
- Pseuderanthemum | WilliaWa1990
- Ruellia simplex | UesatoKoUn2011 | (= Ruellia brittoniana)
- Strobilanthes | Green1922
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera indica | Hall1922 Rao1951 Takaha1942b UesatoKoUn2011
- Schinus terebinthifolia | Hall1922
- Annonaceae
- Annona | Green1922 Rao1951 TangHa1995
- Annona cherimola | Rao1951
- Annona squamosa | Hall1922 KawaiMaUm1971 Rao1951
- Polyalthia longifolia | Rao1951
- Apiaceae
- Peucedanum japonicum | UesatoKoUn2011
- Apocynaceae
- Carissa spinarum | Hall1923 | (= Carissa edulis)
- Ochrosia | Beards1966
- Ochrosia nakaiana | KawaiMaUm1971
- Araceae
- Cyrtosperma merkusii | WilliaWa1990 | as Cyrtosperma chamissionis
- Monstera | Varshn1992
- Arecaceae
- Arecaceae | Newste1917b Rao1951
- Cocos nucifera | Beards1966
- Hyophorbe verschaffeltii | Beards1966
- Latania | Hall1922
- Phoenix dactylifera | Hall1922
- Asparagaceae
- Asparagus | Rao1951
- Asteraceae
- Bidens pilosa | Rao1951 UesatoKoUn2011
- Gaillardia aristata | UesatoKoUn2011
- Helianthus | Varshn1992
- Melanthera biflora | Beards1966
- Pluchea indica | WilliaWa1990
- Pluchea odorata | Beards1966
- Synedrella nodiflora | WilliaWa1990
- Bignoniaceae
- Jacaranda | AnneckBuCo1976 DeLott1974a Hall1923 MacGreSa1984
- Boraginaceae
- Ehretia | PerezGKo1992 UesatoKoUn2011
- Burseraceae
- Boswellia sacra | AlJahdAlAl2020
- Buxaceae
- Buxus liukiuensis | UesatoKoUn2011
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum inophyllum | Beards1966 UesatoKoUn2011 WilliaWa1990
- Cannabaceae
- Trema | Rao1951
- Trema orientalis | KawaiMaUm1971
- Caricaceae
- Carica papaya | Beards1966
- Caryophyllaceae
- Drymaria | WilliaMi2010
- Casuarinaceae
- Casuarina equisetifolia | Beards1966 Rao1951 WilliaMi2010 WilliaWa1990
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia | Varshn1992
- Convolvulaceae
- Ipomoea indica | UesatoKoUn2011
- Cornaceae
- Alangium salviifolium | Rao1951
- Cupressaceae
- Thuja | Hall1923
- Cyatheaceae
- Cyathea mertensiana | KawaiMaUm1971
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas revoluta | UesatoKoUn2011
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros vera | UesatoKoUn2011
- Elaeocarpaceae
- Elaeocarpus sylvestris | UesatoKoUn2011
- Euphorbiaceae
- Acalypha | Green1922 Hall1922 Lindin1913 WilliaWa1990
- Alchornea liukiuensis | UesatoKoUn2011
- Alchornea trewioides | MartinLa2011
- Codiaeum | Beards1966 Green1922 Rao1951
- Codiaeum variegatum | Rao1951 WilliaWa1990
- Croton | Beards1966 Green1896 Rao1951
- Euphorbia | Beards1966
- Euphorbia tirucalli | UesatoKoUn2011
- Jatropha | Varshn1992
- Macaranga | Beards1966
- Macaranga tanarius | UesatoKoUn2011
- Mallotus japonicus | UesatoKoUn2011
- Vernicia fordii | Rao1951
- Fabaceae
- Acacia | TangHa1995
- Acacia decurrens | Rao1951
- Cajanus cajan | Rao1951
- Cassia | Varshn1992
- Delonix regia | Hall1922
- Erythrina | Varshn1992
- Leucaena leucocephala | UesatoKoUn2011
- Parkinsonia aculeata | Hall1922 Rao1951
- Pithecellobium | Varshn1992
- Prosopis juliflora | AlJahdAlAl2020
- Samanea saman | Rao1951
- Senna didymobotrya | Rao1951
- Vigna marina | Beards1966
- Flagellariaceae
- Flagellaria indica | Beards1966
- Goodeniaceae
- Scaevola | Beards1966 WilliaWa1990
- Scaevola taccada | WilliaWa1990 | as Scaevola koenigi
- Hypericaceae
- Hypericum mysorense | PerezGKo1992 Rao1951
- Lamiaceae
- Leucas | Rao1951
- Ocimum tenuiflorum | Rao1951
- Tectona grandis | Lindin1913 Rao1951 SenthiBa2005
- Lauraceae
- Litsea japonica | UesatoKoUn2011
- Litsea rotundifolia | MartinLa2011
- Machilus thunbergii | UesatoKoUn2011
- Lecythidaceae
- Barringtonia | Varshn1992
- Lythraceae
- Ammannia | Varshn1992 | (= Nesaea)
- Cuphea hyssopifolia | UesatoKoUn2011
- Lawsonia inermis | Hall1922
- Pemphis acidula | WilliaWa1990
- Punica granatum | Hall1923 Rao1951
- Sonneratia | Varshn1992
