Valid Names Results
Apiomorpha Rübsaamen, 1894 (
Eriococcidae)
Nomenclatural History
- Brachyscelis
Schrader
1863: 2.
Type species: Brachyscelis pileata Schrader
by subsequent designation
Lindin1937:179
.
junior homonym
(discovered by Rubsaa1894: 201)
Notes: Described and illustrated by Ferris (1957b) and Gullan (1984a). Early major work by Froggatt (1931).
- Apiomorpha
Rübsaamen
1894: 201.
Type species: Brachyscelis pileata Schrader
by subsequent designation
Lindin1937:179
.
replacement name
- Brachiomorpha
Ferris
1957b: 66.
.
unavailable name that is placed
Notes: According to Morrison & Morrison (1966), "From the usage, this seems to be a lapsus for Apiomorpha Rübsaamen."
Remarks
- Systematics: Slide-mounted adult female with following diagnostic characters: body turbinate; antennae 5-segmented or less; mouth parts small; legs 3-segmented with tibia and tarsus fused and femur and trochanter fused; coxa and femur with translucent pores; anal lobes elongate, with 1 or 2 spine-like setae; multilocular pores with 7 or more loculi; spine-like setae present on all but one species. First instar with: 6-segmented antennae; legs 5-segmented; body margin with row of enlarged, spine-like setae, each seta winged by horizontal, hyaline membrane (Gullan, 1984).
There is considerable cryptic diversity within the genus, with several named species appear to comprise two or more morphologically cryptic species. (Mills, et al., 2016)
- Structure: The taxonomy of Apiomorpha is based primarily on cuticular features of adult females, but gall size and shape can also be used to help differentiate species (Cook & Gullan, 2008)
The relatively species-specific galls of the adult females are usually many times larger than the small, tubular galls of the males. (Mills & Cook, 2010) They are typically woody with a small apical opening through which the female mates and the first-instar nymphs (crawlers) leave the gall. Adult females do not leave their galls, but feed, mate and reproduce within the gall that each initiated as a crawler. Gall shape is generally species-specific and provides a useful character for differentiating currently recognised morphology-based species. The insect, rather than host plant, controls the shape of the gall (Cook & Gullan 2008) and several species of Apiomorpha can induce galls on the one host plant – each inducing its own distinctive gall (Cook & Gullan 2008).
Mills, et al. (2016) found strong evidence for four distinct species of Apiomorpha that induce galls on eudesmid eucalypts: A. gongylocarpae, A. hilli, A. jucundacrispi and A. pomaphora. Sequences from each form well supported monophyletic groups, the adult females of each are differentiated morphologically, there is no overlap in the eucalypt species used as hosts.
- Biology: Adult females induce some of the largest and most conspicuous of all scale insect galls. The galls are sexually dimorphic and are found only on Australasian Eucalyptus species. This is the largest genus of strictly gallicolus coccoids (Beardsley, 1984). Adult females can be very long lived and have been recorded as living for over five years. (Cook & Gullan, 2001) Females have three instars, and males have five (Gullan, 1981).
- General Remarks: This genus occurs almost exclusively in Australia, though Apiomorpha pedunculata is recorded from Papua New Guinea (Gullan, 1984).. Detailed description and illustration of the male in Hodgson (2020)
Keys
- Hodgso2020: pp.19-22
(
Adult (M)
)
[Neococcoid higher taxa]
- HardyBeGu2011: pp.502-504
(
Adult (F)
)
[Key to the adult females of genera of felt scales on Eucalyptus and Corymbia]
- HardyBeGu2011: pp.502-504
(
Adult (F)
)
[Key to the adult females of genera of felt scales on Eucalyptus and Corymbia]
- Gullan1984: pp.10
(
Adult (F)
