Valid Names Results
Rutherfordia major (Cockerell, 1894) (Diaspididae: Rutherfordia)Nomenclatural History
- Chionaspis major Riley & Howard 1893: 51. nomen nudum
- Chionaspis major Cockerell 1894a: 43. Type data: ANTIGUA: on Heliotrope sp. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name
- Diaspis euphoriae Grandpré & Charmoy 1899: 28. Type data: MAURITIUS: on Euphoria longana.. Holotype, unknown, junior synonym (discovered by Mamet1941, 30). Notes: Type-material lost (Mamet, 1941). Illustr.
- Aulacaspis flacourtiae Rutherford 1914: 259-260. Type data: SRI LANKA: on Flacourtia ramontchii. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Paradeniya: Horticultural Crop Research and Development Institute, Sri Lanka; junior synonym (discovered by Morris1924, 231).
- Diaspis (Aulacaspis) flacourtiae (Rutherford, 1914); Green & Laing 1921: 128. change of combination
- Pseudaulacaspis flacourtiae (Rutherford, 1914); MacGillivray 1921: 316. change of combination
- Unachionaspis major (Cockerell, 1894); MacGillivray 1921: 337. change of combination
- Aulacaspis major (Cockerell, 1894); Morrison 1924: 232. change of combination
- Diaspis major (Cockerell, 1894); Takahashi 1929: 71. change of combination
- Pseudaulacaspis hwangyensis Chen 1937: 384-385. Type data: CHINA: Zhejiang, Hwangyen, on undetermined tree, 30/09/1936. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by TakagiPoGh1989, 188). Notes: Author states that types are in his personal collection.
- Pseudaulacaspis euphorbiae (Grandpré & Charmoy, 1899); Mamet 1941: 30. change of combination
- Pseudaulacaspis major (Cockerell, 1894); Mamet 1941: 30. change of combination
- Rutherfordia major (Cockerell, 1894); Takagi, Pong & Ghee 1989: 188. change of combination Illustr.
Common Names
- escama del sauce Mosque1976
- large snow-scale Cocker1896a
- lychee bark scale Butche1959
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 15 | Genera: 27
- Annonaceae
- Annona muricata | LincanHoCa2010
- Boraginaceae
- Cordia curassavica | Borchs1966 Mamet1949 | (= Cordia macrostachya)
- Cordia lutea | Willia1977ML
- Cordia myxa | Mamet1941
- Heliotropium | Borchs1966
- Dipterocarpaceae
- Vateria indica | TakagiPoGh1989
- Euphorbiaceae
- Croton scouleri | LincanHoCa2010
- Euphorbia | Borchs1966
- Hippomane mancinella | Willia1977ML
- Fabaceae
- Caesalpinia pulcherrima | Mamet1949 | (= Poinciana pulcherrima)
- Pithecellobium | Butche1959
- Malvaceae
- Urena | MestreHoHa2015
- Moraceae
- Ficus erecta | Takagi1970 Takaha1933
- Ficus retusa | Nakaha1981a
- Myrtaceae
- Syzygium malaccense | MestreHoHa2015
- Piperaceae
- Piper auritum | MestreHoHa2015
- Poaceae
- Sinocalamus | Hua2000
- Rhamnaceae
- Alphitonia excelsa | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Rutaceae
- Zanthoxylum fagara | LincanHoCa2010
- Salicaceae
- Casearia | Borchs1966
- Casearia coriacea | Mamet1941 | (= Casearia fragilis)
- Flacourtia | GreenLa1921
- Flacourtia indica | Dekle1976 Mamet1959a Ruther1914 | (= Flacourtia ramontchi)
- Flacourtia inermis | Butche1959 Pratha2022
- Flacourtia jangomas | Mamet1943a | )= Flacourtia cataphracta)
- Salix babylonica | Mamet1954
- Salix humboldtiana | Ballou1945
- Scolopia crenata | Ali1970 Takaha1929
- Scolopia oldhamii | Tao1999
- Santalaceae
- Santalum haleakalae | Nakaha1981a
- Sapindaceae
- Acer rubrum | NormarOkMo2019
- Acer saccharum | NormarOkMo2019
- Cupania americana | Ballou1926 ColonFMe1998
