Valid Names Results

Clavaspis herculeana (Cockerell & Hadden, 1909) (Diaspididae: Clavaspis)

Nomenclatural History

Aspidiotus herculeanus Cockerell & Hadden 1909: 298. Type data: FRENCH POLYNESIA: Society Islands, on bark of undetermined plant.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; accepted valid name
Aspidiotus subsimilis anonae Houser 1918: 163. Type data: CUBA: Havana, University of Havana Botanic Garden, on 11 host plants; host of the holotype not indicated.. Holotype, female, by original designation Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1920a, 64). Illustr.
Aspidiotus anonae Houser, 1918; Ferris 1921b: 94. change of combination
Clavaspis anona MacGillivray, 1921; MacGillivray 1921: 441. change of combination and rank
Clavaspis herculeana (Cockerell & Hadden, 1909); MacGillivray 1921: 441. change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender
Aspidiotus symbioticus Hempel 1932: 334. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, S. Roque, Cascata, Itatiba and Morungaba, on "pereiras cultivadas" [=cultivated pear trees] and Annona.. Syntypes, female, by subsequent designation Type depository: Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil; junior synonym (discovered by Lepage1940, 74).
Chrysomphalus alluaudi Mamet 1936: 93. Type data: MAURITIUS: on Rosa sp.; Rose Hill on Spondias dulcis. Syntypes, , by subsequent designation Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; junior synonym (discovered by Mamet1942, 35).
Clavaspis alluaudi (Mamet, 1936); McKenzie 1939: 53. change of combination
Aspidiotus herculeanus Cockerell & Hadden, 1909; Ferris 1941e: 44. change of combination Notes: Incorrect citation of "Hadden" as author.
Clavaspis herculeana (Cockerell & Hadden, 1909); Ferris 1942: 31. change of combination Notes: Incorrect citation of "Hadden" as author.
Clavaspis symbioticus (Hempel, 1932); Vernalha 1953: 169. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Clavaspis) herculeanus Cockerell & Hadden, 1909; Merrill 1953: 21. change of combination
Clavaspis herculeana (Cockerell & Hadden, 1909); Borchsenius 1966: 318. revived combination (previously published) Notes: Incorrect citation of "Doane & Hadden" as authors.
Clavaspis herleana (Cockerell & Hadden, 1909); Belguendouz, et al. 2017. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

cassia bark scale VelasqRi1969
clavate scale Brimbl1962
escama del terminal MillerDa2005
herculeana scale Dekle1965c MillerDa2005

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 26 | Genera: 49

Acanthaceae

Avicennia germinans | BesheaTiHo1973

Anacardiaceae

Mangifera | Houser1918 Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 Balach1956
Mangifera indica | WilliaWa1988
Metopium toxiferum | MerrilCh1923
Spondias dulcis | Borchs1966 Mamet1936
Spondias mombin | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949
Spondias purpurea | Houser1918 MerrilCh1923

Annonaceae

Annona | Hempel1932 Houser1918
Annona muricata | Dekle1965c Malump2012b
Annona squamosa | Dekle1965c

Apocynaceae

Plumeria rubra | NormarOkMo2019

Asteraceae

Tithonia tagetiflora | BicheArMe2022

Bignoniaceae

Tabebuia heterophylla | Martor1976

Caricaceae

Carica papaya | Brimbl1955

Cochlospermaceae

Cochlospermum vitifolium | Martor1976

Euphorbiaceae

Aleurites | Almeid1973
Vernicia fordii | Balach1956

Fabaceae

Acacia farnesiana | McDani1968
Bauhinia aculeata | BicheArMe2022
Bauhinia purpurea | BicheArMe2022
Cassia fistula | Merril1953
Delonix regia | Dekle1965c MerrilCh1923
Ebenopsis ebano | McDani1968
Erythrina | Brimbl1955
Erythrina caffra | DeLott1967a
Erythrina variegata | WilliaWa1988
Gleditsia triacanthos | BicheArMe2022
Hebestigma cubense | Houser1918
Lonchocarpus | Balach1956
Mimosa pudica | WilliaWa1988
Samanea saman | WilliaWa1988
Tachigali versicolor | PetersHaMo2020s1

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum | Balach1956
Cinnamomum verum | Houser1918
Persea americana | LazaroGoRo2023