)
[Adult females and female galls of Apiomorpha]
- Gullan1984: pp.10
(
Adult (F)
)
[Adult females and female galls of Apiomorpha]
Associated References
- Atkins1886:
description, taxonomy, pp. 275
- AustinYeCa2004:
ecology, host, pp. 220
- Balach1942:
description, distribution, host, pp. 44
- Beards1974a:
distribution, host, taxonomy, pp. 342
- Beards1984:
taxonomy, pp. 80, 84, 85, 103
- Brown1959SW:
distribution, host, taxonomy, pp. 294
- BruesMeCa1954:
distribution, host, taxonomy, pp. 108, 165
- Cocker1896b:
taxonomy, pp. 328
- Cocker1899a:
taxonomy, pp. 393
- Cocker1899m:
taxonomy, pp. 276
- Cook2000:
distribution, host, physiology, pp. 255-263
- Cook2001:
chemistry, taxonomy, pp. 265-266
- Cook2001a:
description, distribution, pp. 166
- CookGu2004:
taxonomy, pp. 441
- CookGuSt2000:
description, physiology, pp. 880-894
- CoxWi1987:
chemistry, pp. 15
- ElliotDe1985:
host, pp. 25
- Fernal1903b:
catalog, taxonomy, pp. 39
- Ferris1921b:
distribution, host, taxonomy, pp. 91
- Ferris1957b:
description, taxonomy, pp. 60
- Ferris1957c:
taxonomy, pp. 84
- Frogga1893:
taxonomy, pp. 353
- Frogga1894c:
taxonomy, pp. 111, 113
- Frogga1898a:
taxonomy, pp. 488
- Frogga1917:
description, taxonomy, pp. 506
- Frogga1921a:
description, taxonomy, pp. 114, 115
- Frogga1931:
taxonomy, pp. 431
- Fuller1896:
host, taxonomy, pp. 209
- Fuller1897:
taxonomy, pp. 1345
- Fuller1899:
description, taxonomy, pp. 444
- Gavril2018:
reproduction, pp. 228
- Gavril2021b:
reproduction, pp. 245
- Gill1993:
taxonomy, pp. 153
- Giraul1939:
biological control, distribution, pp. 16
- Gullan1978:
distribution, structure, taxonomy, pp. 59
- Gullan1983:
structure, pp. 25-29
- Gullan1984:
description, distribution, taxonomy, pp. 8
- Gullan1984b:
taxonomy, pp. 381
- GullanCo2001:
taxonomy, pp. 92
- GullanCrCo1997:
distribution, ecology, host, pp. 137-146
- GullanJo1989:
distribution, taxonomy, pp. 321-329
- GullanKo1997:
pp. 36, 37, 38, 43
- GullanMiCo2005:
ecology, host, taxonomy, pp. 166
- HardyBeGu2011:
host, taxonomy, pp. 498,502-503
- HardyCo2010:
ecology, taxonomy, pp. 257
- HardyGu2007:
host, illustration, taxonomy, pp. 106-108
- HardyGu2010:
host, pp. 2
- Hodgso2020:
description, key, male, taxonomy, pp. 20, 51
- Hoy1963:
catalog, taxonomy, pp. 33
- Jarvis1911:
distribution, pp. 64
- Koszta1987:
ecology, pp. 216
- Koteja1974:
structure, taxonomy, pp. 269, 275, 295, 298
- Koteja1974b:
taxonomy, pp. 77
- KotejaZa1972:
taxonomy, pp. 207
- Kozar2009:
distribution, host, taxonomy, pp. 112
- Kunkel1967:
distribution, host, taxonomy, pp. 46
- LinKoGu2013:
molecular data, phylogeny, pp. 257
- Lindin1937:
taxonomy, pp. 179
- MacGil1921:
distribution, host, taxonomy, pp. 204
- Maskel1897:
taxonomy, pp. 294
- McKeow1945:
distribution, host, pp. 338
- MillerGi2000:
catalog, taxonomy, pp. 22
- MillerGi2000:
catalog, taxonomy, pp. 24-25
- MillsCo2010:
description, physiology, pp. 83
- MillsCo2014:
DNA sequencing, chromosomes, pp. 127
- MillsMaRi2011:
taxonomy, pp. 55-63
- MorrisMo1966:
taxonomy, pp. 13-14
- Podsia2002a:
structure, pp. 73
- RossPeSh2010:
physiology, pp. 8
- Rubsaa1894:
taxonomy, pp. 201
- Schrad1863:
host, taxonomy, pp. 2
- Schrad1863a:
description, taxonomy, pp. 6, 7
- Schrad1863b:
taxonomy, pp. 191
- Short1947:
description, taxonomy, pp. 257-258
- Signor1868:
distribution, taxonomy, pp. 525
- Signor1877:
catalog, taxonomy, pp. 592
- Stadel1893:
taxonomy, pp. 231
- SzentIWo1962:
distribution, host, pp. 20-22
- Tepper1893:
description, distribution, taxonomy, pp. 265
- Theron1968:
description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, pp. 87-99
- Weidne1974:
taxonomy, pp. 438
- Willia1991DJ:
distribution, host, taxonomy, pp. 461
- WilliaWa1990:
description, taxonomy, pp. 47-49
- WoodwaEvEa1970:
distribution, host, pp. 430
46 Species