- Dimocarpus longan | Borchs1966 Mamet1941 Mamet1943 | (= Euphoria longana) (= Nephelium longan)
- Elattostachys falcata | WilliaWa1988
- Litchi chinensis | Dekle1976 GermaiMiPa2014 Merril1953
- Nephelium | Borchs1966
Foes:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus circumdatus | DeSilv1961
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 27
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Antigua | Cocker1894a Merril1953
- Belize | NormarOkMo2019
- China | Merril1953 Wu1935
- Colombia | Mosque1976
- Comoros | Matile1978
- Costa Rica | Merril1953
- Cuba | Ballou1926
- Dominican Republic | GomezM1941
- France | Germai2008
- Galapagos Islands | Willia1977ML
- Hawaiian Islands | Merril1953
- Hawaii | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a
- Kauai | Nakaha1981a
- Maui | Nakaha1981a
- Niihau | BeardsTu1959
- Oahu | Heu2002 Nakaha1981a Zimmer1948
- India
- Kerala | Pratha2022 TakagiPoGh1989
- Indonesia
- Java | Merril1953
- Kenya | WatsonOuKa2021
- Madagascar | Mamet1954
- Mauritius | GrandpCh1899 Mamet1941 WilliaWi1988
- Nepal | TakagiPoGh1989
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | ColonFMe1998
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014
- Seychelles | GreenLa1921 Mamet1943a
- Sri Lanka | Ali1970 Ruther1914
- Taiwan | Ali1970 Takaha1929
- Tanzania | WilliaWi1988
- Tonga | WilliaWa1988
- United States
- Florida | Dekle1965c Merril1953 Miller2005
- Maryland | NormarOkMo2019
- Venezuela | Ballou1945 Clavij1977
- Zanzibar | Matile1978
Keys
- ColonFMe1998: pp.123 ( ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis of Puerto Rico] Key as: Pseudaulacaspis major
- WilliaWa1988: pp.220 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis] Key as: Pseudaulacaspis major
- TippinHo1983: pp.199 ( First instar ) [Key to first instars of North American species of Pseudaulacaspis] Key as: Pseudaulacaspis major
- Chou1982: pp.142 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Pseudaulacaspis]
- Fullaw1932: pp.95 ( ) [Key to species of Hawaii] Key as: Aulacaspis major
- MacGil1921: pp.316, 337 ( ) [Species of Unachionaspis and Key to species of Pseudaulacaspis] Key as: Pseudaulacaspis flacourtiae and Unachionaspis major
Remarks
- Systematics: GenBank accession numbers D0344A, D0 507A, D0514A, D0514B, GQ425010, GQ424861, GQ425026, GQ425027 and GQ425028 were previously determined to be Palinaspis quohogiformis, but Rutherfordia major is the best-corroborated molecular and morphological ID, (Normark, et al., 2019)
Tao (1999) erroneously lists Aulacaspis flacourtiae Rutherford (=Rutherfordia major) as a junior synonym of Quernaspis tengjiensis (=Neoquernaspis tengjiensis). Takagi et al. (1989) state that this could be a junior synonym of Rutherfordia major.
- Structure: Female scale normally white but obscured by plant tissue, color ranges from reddish brown to black; subcircular to oval, with brown exuviae marginal. Adult female broadly oval to turbinate, widest at about 1st abdominal segment, the prepygidial segments with well-developed lateral lobes; body becoming moderately sclerotized at maturity. Pygidium with well-developed and prominent median lobes rounded, the edges with numerous notches, yoked deeply at base. 2nd lobes represented by points. Gland spines "fleshy" on segments 6-8, arranged singly, each rounded at apex (Williams & Watson, 1988).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. Ebeling (1959) states that Rutherfordia major could be an economic pest of Lychee in Florida.