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia grandiflora | Houser1918

Malvaceae

Ceiba pentandra | Borchs1966 Mamet1951
Gossypium | WilliaWa1988

Meliaceae

Carapa guianensis | PetersHaMo2020s1
Toona ciliata | Brimbl1955

Moraceae

Ficus | BesheaTiHo1973
Ficus auriculata | Merril1953
Ficus carica | Brimbl1955
Ficus religiosa | Merril1953
Ficus sur | Merril1953
Maclura tinctoria | Houser1918
Morus alba | GranarCl2003

Myristicaceae

Myristica hypargyraea | WilliaWa1988

Myrtaceae

Corymbia trachyphloia | NormarOkMo2019
Eugenia | MerrilCh1923

Polygonaceae

Muehlenbeckia sagittifolia | GranarCl2003

Proteaceae

Grevillea robusta | GranarCl2003

Rhizophoraceae

Rhizophora | Balach1956

Rosaceae

Eriobotrya japonica | Brimbl1955 Houser1918
Pyrus | Borchs1966 Mamet1943a Mamet1949
Rosa | Borchs1966 Houser1918 Mamet1936 Mamet1949

Rubiaceae

Cephalanthus occidentalis | BesheaTiHo1973

Rutaceae

Citrus | Ferris1955b

Salicaceae

Populus | Almeid1973
Xylosma venosum | GranarCl2003

Santalaceae

Phoradendron quadrangulare | Martor1976

Styracaceae

Halesia | BesheaTiHo1973

Foes:

Families: 1 | Genera: 1

Aphelinidae

Aphytis hispanicus | BelgueBiBe2017

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 31

Algeria | SaighiDoBi2005

Argentina

Corrientes | GranarCl2003
Misiones | GranarCl2003
Rio Negro | GranarCl2003

Ascension Island | WilliaMe2007

Australia

Queensland | Brimbl1955 Brimbl1961

Brazil | Lepage1940

Sao Paulo | Hempel1932 Lepage1938

Colombia | Kondo2001 Kondo2008a

Cook Islands | WilliaWa1988

Cuba | Houser1918

Fiji | WilliaWa1988

French Polynesia

Society Islands | DoaneHa1909
Tahiti | Balach1956

Guinea | Balach1956

Hawaiian Islands

Hawaii | Nakaha1982

Kenya | DeLott1967a

Madagascar | Borchs1966 Mamet1951 Mamet1954

Malawi | Nakaha1982

Martinique | MatileEt2006

Mauritius | Borchs1966 Mamet1936 Mamet1943a Mamet1949

Mexico

Guerrero | Ferris1955b
Nayarit | LazaroGoRo2023
San Luis Potosi | Ferris1955b
Veracruz | Ferris1955b

Mozambique | Almeid1973

New Caledonia | Nakaha1982

Panama | Ferris1942

Philippines | VelasqRi1969 | Nakaha1982

Puerto Rico & Vieques Island

Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998 Martor1976

Saint Lucia | Malump2012b

Singapore | Nakaha1982

Thailand | NormarOkMo2019 SchneiOkNo2018

Tonga | WilliaWa1988

U.S. Virgin Islands | Nakaha1983

United States

Florida | Balach1956 BesheaTiHo1973 Dekle1965c Merril1953 MerrilCh1923
Texas | McDani1968

Western Samoa | WilliaWa1988

Zimbabwe | Nakaha1982

Keys

LazaroGoRo2023: pp.247-248 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored scale species on avocado in central Mexico]
WeiScNo2021: pp.17-23 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini from Panama]
SchneiClWe2020: pp.67-71 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini in Argentina]
MillerDa2005: pp.29-36 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
McDani1968: pp.230-231 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Texas]
Balach1956: pp.91 ( Adult (F) ) [Africa]
Ferris1942: pp.31 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]