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia grandiflora | BenDov2012
- Malvaceae
- Ceiba pentandra | Takaha1942b
- Cullenia | Green1922
- Hibiscus | Hall1922
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | UesatoKoUn2011
- Melastomataceae
- Memecylon edule | Rao1951
- Meliaceae
- Melia azedarach | Hall1922
- Menispermaceae
- Tinospora | Varshn1992
- Montiniaceae
- Montinia | Green1922
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus altilis | Beards1966 Rao1951 WilliaWa1990 | (= Artocarpus incisa)
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | JoshiNaVe2021
- Ficus | Beards1966 Takaha1942b
- Ficus amplissima | Lindin1913
- Ficus benghalensis | Hall1922 Rao1951
- Ficus benjamina | BenDov2012 Hall1922
- Ficus carica | Hall1923 Rao1951
- Ficus elastica | Hall1922
- Ficus erecta | UesatoKoUn2011
- Ficus exasperata | Rao1951
- Ficus hirta | MartinLa2011
- Ficus lacor | Hall1922
- Ficus microcarpa | UesatoKoUn2011
- Ficus platyphylla | Hall1922
- Ficus rubiginosa | Newste1894c
- Ficus sycomorus | BenDov2012 Hall1922
- Ficus tinctoria | WilliaWa1990
- Ficus virens | AbdRabEv2021
- Morus alba | Hall1922 Morris1920
- Morus australis | UesatoKoUn2011
- Musaceae
- Musa | Beards1966
- Musa paradisiaca | WilliaWa1990
- Myrtaceae
- Eugenia | Varshn1992
- Myrtus communis | Hall1923
- Psidium | Green1922
- Psidium cattleyanum | KawaiMaUm1971
- Psidium guajava | DoaneHa1909 Hall1922 KawaiMaUm1971 Rao1951
- Syzygium cumini | Rao1951
- Syzygium samarangense | KawaiMaUm1971
- Onagraceae
- Ludwigia octovalvis | WilliaWa1990
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus utilis | WilliaWa1990
- Phyllanthaceae
- Antidesma montanum | UesatoKoUn2011 | (= Antidesma pentandrum barbatum)
- Bischofia javanica | UesatoKoUn2011
- Bridelia | MartinLa2011
- Bridelia tomentosa | MartinLa2011
- Glochidion | Beards1966
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum | KawaiMaUm1971
- Plumbaginaceae
- Plumbago auriculata | Rao1951
- Poaceae
- Zea mays | WilliaWa1990
- Putranjivaceae
- Drypetes integerrima | KawaiMaUm1971
- Ranunculaceae
- Clematis chinensis | UesatoKoUn2011
- Clematis terniflora | UesatoKoUn2011
- Rhamnaceae
- Ziziphus | Hall1922
- Rosaceae
- Malus prunifolia | Rao1951
- Osteomeles schwerinae | KawaiMaUm1971
- Prunus | Varshn1992
- Pyrus communis | Hall1922
- Rhaphiolepis indica |
- Rosa | Hall1922 Lindin1913 Rao1951 UesatoKoUn2011
- Rubiaceae
- Psychotria asiatica | UesatoKoUn2011 MartinLa2011
- Psychotria boninensis | KawaiMaUm1971
- Rubia cordifolia | Rao1951
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Beards1966 Hall1922 Rao1951 TangHa1995
- Citrus aurantiifolia | WilliaWa1990
- Citrus reticulata | EFSA2022h
- Citrus sinensis | EFSA2022h
- Glycosmis pentaphylla | Rao1951
- Melicope grisea | KawaiMaUm1971
- Salicaceae
- Salix babylonica | Hall1923
- Sapindaceae
- Dodonaea viscosa | Rao1951
- Sapotaceae
- Manilkara zapota | Rao1951
- Planchonella obovata | UesatoKoUn2011 KawaiMaUm1971 KawaiMaUm1971
- Solanaceae
- Capsicum | Rao1951
- Solanum lycopersicum | WilliaWa1990
- Solanum nigrum | Rao1951
- Tamaricaceae
- Tamarix | Varshn1992
- Tamarix senegalensis | LagowsGoHo2022
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Varshn1992 | (= Thea)
- Camellia sinensis | EFSA2022h
- Urticaceae
- Boehmeria nivea | UesatoKoUn2011 | as Boehmeria nivea nipononivea
- Verbenaceae
- Lantana | Hall1922
- Vitaceae
- Vitis vinifera | Hall1922
Foes:
Families: 6 | Genera: 8
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus ceroplastae | Noyes2004
- Chrysopidae
- Pseudomallada aegyptiacus | PriesnHo1940 | (= Chrysopa vulgaris aegyptiaca)
- Coccinellidae
- Novius amabilis | Pooran2023
- Novius breviusculus | PuttarCh1957 | (= Rodolia breviuscula)
- Novius cardinalis | Bartle1978c | (= Rodolia cardinalis)
- Novius koebelei | SchmutKlLu1957 | (= Rodolia koebelei )