- General Remarks: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Williams & Watson (1988) and Takagi et al. (1989).
Illustrations
Citations
- Ali1970: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 24
- Ballou1926: catalog, distribution, host, 13
- Ballou1945: distribution, host, 64, 90-91
- BeardsTu1959: distribution, 58
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 175
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 175
- BrunerScOt1945: catalog, distribution, host, 63
- Butche1959: distribution, host, 364
- Chang1972: distribution, taxonomy, 86
- Charmo1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 28
- Chen1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 384-385
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 142, 146-148
- Chou1986: illustration, 562
- Clavij1977: distribution, host, 116
- Cocker1892e: taxonomy, 5
- Cocker1893: distribution, host, 17
- Cocker1894a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 43
- Cocker1894g: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 127
- Cocker1896a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 257
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 337
- Cocker1899r: distribution, 900
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 124-126
- CostaL1923: distribution, host, 10
- DeSilv1961: biological control, distribution, 118
- Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 14, 119
- Dekle1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 137
- EFSA2022c: distribution, 260
- Ebelin1959: distribution, economic importance, 388
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 220, 230
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- Fullaw1932: distribution, taxonomy, 95, 102
- Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
- GermaiAtBa2008: distribution, 129-135
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, host, 24
- GomezM1941: distribution, 129
- GrandpCh1899: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 28
- Green1907: distribution, 202
- Green1922: distribution, host, 464
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 314
- GreenLa1921: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 128
- Heu2002: distribution, host, 52
- HillNe1982: distribution, 228
- Hoffma1927: distribution, 76
- Hu1986J: taxonomy, 226
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 159, 160-161
- JoshiBaBh2024: diagnosis, 7
- JoshiBhSa2023: economic importance, host plant, 181
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 19
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 86
- Kuwana1926: taxonomy, 14
- LincanHoCa2010: distribution, host, 5
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 130
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 548
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 304, 316, 337
- Mamet1941: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 30-32
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 166-167
- Mamet1948: distribution, host, 22
- Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 48-49
- Mamet1953a: taxonomy, 152
- Mamet1954: distribution, host, 20
- Mamet1956: distribution, host, 138
- Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 385
- Martor1945: distribution, host, 168
- Martor1976: distribution, host, 91
- Matile1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 40, 57, 59
- Maxwel1902: distribution, host, 251-252
- Merril1953: distribution, host, taxonomy, 83-84
- MestreHoHa2015: distribution, host, 12
- Miller2005: distribution, 488
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 304
- Morris1924: distribution, taxonomy, 232
- Mosque1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 60-61, 95
- MoutiaMa1947: distribution, host, 10
- Nakaha1975: taxonomy, 202
- Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 404
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 74
- NakahaMi1981: distribution, host, 36
- Nishid2002: catalog, 143
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 33, 39, 68, S6
- PellizGe2010a: distribution, host, 504
- PerezG2008: distribution, 215
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 351
- Pratha2022: distribution, host,
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 355
- RileyHo1893: taxonomy, 51
- Russo1927: distribution, host, 48
- Ruther1914: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 259-260
- SchildSc1928: taxonomy, 268
- Scott1952: taxonomy, 35
- Takagi1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 34, 41, 140-141
- TakagiPoGh1989: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 188-190
- Takaha1929: distribution, host, taxonomy, 71-72
- Takaha1931a: taxonomy, 212
- Takaha1933: distribution, host, 28
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 99
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 112, 116
- TippinHo1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 197-199
- Varshn1993: taxonomy, 272
- Watson2021: distribution, 524
- WatsonOuKa2021: distribution, host, 83
- Willia1977ML: distribution, host, 96
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 223, 226
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 220, 226-229
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, 72
- Wolcot1948: distribution, host, 178
- Wu1935: distribution, taxonomy, 204
- Yang1982: distribution, taxonomy, 268, 269-270
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 170
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 381, 383-384
