Valid Names Results

Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 1938 (Diaspididae: Chrysomphalus)

Nomenclatural History

Chrysomphalus ficus; Ferris 1937c: 64. misidentification
Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris 1938a: 199. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Pasadena, Huntington Gardens, on Aspidistra sp.. Holotype, female, Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; accepted valid name Illustr.
Chrysomphalus bifascicularis Ferris, 1938; Lindinger 1943b: 218. misspelling of species epithet
Chrysomphalus bifasciatus Ferris, 1938; Murakami 1970: 72. misspelling of species epithet
Chrysophalus bifasciatus Wu 1999b: 234. misspelling of both genus and species names
Chiysomphalus bifasciculatus; Kwon, et al. 2005: 52. misspelling of genus name

Common Names

bifasciculate scale McKenz1956 MillerDa2005
false Florida red scale MillerDa2005

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 33 | Genera: 49

Adoxaceae

Viburnum | Kawai1977
Viburnum odoratissimum | TakahaTa1956

Anacardiaceae

Rhus | McKenz1944 McKenz1956

Apocynaceae

Nerium oleander | McKenz1944 McKenz1956

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex | Kawai1977
Ilex aquifolium | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
Ilex crenata | Suh2020
Ilex integra | Suh2020

Araliaceae

Aralia | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
Dendropanax trifidus | TakahaTa1956
Fatsia japonica | TakahaTa1956
Hedera | Koszta1996
Hedera helix | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
Hedera rhombea | TakahaTa1956

Arecaceae

Cocos | Suh2016
Phoenix canariensis | McKenz1944 McKenz1956

Asparagaceae

Aspidistra | BesheaTiHo1973 Ferris1938a McDani1968 McKenz1939 McKenz1944 McKenz1956 Takagi1969a
Aspidistra elatior | RosenDe1979 TakahaTa1956
Dracaena | Suh2016
Ophiopogon | McKenz1944

Asphodelaceae

Dianella ensifolia | Takagi1969a

Buxaceae

Buxus | TakahaTa1956
Buxus microphylla | Suh2020 | (var. koreana)

Celastraceae

Catha edulis | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
Euonymus | Borchs1950b Kawai1977 McKenz1956
Euonymus fortunei | Suh2020
Euonymus japonicus | Ferris1938a McKenz1939 McKenz1944 RosenDe1979 Takagi1969a TakahaTa1956

Cupressaceae

Chamaecyparis obtusa | Suh2020

Cycadaceae

Cycas | Takagi1969a Takaha1940
Cycas revoluta | McKenz1944 McKenz1956 TakahaTa1956

Cyperaceae

Cyperus alternifolius | McKenz1944 McKenz1956

Daphniphyllaceae

Daphniphyllum macropodum | Suh2020

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
Elaeagnus umbellata | Suh2020

Fagaceae

Castanopsis cuspidata | Kawai1977
Lithocarpus edulis | RosenDe1979
Quercus | TakahaTa1956
Quercus glauca | TakahaTa1956

Garryaceae

Aucuba japonica | McKenz1944 McKenz1956 TakahaTa1956

Hamamelidaceae

Distylium racemosum | Suh2020

Iridaceae

Iris japonica | TakahaTa1956
Libertia | McKenz1944 McKenz1956

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum camphora | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
Laurus nobilis | McKenz1944 McKenz1956 TakahaTa1956
Machilus thunbergii | Suh2020
Neolitsea sericea | Suh2020

Malvaceae

Hibiscus syriacus | Suh2020 Suh2020

Moraceae

Ficus | McKenz1944 McKenz1956

Oleaceae

Ligustrum | Kawai1977
Ligustrum japonicum | McKenz1944 McKenz1956 TakahaTa1956
Ligustrum obtusifolium | Suh2020
Olea | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
Osmanthus | Kawai1977
Osmanthus fortunei | TakahaTa1956