Remarks

Systematics: Clavaspis herculeana could be confused with Melanaspis deklei (Deitz & Davidson, 1986) because of the similar shape and size of the external paraphyses on L1. However, Cl. herculeana has only two obvious pairsof pygidial lobes, while M. deklei has four. (Lazaro, et al., 2023)
Structure: Type material was available with Ferris (1938a) who reported that the scales were so concealed beneath and so mingled with the bark scales and epidermis of the host that it was impossible to tell much about them; the scale seems to be gray or white and circular.
Adult female scale cover circular, about 1.0 mm diameter, brown, with subcentral exuviae. Body of live adult female subcircular or slightly oval with an acute pygidium, yellowish white, about 0.75 mm long and 0.68 mm wide. When slide mounted, pygidium of adult female with well-developed and prominent median lobes; L2 reduced to almost a point; L3 and L4 absent; and plates simple. Pygidium with 3 pairs of well-developed paraphyses; L1 with inner paraphyses medium sized and external paraphyses conspicuously long, each ending in a globular apical club. (Lazaro, et al., 2023)
Biology: The scales are concealed beneath and mingled with the bark scales and epidermis of the host (Ferris, 1938a). Associated with the fungus Septobasidium saccardinum (Lepage, 1940; Ferris, 1955b).
Economic Importance: Brimblecombe (1955) considered the infestation of fig and Papaya in Australia, Queensland, as evidence of the pest potential of this species. In Mexico, it was found associated with Hass avocado. (Lazaro et al., 2023
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1938a), Lepage (1940), Balachowsky (1956), Williams & Watson (1988), Colon-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud (1998) and by Zamudio & Claps (2005). Mille, et al., 2020 states that the report of Clavaspis herculeana in New Caledonia by Nakahara is in error. They did not locate any voucher specimens to validate this record nor did they observe it on Erythrina indica, the main host for this species in French Polynesia.

Illustrations

Citations

Almeid1973: distribution, host, 3-4
AndersWuGr2010: molecular data, 992-1003
Balach1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 94-96
BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 105
BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 128
BenDovGe2003: catalog, 309-311
BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 5
BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 499
Borchs1966: catalog, 318
Brimbl1955: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 42-45
Brimbl1961: distribution, host, 1-2
Brimbl1962: distribution, host, 220
ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 14
ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 51-52
DeLott1967a: distribution, host, 114
Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 46
Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 65
DoaneHa1909: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 298-299
Ferris1920a: taxonomy, 64
Ferris1921b: taxonomy, 94
Ferris1937c: illustration, taxonomy, 50,65
Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 206
Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 40,44,48
Ferris1942: distribution, host, taxonomy, 445:10; 446:31
Ferris1955b: distribution, host, life history, 25
GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
Hall1943: taxonomy, 2
Hempel1932: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 334-335
Hinckl1963: biological control, distribution, host,
HodgsoLa2011: distribution, host, 23
Houser1918: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 163-165
Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
Kondo2008a: distribution, host, 25-29
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 15
LazaroGoRo2023: diagnosis, distribution, host, key, taxonomy, 247, 253
Lepage1938: catalog, 397
Lepage1940: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 74-76
Lindin1957: taxonomy, 547
Lizery1942c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 235-236
MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 441
Malump2012b: distribution, host, 210,212
Malump2014a: distribution, host, 74
Mamet1936: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 93
Mamet1942: taxonomy, 35
Mamet1943a: 158
Mamet1949: catalog, 57,58
Mamet1951: distribution, host, 227
Mamet1954: distribution, host, 17
Martor1976: distribution, host, 74,200,248,253
MatileEt2006: distribution, host, 170
McDani1968: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 234-236
McKenz1939: taxonomy, 53
Mead1983: distribution, host, 1-5
Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21-23
MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 210
MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 301
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 133-135
Montgo1921: distribution, host, 41-55
MoutiaMa1947: distribution,
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 24-25
Nakaha1983: distribution, host, 10
Newell1923: distribution, host, 263-266
NiuLiXu2024: DNA sequencing, S1 Table
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 17, S1
PetersHaMo2020s1: DNA, distribution, host,
RugmanAnMo2010: molecular data, phylogenetics, taxonomy, 30-38
SaighiDoBi2005: distribution, host, 429-433
Sander1909a: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 52
Sassce1923: distribution, host, 152-158
SchneiClWe2020: key, 71
SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
VelasqRi1969: distribution, host, 195-208
Vernal1953: distribution, host, taxonomy, 169
Watson2021: distribution, 523
WeiScNo2021: key, 20
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 217, 233
WilliaMe2007: distribution, host, 132
WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 98-100
ZamudiCl2005: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 259-260