- Novius pumila | UesatoKoUn2011 | (= Rodolia pumila)
- Novius pumilus | Pooran2023
- Novius ruficollis | AlJahdAlAl2020 Muzaff1969 Pooran2023 | (= Rodolia ruficollis)
- Encyrtidae
- Leptomastix nigrocoxalis | Noyes2004
- Prochiloneurus insolitus | Noyes2004
- Rhopus nigroclavatus | Noyes2004
- Eulophidae
- Tetrastichus | Noyes2004
- Pteromalidae
- Oricoruna arcotensis | Noyes2004
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 49
- Andaman Islands | KondoWa2022b
- Australia
- New South Wales | KondoWa2022b
- Northern Territory | KondoWa2022b
- Queensland | KondoWa2022b
- Bangladesh | Varshn1992
- Benin | KondoWa2022b
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | Kawai1987 KawaiMaUm1971
- Burma (=Myanmar) | Varshn1992
- Cape Verde | LagowsGoHo2022
- China | Yang1982
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | TangHa1995
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | TangHa1995
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | KondoWa2022b
- Cote d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) | KondoWa2022b
- Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Dougla1890 Hall1922
- Federated States of Micronesia | KondoWa2022b
- Caroline Islands | Beards1966
- Pohnpei Island | Beards1966
- Truk Islands | Beards1966
- Yap | Beards1966
- Fiji | KondoWa2022b
- French Polynesia
- Society Islands | DoaneHa1909
- Guam | Beards1966
- India
- Andhra Pradesh | KondoWa2022b
- Assam | SenthiBa2005
- Bihar | Mohamm1963 Rao1951
- Gujarat | Rao1951
- Jharkhand | KondoWa2022b
- Karnataka | Rao1951
- Kerala | Rao1951
- Lakshadweep | EFSA2022h
- Maharashtra | GodseBh2003 Rao1951
- Meghalaya | KondoWa2022b
- Odisha (=Orissa) | Rao1951
- Tamil Nadu | Mohamm1963 Rao1951
- Tripura | Varshn1992
- West Bengal | Mohamm1963
- Indonesia
- Kalimantan (=Borneo) | WilliaMi2010
- Kalimantan (=Borneo) | EFSA2022h
- Sulawesi (=Celebes) | EFSA2022h WatsonMuSh2014
- Iran | MoghadEsKh2015
- Israel | BenDov2012 MendelPrRe2020
- Japan | Kawai1980 Tanaka2012
- Kenya | Lindin1913
- Kiribati | WilliaWa1990 | EFSA2022h
- Gilbert Islands | Beards1966
- Laos | EFSA2022h
- Malaysia | KondoWa2022b
- Sabah | KondoWa2022b
- Sarawak | KondoWa2022b
- Maldives | WatsonOoGi1995
- Marshall Islands | Beards1966
- Nauru | KondoWa2022b
- Nicobar Islands | KondoWa2022b | EFSA2022h
- Nigeria | KondoWa2022b
- Northern Mariana Islands | Beards1966
- Oman | AlJahdAlAl2020
- Pakistan | Muzaff1969
- Palau | Beards1966
- Philippines
- Luzon | KondoWa2022b Morris1920
- Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | UesatoKoUn2011
- Saudi Arabia | KondoWa2022b
- Singapore | KondoWa2022b
- Somalia | KondoWa2022b
- Sri Lanka | Green1896 Green1922 Mohamm1963
- Sudan | KondoWa2022b
- Taiwan | Mohamm1963 TangHa1995
- Tanzania | KondoWa2022b
- Thailand | Takaha1942b
- Togo | KondoWa2022b
- Tuvalu | KondoWa2022b
- Vietnam | EFSA2022h
- Wake Island | Beards1966
- Western Samoa | KondoWa2022b | EFSA2022h
- Yemen | FoldiVa2004
- Zanzibar | Newste1917b
Keys
- Watson2022: pp.334 ( Adult (F) ) [Icerya in continental Africa]
- JoshiNaVe2021: pp.209 ( Adult (F) ) [Icerya in India]
- Gavril2018: pp.179 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Icerya]
- UesatoKoUn2011: pp.52 ( Adult (F) ) [Icerya species in Japan]
- UnruhGu2008b: pp.72-73 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Icerya]
- TangHa1995: pp.155-156, 615-616 ( Adult (F) ) [Asia]
- WilliaWa1990: pp.21 ( Adult (F) ) [Icerya species of Tropical South Pacific]
- Rao1951a: pp.157 ( Adult (F) ) [South East Asia]
- Borchs1950b: pp.45 ( Adult (F) ) [USSR]
- Morris1928: pp.208-211 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Icerya]
- RileyHo1890b: pp.106 ( Immature (F) Immature (M) ) [Palearctic]
Remarks
- Systematics: GeneBank Accession No. AB439512 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009).