Pandanaceae

Pandanus | Takagi1969a Takaha1940
Pandanus utilis | Takagi1969a

Pittosporaceae

Pittosporum | McKenz1944 McKenz1956

Proteaceae

Hakea salicifolia | McKenz1944 McKenz1956

Rosaceae

Prunus ilicifolia | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
Prunus laurocerasus | McKenz1944 McKenz1956

Rutaceae

Citrus | McKenz1944 McKenz1956
Murraya koenigii | JansenAl2023 | (=Bergera koenigii)

Salicaceae

Populus maximowiczii | Suh2020

Schisandraceae

Illicium anisatum | RosenDe1979

Strelitziaceae

Strelitzia reginae | McKenz1944 McKenz1956

Theaceae

Camellia | Koszta1996
Camellia japonica | McKenz1944 McKenz1956 TakahaTa1956

Vitaceae

Parthenocissus tricuspidata | McKenz1944 McKenz1956

Foes:

Families: 4 | Genera: 5

Aphelinidae

Aphytis japonicus | DeBachAz1962 RosenDe1979
Aphytis vandenboschi | RosenDe1979
Aphytis yasumatsui | RosenDe1979
Marietta carnesi | Uemats1972 Uemats1974 Uemats1976

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus renipustulatus | Kato1968 | (= Chilocorus kuwanae)

Cybocephalidae

Cybocephalus nipponicus | LeeLeSe2024

Encyrtidae

Comperiella bifasciata | Suh2019b Trjapi1989

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 13

Bangladesh | Suh2016

China | Ferris1938a Takagi1969a

Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | DaoBeWa2023
Henan (=Honan) | Shen1993 Wu1999b
Yunnan | DaoBeWa2023

Costa Rica | Suh2016

Hawaiian Islands

Hawaii | Ferris1938a McKenz1939 Takagi1969a Zimmer1948

Japan | Ferris1938a Kawai1977 Kawai1980 RosenDe1979 Takagi1969a

Honshu | TakahaTa1956
Kyushu | TakahaTa1956
Shikoku | TakahaTa1956

Mexico | Nakaha1982

Mongolia | DanzigKo1990

Netherlands | JansenAl2023

South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005 Nakaha1982

Taiwan | Nakaha1982 Takagi1969a Takaha1940 TakahaTa1956

Ukraine

Odessa Oblast | Borchs1950b

United States

Alabama | BesheaTiHo1973
California | Ferris1938a McKenz1939 McKenz1956 Takagi1969a
Delaware | Nakaha1982
Florida | AhmedMi2018b
Georgia | Nakaha1982
Louisiana | Nakaha1982
Maryland | Nakaha1982
New Jersey | Nakaha1982
North Carolina | Nakaha1982
Oklahoma | Nakaha1982
South Carolina | Nakaha1982
Texas | McDani1968
Virginia | Nakaha1982

Vietnam | DanzigKo1990 DaoBeWa2018

Keys

DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
SmithPEvDo2012: pp.6-May ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of the genus Chrysomphalus]
MillerDa2005: pp.29-35 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
Gill1997: pp.96 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
Koszta1996: pp.476 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
Danzig1993: pp.164 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
Terezn1986: pp.92-93 ( Adult (F) ) [Ukraine]
Chou1985: pp.284 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of China]
Kawai1980: pp.209-210 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
McDani1968: pp.227 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Texas]
Balach1956: pp.88 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
McKenz1956: pp.24 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
Zimmer1948: pp.368-369 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
McKenz1943: pp.150 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
Ferris1942: pp.31 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
McKenz1939: pp.63 ( Adult (F) ) [World]

