Valid Names Results

Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton, 1946) (Rhizoecidae: Rhizoecus)

Nomenclatural History

Ripersiella cacticans Hambleton 1946: 64. Type data: ECUADOR: Cayambe, on Holcus lanatus. Holotype, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton, 1946); Ferris 1953a: 432. change of combination
Rhizoecus epiphylli Ferris 1953a: 442. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Ontario, on Epiphyllum sp.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA; junior synonym (discovered by McKenz1960, 745). Illustr.
Rhizoecus leucosomus; Gonzalez & Charlin 1968: 112. misidentification

Common Names

cacticans mealybug McKenz1967
Cochinilla hipogea de los pastos KondoRaCa2022

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 20 | Genera: 42

Aizoaceae

Aloinopsis schooneesii | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
Mesembryanthemum | BenDov1994 Hamble1973

Apocynaceae

Huernia leachii | GoszczGo2011
Stapelia grandiflora | GoszczGo2011

Asparagaceae

Agave | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992

Asphodelaceae

Aloe | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
Haworthia | BenDov1994

Asteraceae

Delairea odorata | BenDov1994 | (= Senecio mikanioides
Kleinia | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
Senecio | BenDov1994 LongoMaRu1989 MazzeoSuRu2008

Bromeliaceae

Vriesea splendens | BenDov1994 KozarzRe1975

Cactaceae

Cleistocactus icosagonus | BenDov1994 KozarzRe1975 | (= Binghamia humboldtii)
Echinocactus | BenDov1994 Marott1987a
Echinopsis | BenDov1994 Marott1987a | (= Trichocereus)
Echinopsis aurea | BenDov1994 Hamble1946 McKenz1967 WilliaGr1992 | (= Lobivia shaferi)
Epiphyllum | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 | (= Phyllocactus)
Mammillaria | BenDov1994 Hamble1946 Marott1987a Willia1962
Mammillaria prolifera | BenDov1994 Marott1987a | ssp. multiceps)
Opuntia | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
Parodia | BenDov1994 Marott1987a | (= Notocactus)
Schlumbergera | BenDov1994 Marott1987a | (= Zygocactus)
Thelocactus setispinus | BenDov1994 McKenz1967 | (= Hamatocactus setispinus)

Crassulaceae

Aeonium arboreum | BenDov1994 KozarzRe1975
Dudleya farinosa | BenDov1994 Hamble1976
Echeveria | BenDov1994 Marott1987a McKenz1967
Kalanchoe tomentosa | BenDov1994

Cyperaceae

Cyperus rotundus | BenDov1994 McKenz1967

Fabaceae

Caesalpinia pulcherrima | BenDov1994 KozarzRe1975

Geraniaceae

Pelargonium | BenDov1994

Gesneriaceae

Saintpaulia ionantha | BenDov1994 Willia1985i

Lamiaceae

Oxera brevicalyx | MilleHeCa2016
Salvia | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
Salvia personata | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992

Malvaceae

Corchorus neocaledonicus | MilleHeCa2016

Myrtaceae

Eugenia myrcianthes | BenDov1994 KozarzRe1975 | (= Hexachlamys edulis)

Nyctaginaceae

Boerhavia diffusa | MilleHeCa2016

Piperaceae

Peperomia stolonifera | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986

Poaceae

Bromus catharticus | BenDov1994 Hamble1946 McKenz1967 WilliaGr1992 | (= Bromus unioloides)
Distichlis spicata | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
Eleusine indica | BenDov1994
Festuca | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
Holcus lanatus | BenDov1994 Hamble1946
Lolium perenne | BenDov1994 Hamble1946 McKenz1967 WilliaGr1992

Rosaceae

Fragaria | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992

Rubiaceae

Coffea | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992

Associates:

Families: 1 | Genera: 1

Blattabacteriaceae

Candidatus Brownia rhizoecola | ChoiLe2022

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 24

Argentina | BenDov1994 Hamble1976 WilliaGr1992

Australia

South Australia | BenDov1994 Willia1985

Bolivia | KaydanKoKo2019

Canary Islands | BenDov1994 CarnerPe1986 MatileOr2001

Chile | BenDov1994 Hamble1976 WilliaGr1992

Colombia | BenDov1994 Kondo2001 WilliaGr1992

Czech Republic | BenDov1994 Zahrad1990

Denmark | BenDov1994 KozarzRe1975 KozarzRe1977

Ecuador | BenDov1994 Hamble1946 WilliaGr1992

France | KozarKo2007

Germany | BenDov1994 Hamble1946

Greece | KozarKo2007

Guatemala | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992

Honduras | BenDov1994 Hamble1976

Hungary | KozarKo2007

Italy | MazzeoSuRu2008

Sicily | BenDov1994 LongoMaRu1989 Marott1987a RussoMa1997 TranfaPeMa1985

Netherlands | KozarKo2007

New Caledonia | MilleHeCa2016

Norway | KozarKo2007

Peru | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992

Poland | BenDov1994 Dziedz1990 Granar1991

Russia

Moscow Oblast | DanzigGa2009
St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast | DanzigGa2009

