Valid Names Results
Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 1938 (Diaspididae: Chrysomphalus)Nomenclatural History
- Chrysomphalus ficus; Ferris 1937c: 64. misidentification
- Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris 1938a: 199. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Pasadena, Huntington Gardens, on Aspidistra sp.. Holotype, female, Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Chrysomphalus bifascicularis Ferris, 1938; Lindinger 1943b: 218. misspelling of species epithet
- Chrysomphalus bifasciatus Ferris, 1938; Murakami 1970: 72. misspelling of species epithet
- Chrysophalus bifasciatus Wu 1999b: 234. misspelling of both genus and species names
- Chiysomphalus bifasciculatus; Kwon, et al. 2005: 52. misspelling of genus name
Common Names
- bifasciculate scale McKenz1956 MillerDa2005
- false Florida red scale MillerDa2005
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 33 | Genera: 48
- Adoxaceae
- Viburnum | Kawai1977
- Viburnum odoratissimum | TakahaTa1956
- Anacardiaceae
- Rhus | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Apocynaceae
- Nerium oleander | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | Kawai1977
- Ilex aquifolium | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Ilex crenata | Suh2020
- Ilex integra | Suh2020
- Araliaceae
- Aralia | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Dendropanax trifidus | TakahaTa1956
- Fatsia japonica | TakahaTa1956
- Hedera | Koszta1996
- Hedera helix | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Hedera rhombea | TakahaTa1956
- Arecaceae
- Cocos | Suh2016
- Phoenix canariensis | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Asparagaceae
- Aspidistra | BesheaTiHo1973 Ferris1938a McDani1968 McKenz1939 McKenz1944 McKenz1956 Takagi1969a
- Aspidistra elatior | RosenDe1979 TakahaTa1956
- Dracaena | Suh2016
- Ophiopogon | McKenz1944
- Asphodelaceae
- Dianella ensifolia | Takagi1969a
- Buxaceae
- Buxus | TakahaTa1956
- Buxus microphylla | Suh2020 | (var. koreana)
- Celastraceae
- Catha edulis | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Euonymus | Borchs1950b Kawai1977 McKenz1956
- Euonymus fortunei | Suh2020
- Euonymus japonicus | Ferris1938a McKenz1939 McKenz1944 RosenDe1979 Takagi1969a TakahaTa1956
- Cupressaceae
- Chamaecyparis obtusa | Suh2020
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | Takagi1969a Takaha1940
- Cycas revoluta | McKenz1944 McKenz1956 TakahaTa1956
- Cyperaceae
- Cyperus alternifolius | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Daphniphyllaceae
- Daphniphyllum macropodum | Suh2020
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Elaeagnus umbellata | Suh2020
- Fagaceae
- Castanopsis cuspidata | Kawai1977
- Lithocarpus edulis | RosenDe1979
- Quercus | TakahaTa1956
- Quercus glauca | TakahaTa1956
- Garryaceae
- Aucuba japonica | McKenz1944 McKenz1956 TakahaTa1956
- Hamamelidaceae
- Distylium racemosum | Suh2020
- Iridaceae
- Iris japonica | TakahaTa1956
- Libertia | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum camphora | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Laurus nobilis | McKenz1944 McKenz1956 TakahaTa1956
- Machilus thunbergii | Suh2020
- Neolitsea sericea | Suh2020
- Malvaceae
- Moraceae
- Ficus | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Oleaceae
- Ligustrum | Kawai1977
- Ligustrum japonicum | McKenz1944 McKenz1956 TakahaTa1956
- Ligustrum obtusifolium | Suh2020
- Olea | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Osmanthus | Kawai1977
- Osmanthus fortunei | TakahaTa1956
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | Takagi1969a Takaha1940
- Pandanus utilis | Takagi1969a
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Proteaceae
- Hakea salicifolia | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Rosaceae
- Prunus ilicifolia | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Prunus laurocerasus | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Salicaceae
- Populus maximowiczii | Suh2020
- Schisandraceae
- Illicium anisatum | RosenDe1979
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia reginae | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Koszta1996
- Camellia japonica | McKenz1944 McKenz1956 TakahaTa1956
- Vitaceae
- Parthenocissus tricuspidata | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
Foes:
Families: 3 | Genera: 4
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis japonicus | DeBachAz1962 RosenDe1979
- Aphytis vandenboschi | RosenDe1979
- Aphytis yasumatsui | RosenDe1979
- Marietta carnesi | Uemats1972 Uemats1974 Uemats1976
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | Kato1968 | (= Chilocorus kuwanae)
- Encyrtidae
- Comperiella bifasciata | Suh2019b Trjapi1989
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 12
- Bangladesh | Suh2016
- China | Ferris1938a Takagi1969a
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | DaoBeWa2023
- Henan (=Honan) | Shen1993 Wu1999b
- Yunnan | DaoBeWa2023
- Costa Rica | Suh2016
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | Ferris1938a McKenz1939 Takagi1969a Zimmer1948
- Japan | Ferris1938a Kawai1977 Kawai1980 RosenDe1979 Takagi1969a
- Honshu | TakahaTa1956
- Kyushu | TakahaTa1956
- Shikoku | TakahaTa1956
- Mexico | Nakaha1982
- Mongolia | DanzigKo1990
- South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005 Nakaha1982
- Taiwan | Nakaha1982 Takagi1969a Takaha1940 TakahaTa1956
- Ukraine
- Odessa Oblast | Borchs1950b
- United States
- Alabama | BesheaTiHo1973
- California | Ferris1938a McKenz1939 McKenz1956 Takagi1969a
- Delaware | Nakaha1982
- Florida | AhmedMi2018b
- Georgia | Nakaha1982
- Louisiana | Nakaha1982
- Maryland | Nakaha1982
- New Jersey | Nakaha1982
- North Carolina | Nakaha1982
- Oklahoma | Nakaha1982
- South Carolina | Nakaha1982
- Texas | McDani1968
- Virginia | Nakaha1982
- Vietnam | DanzigKo1990 DaoBeWa2018
Keys
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- SmithPEvDo2012: pp.6-May ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of the genus Chrysomphalus based on adult females]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-35 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.96 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
- Koszta1996: pp.476 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
- Danzig1993: pp.164 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
- Terezn1986: pp.92-93 ( Adult (F) ) [Ukraine]
- Chou1985: pp.284 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of China]
