Valid Names Results
Pulvinaria regalis Canard, 1968 (Coccidae: Pulvinaria)Nomenclatural History
- Pulvinaria regalis Canard 1968a: 951. Type data: FRANCE: Versailles, Chateau de Versailles, on Tilia vulgaris.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; accepted valid name
Common Names
- horse chestnut scale Schmit1997 SengonFa1996
- Escama blanda algodonosa del castaño de Indias KondoWaGa2022a
- Hästkastanjsköldlusen KondoWaGa2022a
- pulvinaire du marronnier d’Inde KondoWaGa2022a
- Rosskastaniennapftschildlaus KondoWaGa2022a
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 22 | Genera: 33
- Anacardiaceae
- Pistacia chinensis | Schmit1997
- Rhus glabra | Schmit1997
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex aquifolium | Halste1982 Schmit1997
- Araliaceae
- Hedera | Schmit1997
- Betulaceae
- Alnus | Schmit1997
- Buxaceae
- Buxus sempervirens | Schmit1997
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus sachalinensis | Schmit1997 | (= Euonymus planipes)
- Cercidiphyllaceae
- Cercidiphyllum japonicum | Schmit1997
- Cornaceae
- Cornus florida | Schmit1997 SengonFa1995
- Cornus kousa | Schmit1997
- Cornus mas | Schmit1997
- Cornus sanguinea | Schmit1997
- Cornus suecica | Schmit1997
- Eupteleaceae
- Euptelea pleiosperma | Schmit1997
- Fabaceae
- Laburnum | Schmit1997
- Robinia pseudoacacia | LagowsGoMi2018
- Hydrangeaceae
- Hydrangea paniculata | SengonFa1995
- Juglandaceae
- Juglans regia | Schmit1997
- Lauraceae
- Laurus nobilis | Halste1982 Schmit1997
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia | Halste1982
- Magnolia acuminata | Schmit1997 SengonFa1995
- Magnolia denudata | Schmit1997
- Magnolia kobus | Schmit1997
- Magnolia salicifolia | Schmit1997
- Malvaceae
- Hoheria glabrata | Schmit1997
- Tilia americana | Schmit1997
- Tilia cordata | Gertss2007 Schmit1997 SengonFa1995
- Tilia mongolica | Schmit1997
- Tilia platyphyllos | Schmit1997 SengonFa1995
- Tilia tomentosa | SengonFa1995
- Tilia vulgaris | Canard1968a
- Platanaceae
- Platanus | Schmit1997
- Rhamnaceae
- Rhamnus cathartica | Schmit1997
- Rosaceae
- Malus domestica | SengonFa1995
- Prunus | Schmit1997
- Prunus avium | SengonFa1995
- Rosa canina | SengonFa1995
- Rutaceae
- Skimmia japonica | Halste1982 Schmit1997
- Tetradium daniellii | Schmit1997 | (= Evodia daniellii) (= Evodia hupehensis)
- Salicaceae
- Idesia polycarpa | Schmit1997
- Populus | Schmit1997
- Salix | Schmit1997
- Salix pentandra | SengonFa1995
- Sapindaceae
- Acer campestre | Schmit1997
- Acer carpinifolium | Schmit1997
- Acer cissifolium | Schmit1997
- Acer japonicum | Schmit1997
- Acer monspessulanum | Schmit1997
- Acer negundo | Schmit1997 SengonFa1995
- Acer palmatum | Schmit1997
- Acer pictum var. mono | Schmit1997
- Acer platanoides | Schmit1997 SengonFa1995 | (= Acer dieckii)
- Acer pseudoplatanus | Halste1982 Schmit1997 SengonFa1995 | including f. neglectum
- Acer rubrum | Schmit1997 SengonFa1995
- Acer rufinerve | Schmit1997
- Acer velutinum | Schmit1997 | (= Acer insigne)
- Aesculus | Gertso2016
- Aesculus carnea | Schmit1997
- Aesculus hippocastanum | Canard1968a KozarGuBa1994 Schmit1997 SengonFa1995
- Aesculus parviflora | Schmit1997
- Aesculus pavia | Schmit1997
- Koelreuteria paniculata | Schmit1997 SengonFa1995
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | Halste1982
- Ulmus glabra | Schmit1997
- Zelkova serrata | Schmit1997
Foes:
Families: 2 | Genera: 3
- Aphelinidae
- Coccophagus scutellaris | FaberSe1997 Jansen2000
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | Jansen2000
- Exochomus quadripustulatus | Jansen2000
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 12
- Belgium | KondoGaWa2022a
- Denmark | Gertss2007
- France | Canard1968a Germai2011
- Germany | FaberSe1996 KohlerNu2009 Schmit1997 Schmut2000 SengonAr1999 SengonFa1995
- Ireland | OConnoGeMa2013
- Luxembourg | GertssSc2020
- Netherlands | Jansen2000
- Poland | LagowsGoMi2018
- Romania | Teodor2018
- Sweden | Gertss2011
- Switzerland | HippeFr2001 KozarGuBa1994
- United Kingdom
- England | MalumpBa2012
- Scotland | MalumpBa2012
Keys
- Lagows2020: pp.202 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in Poland]
- LagowsGoMi2018: pp.375 ( Adult (F) ) [Pulvinaria in Poland]
- Jansen2000: pp.2-3 ( Adult (F) ) [Netherlands]
Remarks