Although Williams & Watson (1990) stated that the type material of Crossotosoma aegyptiacum probably was lost, Unruh & Gullan (2008b: 75) believed that the slide which they designated as lectotype was part of the type series. Douglas (1890) described the species from material sent to him in England from Alexandria, Egypt. In Newstead’s (1894: 28) review of the pest, he stated that he “had specimens of the females from Egypt…”. Unruh & Gullan (2008b: 75) believed that the specimens Newstead had were from Douglas’s original collection.
- Structure: The general appearance (in colour illustration) of the adult female and adult male is given by Green (1922). Adult female orange red or brick red, limbs blackish, the dorsum more or less completely covered with cushions of white mealy secretion intermingled with pulverulent or granular wax (Green, 1922). Colour photograph by Kawai (1980).
- Biology: Icerya aegyptiaca is parthenogenic and it goes through five life stages: an egg, three larval instars and an adult. So far males have never been found. In Egypt there can be two or partially three generations per year. Depending on temperature, the duration of the life cycle ranges from 87.2 (28.7°C) to 105.4 days (26.4°C). The peak of adults can be observed in summer. (EFSA2021) Female can lay from 70 to up to 200 eggs, which have yellow orange colour. They are laid into a waxy egg sac, attached to the abdomen. The egg sac is ruptured by the first-instar larvae. They are bright orange crawlers, which settle within a day and become covered by a wax. The second and third instar larvae are yellow orange covered with white mealy secretion. Adults are deep orange with blackish legs and antennae. They are covered with white mealy secretion, mingled with granular wax. Through this waxy covering, the body appears salmon pink. (EFSA2021)
I. aegyptiaca has several unique characters of adult females, such as rare genetic system (hermaphrodite), specific symbiotic bacteria and waxy filaments extended from their bodies. (Tang, et al., 2023)
- Economic Importance: Hall (1922) noted that it is widely distributed in Egypt and decidedly a pest. Considered a pest in the Pacific Region (Waterhouse & Norris, 1987; Williams & Watson, 1990; Waterhouse, 1993). On breadfruit, heavy infestations have been reported to kill even mature trees but more often they are partially defoliated, and the crop reduced, sometimes by more than 50%. On ornamentals, the white wax secretions of I. aegyptiaca are unsightly and reduce the aesthetic value of the plants. Outbreaks tend to develop in sites with little air movement, such as the inner canopy of host plants. (Watson & Kondo in T. Kondo & G.W.Watson, 2022)
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Rao (1951), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Tang & Hao (1995). Description of adult female by Unruh & Gullan (2008b).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 39
- AbouEl2001: distribution, host, 185-189
- AlJahdAlAl2020: diagnosis, distribution, host,
- AliPeAh2023: natural enemies,
- AwadalBaEl2023: biological control, natural enemies,
- Bartle1978c: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 135-136
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 398-399
- BenDov2005a: catalog, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 188-191
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 34, 44
- BennetRoCo1976: biological control, economic importance, 359-395
- Bodenh1937: distribution, host, 220
- Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 126
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 45
- BrancaSa1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 56
- Buchne1953: structure, taxonomy, 238-245
- Buchne1965: structure, taxonomy, 286-291
- Butani1979: economic importance, 36-40
- CaveRe1996: distribution, economic importance, host, 7, 14
- Cocker1902q: distribution, taxonomy, 257
- DoaneHa1909: distribution, host, 297
- Dougla1890: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 79
- EFSA2021: biology, control, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 18, 28, 46, 107-117
- EFSA2021a: biology, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 22, 32-33, 99-100, 107
- EFSA2022h: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
- EzzatNa1987: distribution, 88
- Fernal1903b: 24, 27
- Foldi1998: catalog, 425
- Foldi2001a: taxonomy, 203
- FoldiVa2004: distribution, host, 79-80
- Frogga1921b: description, taxonomy, 37
- Gardne1958: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 465-471
- Gavril2018: key, taxonomy, 26,176,179
- Gentry1965: distribution, economic importance, host,
- GodseBh2003: distribution, host, 1
- Green1896: distribution, host, 7