- Kawai1980: pp.209-210 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- McDani1968: pp.227 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Texas]
- Balach1956: pp.88 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
- McKenz1956: pp.24 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
- Zimmer1948: pp.368-369 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
- McKenz1943: pp.150 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
- Ferris1942: pp.31 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
- McKenz1939: pp.63 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
Remarks
- Systematics: Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus differs from all other species by having clusters of macroducts on abdominal segments II and III, and having about 28 macroducts and six perivulvar pores on each side of the body. Chrysomphalus aonidum has a single cluster of macroducts on abdominal segment II only, and has about 49 macroducts and 11 perivular pores on each side of the body. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi lacks dorsal clusters of macroducts on either abdominal segment II or III, and has about 27 macroducts and six perivular pores on each side of the body (Miller and Davidson 2005). The false Florida red scale cover is usually lighter in color than that of Florida red scale, and therefore does not contrast as strongly with the shed skins as in the latter. (Ahmed & Miller, 2018b)
- Structure: The body of the adult female is pale yellow when first mature, but becomes darker later. The eggs are yellow. (Ahmed & Miller, 2018) Scale of the female, circular, quite flat, of a dark chocolate brown color with the region of the subcentrally placed exuviae slightly paler; that of male similar in color, oval, the exuvia toward one end (Ferris, 1938a). Mounted female has three pairs of lobes that are all about the same size and shape; paraphyses that are relatively long, much longer than the lobes, and the plates anterior of the third lobe are fringed. (Ahmed & Miller, 2018) Color photograph by Gill (1997).
- Biology: Occurring on the leaves (Ferris, 1938a).
- Economic Importance: McKenzie (1956) reported this species to damage Euonymus and Hedera in USA, California.
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1938a), McKenzie (1939, 1956), Takagi (1969a), Chou (1985, 1986), Tereznikova (1986), Danzig (1993), Kosztarab (1996) and by Gill (1997).
Illustrations
Citations
- Ahmed2018a: distribution, host, illustration, 9
- AhmedMi2018b: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host,
- Azim1961: biological control, distribution, host, 97-109
- Balach1948b: taxonomy, 350
- Balach1956: taxonomy, 88
- BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 103
- BenDovGe2003: catalog, 274-277
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 5
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 218
- Borchs1966: catalog, 286-287
- Caltag1985: biological control, taxonomy, 189-200
- Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 284,287-288
- Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 675
- ComperFlSm1941: biological control, 291,301
- Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 651
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 166-167
- DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 46
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, 215
- DaoBeWa2018: distribution, illustration, morphology, phylogeny, 82-95
- DaoBeWa2023: key, 1028
- DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
- DeBachAz1962: biological control, distribution, host, 1-8
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 113
- Ferris1937c: taxonomy, 64
- Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 199
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, 446:31
- Flande1969: biological control, 29-33
- Flande1971: biological control, life history, 857-872
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 235
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 96-97,99
- Hewitt1943: distribution, host, 266-274
- HoyHe1985: biological control,
- Kato1968: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 29-38
- Kawai1977: distribution, economic importance, host, 158,160-162
- Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 210
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 15
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 479-480
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, illustration, 52-60
- LiLi1990: biological control, host, 68-70
- Lindin1943b: taxonomy, 218
- McDani1968: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 227-228
- McKenz1939: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 53,57,69
- McKenz1943: taxonomy, 150
- McKenz1944: distribution, host, taxonomy, 56
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 24,51-53
- MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 301
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 126-128
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, life history, 72-73
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 22
- QinZhYu2018: ecology, natural enemies, 7
- RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 400-402,558-561,
- SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 478
- SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
- Shen1993: distribution, host, 58
- ShiLi1991: distribution, host, 165
- SmithPEvDo2012: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 2,5-6,11-12
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 322, 326
- Suh2019b: natural enemies, 3
- Suh2020: distribution, host, illustration, 4-13, 15, 22, 25
- Takagi1969a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 87
- TakagiRo1981: biological control, distribution, host, 314-321
- Takaha1940: distribution, host, taxonomy, 28
- Takaha1953a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 12
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 16
- Tanaka1966: biological control, 1-42
- Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 80
- Terezn1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 93-94
- Trjapi1989: biological control, 296
- Uemats1972: biological control, 187-192
- Uemats1974: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 177-182
- Uemats1976: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 115-119
- Uemats1978a: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 135-140
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Wu1999b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 234
- Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 369-370