United Kingdom

England | BenDov1994 Willia1962
Wales | WilliaMa2012

United States

California | BenDov1994 McKenz1967
Florida | BenDov1994 Hamble1973

Keys

MazzeoPeMa2023: pp.7-8 ( Adult (F) ) [Rhizoecidae recorded or intercepted in Italy]
KaydanKoKo2019: pp.3-4 ( Adult (F) ) [Neotropical Rhizoecus species]
Tanaka2016: pp.119, 121 ( Adult (F) ) [Identification key to Japanese Rhizoecidae species]
RamosPCa2016: pp.61-66 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of the genus Rhizoecus known from Colombia]
JansenWe2015: pp.12, 16 ( Adult (F) ) [Subterranean mealybugs of The Netherlands]
Hodgso2012: pp.49-50 ( Adult (M) ) [Key to the adult males of Rhizoecinae seen during this study:]
DanzigGa2009: pp.243 ( Adult (F) ) [Russia]
KozarKo2007: pp.132-137 ( Adult (F) ) [world]
Jansen2003: pp.300 ( Adult (F) ) [Netherlands]
Marott1995: pp.120 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
RussoMa1992: pp.218 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
Tang1992: pp.54 ( Adult (F) ) [China]
WilliaGr1992: pp.498 ( Adult (F) ) [Central and South America]
Willia1987a: pp.191 ( Adult (F) ) [Australia]
Willia1985: pp.353 ( Adult (F) ) [Australia]
Willia1985i: pp.624 ( Adult (F) ) [species of Rhizoecus on Saintpaulia spp.]
Hamble1979: pp.149 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A., Florida]
Hamble1976: pp.10 ( Adult (F) ) [World]
Hamble1973: pp.64 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A., Florida]
McKenz1967: pp.371 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A., California]
McKenz1962: pp.671 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Willia1962: pp.43 ( Adult (F) ) []
McKenz1961: pp.42 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
McKenz1960: pp.742 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Ferris1953a: pp.427 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Hamble1946: pp.61 ( Adult (F) ) [World]

Remarks

Systematics: The adult males of Rh. cacticans are typical rhizoecine males, differing from those of other species seen here in having the following combination of character states: (i) tarsal digitules probably capitate, (ii) antennae long, with some segments bottle-shaped and most setae appearing to be in whorls, (iii) trochanter with 3 pairs of campaniform pores; (iv) trochanter with strong Y-shaped sclerotisations; (v) aedeagus broadening at apex, and (vi) shape and structure of the penial sheath, particularly the ventral internal extension. (Hodgson, 2012)
Structure: Colour photograph given by McKenzie (1967). SEM micrograph of wax secretion given by Foldi (1991). The adult males of Rh. cacticans are typical rhizoecine males, differing from those of other species seen here in having the following combination of character states: (i) tarsal digitules probably capitate, (ii) antennae long, with some segments bottle-shaped and most setae appearing to be in whorls, (iii) trochanter with 3 pairs of campaniform pores; (iv) trochanter with strong Y-shaped sclerotisations; (v) aedeagus broadening at apex, and (vi) shape and structure of the penial sheath, particularly the ventral internal extension.
Biology: Occurring on the roots of the host plants.
Economic Importance: This species may cause extensive damage in greenhouses at temperate regions (Dziedzicka, 1990; Zahradník, 1990). It species has been recorded as a pest in Colombia associated with coffee plants in their earliest development stage (until the second year) and at the first stage after cutting the trunk at its base for tree renovation. (Ramos-Portilla & Caballero in T. Kondo & G.W. Watson, 2022)
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1953a), McKenzie (1967), Hambleton (1976), Zahradník (1990), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kozár & Konczné Benedicty (2007) and by Danzig & Gavrilov (2009).

Illustrations

Citations

BenDov1994: catalog, 446-447
CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, 60
ChoiLe2022: endosymbiont, phylogeny, 358,359
DanzigGa2009: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 225-228
DarvasVi1983: chemical control, 455-463
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 119
Dziedz1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 36-38
Ferris1953a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 432-433, 442-443
Foldi1991: structure, 163-188
FoldiGe2018: distribution, list, 13
Gavril2018: reproduction, 226
GoszczGo2011: distribution, host, 111-112
Hamble1946: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 63-66
Hamble1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 65
Hamble1976: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 17-18, 65
HardyGuHo2008: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 51-71
Hodgso2012: description, host, structure, taxonomy, 18-21
Jansen2003: key, taxonomy, 300
JansenWe2015: distribution, key, 16
JaszaiDa1983: chemical control, 198-202
KaydanKoKo2019: distribution, key, 3-4
Kondo2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 39
KondoRaCa2022: control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 122-123
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 25
KozarKo2007: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 168-170
KozarzRe1975: distribution, host, 13-14
KozarzRe1977: distribution, host, 377
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 71
LongoMaRu1989: distribution, host, taxonomy, 173
Marott1987a: distribution, host, 112
MatileOr2001: distribution, host, 196
MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
MazzeoPeMa2023: key, 8
MazzeoSuRu2008: distribution, host, 149-152
McKenz1960: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 745-
McKenz1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 379-381
MilleHeCa2016: distribution, host, 152
Montan2010: chemical control, host, illustration, 232-234
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 64,72
RamosPCa2016: key, 55
RamosPCaKo2014: distribution, 29
RussoMa1997: distribution, 51
Tanaka2016: key, taxonomy, 119,121
Tang1992: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 57
TranfaPeMa1985: distribution, host, 123-124
Willia1962: distribution, host, 43
Willia1985: distribution, host, taxonomy, 353
Willia1985i: distribution, host, 622
WilliaGr1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 509-511
WilliaMa2012: distribution, illustration, 84, 85, 87
Zahrad1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 41-42