Valid Names Results

Pulvinariella is now Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti, 1866 (Coccidae)

Nomenclatural History

• Calittico Costa 1844: 273. Type species: Calittico mesembrianthemi Costa by subsequent designation BenDov1993:290 . (= Coccus mesembryanthemi, Vallot ) junior synonym (discovered by BenDov1993: 290) Notes: Costa (1844) presented observations on a soft scale insect, which he found on Mesembryanthemum acanaciforme at Posilipo Beach near Napoli, to which he referred as Calittico sp. Signoret (1869a: 861) named the species Calypticus mesembrianthemi Costa. Although Calittico antedated Pulvinariella it was regarded by Ben-Dov (1993) as an objective synonym of Pulvinariella, which is a subjective synonym of Pulvinaria.
• Gasteralphe Icery 1864: 55. . replacement name that is unjustified
• Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti 1866: 146. Type species: Coccus vitis Linnaeus by monotypy and original designation . accepted valid name
• Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti 1867: 13. . subsequent use
• Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 727. . subsequent use
• Pluvinaria Shinji 1935b: 771;. . misspelling of genus name
• Pulvineria Bodenheimer 1936: 218;. . misspelling of genus name
• Chloropulvinaria Borchsenius 1952: 299. Type species: Coccus floccifera Westwood by original designation . junior synonym (discovered by BenDov1993: 63)
• Pulvinariella Borchsenius 1953: 287. Type species: Coccus mesembryanthemi Vallot by original designation . junior synonym (discovered by BenDov1993: 270)
• Eupulvinaria Borchsenius 1953: 288. Type species: Eupulvinaria peregrina Borchsenius by original designation . junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1980b: 260)
• Pulviferia Atanasov 1959: 429;. . misspelling of genus name
• Pulvinaria (Eupulvinaria) Borchsenius, 1953; Danzig 1980b: 260. . change in status (level)
• Saccharipulvinaria Tao, Wong & Chang 1983: 85. Type species: Coccus iceryi Signoret . junior synonym (discovered by Hodgso1994a: 528)
• Saccharipulvinaria Kosztarab, Ben-Dov & Kosztarab 1986: 14. by present designation . subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of authors.
• Saccharipulvinaria Tang 1991: 267. by present designation . subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of authors.
• Saccharipulvinaria Hodgson 1994a: 525. by present designation . subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of authors.
• ulvinaria Moghaddam 2009: 34;. . misspelling of genus name Notes: Misspelling of 'ulvinaria' for 'Pulvinaria'.

Remarks

• Systematics: Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Pulvinariini. Costa (1844) published observations on a soft scale insect, collected on Mesembryanthemum acanaciforme at Posilipo Beach near Naples, Italy, to which he referred as Calittico sp. Signoret (1869a: 861) named the above Calypticus mesembryanthemi Costa. Although Calittico antedated Pulvinariella the former was considered by Ben-Dov (1993) as an objective synonym of Pulvinariella. Chloropulviaria and Eupulvinaria are here considered subjective synonyms of Pulvinaria. The genus Saccharipulvinaria Tao, Wong & Chang, 1983, was established with Pulvinaria iceryi Signoret as type species. However, their illustration of the type species is clearly not P. iceryi, but of P. elongata Newstead (see Williams & Watson, 1990; Hodgson, 1994a). Until the status of Saccharipulvinaria will be clarified, within a comprehensive revision of the grass-inhabiting group of Pulvinariini species, the genus is here regarded a subjective synonym of Pulvinaria. Borchsenius (1953) described a new genus Pulvinarella. Although, 3 species (mesembryanthemi and hemiacantha and delottoi) were assigned to a this genus, the division of Pulvinaria has been controversial. Most recent authors have chosen to follow Gill (1988), Ben-Dov (1993) and Hodgson & Henderson (2000) and return the species that were placed in Pulvinariella to Puvinaria. The recent molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family Coccidae conducted by Choi & Lee (2019) showed that the genus Pulvinaria is probably polyphyletic and, from the perspective of cladistic taxonomy, should be split into several genera. Choi & Lee (2019) pointed out that further studies based on both morphological and molecular data are needed for the revision of this genus. (Tanaka, 2020)
• Structure: White ovisac secreted from under body surface; several types of ventral tubular ducts present and distributed in submarginal band and/or medial area of body; few dorsal tubular ducts present or absent; tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis present in each leg. (Hodgson, 1994a) Adult female secretes an ovisac of white wax filaments, mostly from the posterior end, its bulk often tilting up the rear end of the insect to almost vertical. In many species the ovisac becomes longer than the body at maturity and may also almost cover the insect. The dead females can drop off the ovisac, whereas the empty ovisacs persist on the plant for weeks after egg hatching. (Kondo, Watson, Gavrilov-Zimin & Pellizzari, 2022)
• General Remarks: Definition and charactesr by Borchsenius (1957), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988), Hodgson (1994a), Kosztarab (1996) and by Granara de Willink (1999).