- Structure: Young adult female almost circular, pale grey-brown in color with yellow spots at the level of the eyes, stigmatic furrows and body axis to anal plaques. Dorsum marked with a longitudinal ridge and two transverse ridges pointing towards the stigmatic furrows. (Lagowska, et al., 2018) Egg-laying female brownish. The dimension of the ovisac slightly exceeds that of the female and is for the greatest part covered by the flattened female body, which gradually rises up, adhering to the substrate only with the stylets. The infestation becomes apparent when the numerous females secrete their white ovisacs on trunk and old branches, forming large whitish patches clearly visible even from a distance. Slide-mounted adult female body subcircular, about 5.3–6.9 mm long and 4.3–6.5 mm wide, anal cleft about 1/7 of body length. Derm membranous. Dorsal submarginal tubercles absent. (Kondo, et al, 2022)
- Biology: A univoltine species in France (Canard, 1968a), southern England (Halstead, 1982; Speight & Nicol, 1984) and Germany (Sengonca & Faber, 1005, 1996). Males are rare and reproduction is mostly parthenogenetic. (Kondo, et al., 2022)
- Economic Importance: Recorded as an urban pest in London (Speight & Nicol, 1984). Kozar et al. (1994) reported that this species is widely distributed in Western Europe and causes damage to ornamentals. Sengonca & Arnold (1999) surveyed the distribution and frequency in Germany from 1996 to 1998. In spite of the unsightly appearance of the infested trees, with trunks and branches covered by thousands of ovisacs, damage is seldom apparent and is considered only aesthetic. Moreover, in contrast with other Pulvinaria species, P. regalis produces a low amount of honeydew. For these reasons control measures (mechanical methods) are rarely practised and are taken only on high-value trees. (Kondo, et al., 2022)
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1980b). Because P. regalis (considered until 2018 as P. savescui) had not been recorded after its first mention in 1982, its presence in Romania is doubtful.(Paraschiv, 2023)
Illustrations
Citations
- ArnoldHaNa2004: chemistry, structure, 173-182
- ArnoldSe2000: distribution, economic importance, host, 93-96
- ArnoldSe2001: biological control, life history, 121-124
- BenDov1993: catalog, 280-281
- BrooksHaSm1989: distribution, economic importance, host, 513
- Canard1968a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 951-958
- FaberSe1996: biological control, distribution, host, 221-223
- FaberSe1997: distribution, host, 84-88
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 8
- FoldiPe1985: structure, taxonomy, 259-271
- Frank2021: ecology, natural enemies, 8
- Frank2021: ecology, life history, 5
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- Gertso2016: distribution, host, 152
- Gertss2007: distribution, host, life history, 147-149
- Gertss2011: distribution, host, 42
- Gertss2023: biology, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 24
- GiurcaToMu2024: economic importance, taxonomy, 303
- Halste1982: distribution, host, 46
- Harris1970: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 257-262
- HippeFr2001: distribution, host, life history, 305-309
- Jansen2000: distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 2-3,6-11
- Jansen2001: distribution, host, 197-206
- Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 25
- KohlerNu2009: distribution, host, taxonomy, 113-124
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 12
- KondoWaGa2022a: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 325-326
- KozarGuBa1994: distribution, host, 155
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 78
- KreiteAuGe2006: distribution, economic importance, host, 143
- Lagows2020: distribution, key, 201, 202
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68
- LagowsGoMi2018: biology, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, key,
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, economic importance, host, 23-25,38-41
- McInty2000: distribution, economic importance, host, 825-835
- Moraal2003: climate change, ecology,
- MoraalJa2011: climate change, ecology, economic importance, host, 50-61
- OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 33, 35
- SalisbMa2017: Wolbachia, distribution, host, illustration, 146
- Schmit1997: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43-46
- Schmut2000: distribution, host, 168
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 45, 87
- SchroeRi2003: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 803-812
- SengonAr1999: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 153-157
- SengonFa1995: distribution, economic importance, host, 121-127
- SengonFa1996: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 59-63
- SpeighNi1984: distribution, economic importance, host, 40-42
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 40
- TrierwBa2005: control, distribution, ecology, host, life history, 285-286