- Green1922: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 439-440
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 280
- GullanCo2007: taxonomy, 413-425
- HakkonPi1984: biological control, 1109-1121
- Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-2
- Hall1923: distribution, host, taxonomy, 30
- Hughes1963: chromosomes, structure, taxonomy, 173-184
- Joseph1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 35
- JoshiNaVe2021: distribution, illustration, key, 201, 207, 209
- Kawai1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 88-89
- Kawai1987: distribution, host, 77
- KawaiMaUm1971: distribution, host, 14
- KondoGuPe2016: distribution, 2
- KondoGuPo2012: distribution, taxonomy, 2
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 22
- KondoWa2022b: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 95-96
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 7, 10
- LattinOm1983: distribution, economic importance, host, 93
- Lepesm1947: distribution, host, 266
- Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 113,156,382
- Lindin1913: distribution, host, 84
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 135
- LiuSh2020: dispersal, distribution, ecology,
- MaityGh2004: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 7-12
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 46
- Maskel1893b: taxonomy, 274
- MendelBl1991: biological control, 68
- MendelBlZe1992: chemistry, distribution, ecology, host, 118-124
- MendelPrRe2020: distribution,
- Moghad2020: distribution, 384
- MoghadEsKh2015: distribution,
- MoghadNe2021: distribution, 175
- Mohamm1963: distribution, host, taxonomy, 123-124
- MohammGh2008: distribution, 154
- MoharuBa2015: distribution, host, 104
- Morris1920: distribution, host, taxonomy, 152-153
- Morris1928: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 207-208, 210, 222, 2
- MorrisMo1923: taxonomy, 44
- Muzaff1969: biological control, distribution, host, 91-93
- Muzaff1974: biological control, distribution, host, 1-92
- Newste1894c: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 27-31
- Newste1917b: distribution, host, 126
- Noyes2004: biological control,
- OberemGaUs2023: economic importance, 5
- PaulGh2004: chemical control, 729-732
- Pooran2023: natural enemies, 5, 8, 15, 16, 28, 33
- PuttarCh1953a: biological control, 87-95
- PuttarCh1957: biological control, distribution, host, 7
- Rao1951: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 41, 51-54
- RileyHo1890b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 97-99, 105
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- SalemAbAb2001: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 563-586
- SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 423
- SenthiBa2005: distribution, host, 31-32
- Shiau1990: taxonomy, 1-129
- Sweetm1958: biological control, economic importance, 449-458
- SwirskWyIz2002: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 63
- Takaha1942b: distribution, host, 6
- Tanaka2012: distribution, host, 21-22
- Tang2001: distribution, 3
- TangHa1995: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 156-157, 565, 685
- TangHuSu2023: evolution, genetics, phylogenetics, symbionts,
- Teuria1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 31-34
- ThistlVa1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 3-15
- Trembl1988a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 209
- UesatoKoUn2011: distribution, host, taxonomy, 49-55
- UnruhGu2008: phylogeny, taxonomy, 8-50
- UnruhGu2008b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 74-76
- Varshn1992: distribution, host, 13-14
- Vayssi1926: taxonomy, 319
- WadhiBa1964: distribution, economic importance, host, 227-260
- Waterh1991: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 117-122
- Waterh1993: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 49-63
- Waterh1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 156-171
- WaterhFe1997: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host,
- WaterhNo1987: distribution, economic importance, host,
- Watson2021: distribution, 525
- Watson2022: distribution, illustration, key, morphology, natural enemies, 317,319,334,336
- WatsonMuSh2014: distribution, host, 1595
- WatsonOoGi1995: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 37-39
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 242, 243
- WilliaGuEn2006: distribution, host, 269
- WilliaMi2010: distribution, host, 46
- WilliaWa1990: description, distribution, taxonomy, 20-23
- WongChCh1999: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 3, 41
- Yang1982: distribution, host, 30
- YokogaYa2009: genebank, molecular data, phylogeny, 57-66
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 174
- ZhouWuLi2022: control,