Remarks

Systematics: Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus differs from all other species by having clusters of macroducts on abdominal segments II and III, and having about 28 macroducts and six perivulvar pores on each side of the body. Chrysomphalus aonidum has a single cluster of macroducts on abdominal segment II only, and has about 49 macroducts and 11 perivular pores on each side of the body. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi lacks dorsal clusters of macroducts on either abdominal segment II or III, and has about 27 macroducts and six perivular pores on each side of the body (Miller and Davidson 2005). The false Florida red scale cover is usually lighter in color than that of Florida red scale, and therefore does not contrast as strongly with the shed skins as in the latter. (Ahmed & Miller, 2018b)
Structure: The body of the adult female is pale yellow when first mature, but becomes darker later. The eggs are yellow. (Ahmed & Miller, 2018) Scale of the female, circular, quite flat, of a dark chocolate brown color with the region of the subcentrally placed exuviae slightly paler; that of male similar in color, oval, the exuvia toward one end (Ferris, 1938a). Mounted female has three pairs of lobes that are all about the same size and shape; paraphyses that are relatively long, much longer than the lobes, and the plates anterior of the third lobe are fringed. (Ahmed & Miller, 2018) Color photograph by Gill (1997).
Biology: Occurring on the leaves (Ferris, 1938a).
Economic Importance: McKenzie (1956) reported this species to damage Euonymus and Hedera in USA, California.
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1938a), McKenzie (1939, 1956), Takagi (1969a), Chou (1985, 1986), Tereznikova (1986), Danzig (1993), Kosztarab (1996) and by Gill (1997).

Illustrations

Citations

Ahmed2018a: distribution, host, illustration, 9
AhmedMi2018b: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host,
Azim1961: biological control, distribution, host, 97-109
Balach1948b: taxonomy, 350
Balach1956: taxonomy, 88
BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 103
BenDovGe2003: catalog, 274-277
BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 5
Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 218
Borchs1966: catalog, 286-287
Caltag1985: biological control, taxonomy, 189-200
Chou1985: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 284,287-288
Chou1986: illustration, taxonomy, 675
ComperFlSm1941: biological control, 291,301
Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 651
Danzig1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 166-167
DanzigKo1990: distribution, host, 46
DanzigPe1998: catalog, 215
DaoBeWa2018: distribution, illustration, morphology, phylogeny, 82-95
DaoBeWa2023: key, 1028
DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
DeBachAz1962: biological control, distribution, host, 1-8
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 113
Ferris1937c: taxonomy, 64
Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 199
Ferris1942: taxonomy, 446:31
Flande1969: biological control, 29-33
Flande1971: biological control, life history, 857-872
Gavril2018: reproduction, 235
Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 96-97,99
Hewitt1943: distribution, host, 266-274
HoyHe1985: biological control,
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 25
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 33
Kato1968: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 29-38
Kawai1977: distribution, economic importance, host, 158,160-162
Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 210
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 15
Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 479-480
KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, illustration, 52-60
LeeLeSe2024: natural enemies, 7
LiLi1990: biological control, host, 68-70
Lindin1943b: taxonomy, 218
McDani1968: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 227-228
McKenz1939: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 53,57,69
McKenz1943: taxonomy, 150
McKenz1944: distribution, host, taxonomy, 56
McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 24,51-53
MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 301
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 126-128
Muraka1970: distribution, host, life history, 72-73
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 22
NiuLiXu2024: DNA sequencing, S1 Table
QinZhYu2018: ecology, natural enemies, 7
RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 400-402,558-561,
SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 478
SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
Shen1993: distribution, host, 58
ShiLi1991: distribution, host, 165
SmithPEvDo2012: distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 2,5-6,11-12
Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 322, 326
Suh2019b: natural enemies, 3
Suh2020: distribution, host, illustration, 4-13, 15, 22, 25
Takagi1969a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 87
TakagiRo1981: biological control, distribution, host, 314-321
Takaha1940: distribution, host, taxonomy, 28
Takaha1953a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 12
TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 16
Tanaka1966: biological control, 1-42
Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 80
Terezn1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 93-94
Trjapi1989: biological control, 296
Uemats1972: biological control, 187-192
Uemats1974: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 177-182
Uemats1976: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 115-119
Uemats1978a: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 135-140
WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
Watson2001: list, 177
Wu1999b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 234
Zimmer1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 369-370