Keys

• Hodgso2020: pp.221-223 ( Adult (M) ) [Coccidae species]
• ChoiLe2017a: pp.89-90 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinariini in Korea]
• TanakaAmUe2006: pp.180 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria species of Ryuku archipelago]
• Jansen2000: pp.2-3 ( Adult (F) ) [Netherlands]
• Granar1999: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [Argentina]
• Granar1999: pp.26 ( Adult (F) ) [Argentina] Key as: Pulvinariella
• Koszta1996: pp.375 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
• QinGu1992: pp. ( Adult (F) ) [Australia]
• Tang1991: pp.139, 225-226, 234, 252, 268 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
• WilliaWa1990: pp.148 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific]
• Gill1988: pp.84-85 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, California]
• KosztaKo1988F: pp.239 ( Adult (F) ) [Central Europe]
• Kozar1986: pp.173 ( Adult (F) ) []
• HamonWi1984: pp.87 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, Florida]
• HamonWi1984: pp.16-17 ( Adult (F) ) [Genera in SE USA]
• TaoWoCh1983: pp.62 ( Adult (F) ) [Taiwan]
• Willia1982b: pp.113 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria -iceryi group]
• Yang1982: pp. ( Adult (F) ) [China]
• Danzig1980b: pp.260 ( Adult (F) ) [Far East Russia.]
• Kawai1980: pp.148-149 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
• Wang1980: pp.31-34 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
• DeLott1979a: pp.248 ( Adult (F) ) [South Africa]
• KosztaKo1978: pp.121-123 ( Adult (F) ) [Hungary]
• WilliaKo1972: pp.119-120 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, Virginia]
• Hodgso1969a: pp.29 ( Adult (F) ) [Afrotropical region]
• Hodgso1968: pp.161 ( Adult (F) ) [Afrotropical]
• Danzig1967: pp. ( Adult (F) ) [USSR, Far East]
• Hodgso1967a: pp.198 ( Adult (F) ) [Ethiopian Region]
• Beards1966: pp.480, 491 ( Adult (F) ) [Micronesia]
• Danzig1964: pp. ( Adult (F) ) [USSR, European]
• Borchs1957: pp.203,205,221,228-229 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic region]
• Borchs1957: pp.203 ( Adult (F) ) [Palaearctic Region] Key as: Pulvinariella
• Takaha1955e: pp. ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
• Borchs1950b: pp.150-152 ( Adult (F) ) [USSR]
• Zimmer1948: pp.332-333 ( Adult (F) ) [Hawaii]
• Steinw1946: pp.14-15 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A]
• GomezM1937: pp.279 ( Adult (F) ) [Spain]
• Morris1920: pp. ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
• DietzMo1916a: pp.238 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, Indiana]
• Green1909: pp. ( Adult (F) ) [Sri Lanka]
• Green1909a: pp.258 ( Adult (F) ) [Sri Lanka]
• Cocker1905b: pp.198 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, Colorado]

Associated References

• Ali1971: taxonomy, pp. 46-50
• Almeid1973b: taxonomy, pp. 6
• Ashmea1891: taxonomy, pp. 99
• Atanas1959: taxonomy, pp. 429
• Beards1966: taxonomy, pp. 479,491
• BenDov1993: catalog, pp. 63,140,290,301
• BenDovHoMi1997: taxonomy, pp. 202
• Bodenh1927c: taxonomy, pp. 25-44
• Bodenh1953a: taxonomy, pp. 94
• Borchs1950b: description, taxonomy, pp. 150-152
• Borchs1952a: taxonomy, pp. 296
• Borchs1953: description, taxonomy, pp. 287
• Borchs1957: description, taxonomy, pp. 203-205,220-229,252-253
• Brain1920a: description, taxonomy, pp. 17-18
• Canard1965a: description, taxonomy, pp. 411
• CebeciSe2004: taxonomy, pp. 213
• ChoiLe2017a: diagnosis, distribution, key, taxonomy, pp. 90, 93
• ChoiLe2017a: diagnosis, key, taxonomy, pp. 93
• ChoiSoLe2018: diagnosis, pp. 44
• Cocker1899a: taxonomy, pp. 394
• Cocker1899j: taxonomy, pp. 272
• Cocker1899n: taxonomy, pp. 19
• Cocker1902p: taxonomy, pp. 253
• Cocker1905b: taxonomy, pp. 198
• Comsto1881a: taxonomy, pp. 334
• Costa1844: taxonomy, pp. 273-276
• Danzig1964: taxonomy, pp. 639
• Danzig1967: taxonomy, pp. 144
• Danzig1980b: description, taxonomy, pp. 259-260
• Danzig1988: description, taxonomy, pp. 714
• DeLott1965a: taxonomy, pp. 216
• DeLott1979a: description, taxonomy, pp. 248, 254
• DietzMo1916a: description, taxonomy, pp. 238
• EzzatHu1969: description, taxonomy, pp. 388,415,420
• Fernal1903b: pp. 128
• Ferris1950a: taxonomy, pp. 74
• Frogga1915: description, taxonomy, pp. 413
• GavrilTr2008a: chromosomes, taxonomy, pp. 131-138
• GavrilTr2008a: chromosomes, taxonomy, pp. 131-138
• Gill1988: description, taxonomy, pp. 84-85
• GomezM1937: description, taxonomy, pp. 278-279
• GomezM1958b: description, taxonomy, pp. 101-102
• Granar1999: description, taxonomy, pp. 78,143-144
• Granar1999: description, taxonomy, pp. 152
• Green1909a: description, taxonomy, pp. 258
• Hadzib1983: description, taxonomy, pp. 93-94,106
• HamonWi1984: description, taxonomy, pp. 17,85-87
• Hodgso1967a: taxonomy, pp. 198
• Hodgso1968: taxonomy, pp. 161
• Hodgso1969a: taxonomy, pp. 4,29,175-178
• Hodgso1994a: description, taxonomy, pp. 506-509,524-528,502-506
• Hodgso2020: key, pp. 222
• Jansen2000: taxonomy, pp. 1-11
• Kawai1972: taxonomy, pp. 14
• Kawai1980: description, taxonomy, pp. 148-149
• KondoGu2010: taxonomy, pp. 6
• KondoWaGa2022a: control, diagnosis, host, illustration, taxonomy, pp. 314-331
• Koszta1996: description, taxonomy, pp. 324,332,334,374-375
• KosztaKo1978: description, taxonomy, pp. 121
• KosztaKo1988F: description, taxonomy, pp. 177,238-239
• Koteja1964: taxonomy, pp. 181
• Koteja1974: taxonomy, pp. 306
• Koteja1974a: taxonomy, pp. 249
• Kozar1986: taxonomy, pp. 173
• Lagows1996: description, taxonomy, pp. 7-8
• Lawson1917: description, taxonomy, pp. 187
• Leonar1920: description, taxonomy, pp. 277,329
• LongoMaPe1995: taxonomy, pp. 124
• Mamet1949: catalog, taxonomy, pp. 26-27
• Mamet1957: taxonomy, pp. 375
• Mamet1978: taxonomy, pp. 105
• Miller1996: catalog, taxonomy, pp. 71
• Moghad2009: taxonomy, pp. 34
• Morris1920: description, taxonomy, pp. 182-183
• MorrisMo1966: taxonomy, pp. 36,74,158,169
• Newste1903: description, taxonomy, pp.
• Newste1913: taxonomy, pp. 77
• Paik1978: description, taxonomy, pp.
• Qin1990: taxonomy, pp. 79-81
• QinGu1992: description, taxonomy, pp. 103-164
• Rehace1960: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, pp. 38-39
• Savesc1982: description, taxonomy, pp. 270
• Shinji1935b: taxonomy, pp. 771,775
• Signor1873: description, taxonomy, pp. 29-31
• Steinw1929: description, taxonomy, pp. 226-227
• Steinw1946: description, taxonomy, pp. 1-28
• Sulc1942: description, taxonomy, pp. 5-8
• Takaha1939b: taxonomy, pp. 263
• Takaha1955d: description, taxonomy, pp. 148-154
• TanakaAm2004: taxonomy, pp. 265
• TanakaAmUe2006: taxonomy, pp. 180
• TanakaKo2015: description, taxonomy, pp. 113
• Tang1991: description, taxonomy, pp. 225,233,251-252,267,280-281
• Tao1978: taxonomy, pp. 82
• Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, pp. 52,58,64,65
• TaoWoCh1983: description, taxonomy, pp. 83
• Targio1866: description, taxonomy, pp. 146
• Targio1867: description, taxonomy, pp. 13
• Targio1868: taxonomy, pp. 727
• Targio1884: taxonomy, pp. 398
• Targio1885: taxonomy, pp. 112-114
• Terezn1963a: taxonomy, pp. 52
• Terezn1966: taxonomy, pp. 29
• Terezn1981: taxonomy, pp. 132, 137
• VarshnMo1987: taxonomy, pp. 174
• Wang1980: description, taxonomy, pp. 31-34
• Willia1982a: key, taxonomy, pp. 111-113
• WilliaKo1972: description, taxonomy, pp. 118-120
• WilliaWa1990: description, taxonomy, pp. 60-61,146-148
• Xie1998: taxonomy, pp. 65
• Yang1982: description, taxonomy, pp. 157,159
• Zimmer1948: description, taxonomy, pp. 332-333

143 Species