Valid Names Results

Furchadaspis zamiae (Morgan, 1890) (Diaspididae: Furchadaspis)

Nomenclatural History

Diaspis zamiae Morgan 1890: 44-45. Type data: PORTUGAL: Oporto, on Zamia villosa, by A.C.E. Morgan. Unknown type status, unknown, accepted valid name Notes: Type material probably lost.
Howardia elegans Leonardi in Berlese & Leonardi 1896: 348. Type data: ITALY: on Cycadis revoluta. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1920a, 63). Illustr.
Aulacaspis elegans (Leonardi in Berlese & Leonardi, 1896); Cockerell & Parrott 1899: 276. change of combination
Aulacaspis zamiae (Morgan, 1890); Gahan 1907: 11. change of combination
Howardia ramiae (Morgan, 1890); Paoli 1915: 255. misspelling of species epithet
Diaspis rhusae Brain 1919: 225. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Rondebosch, on Rhus sp., 15/06/1915, By C.P. Lounsbury. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Muntin1970a,40). Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; junior synonym (discovered by Hall1946a, 518).
Howardia zamiae (Morgan, 1890); Leonardi 1920: 215. change of combination
Furchadaspis zamiae (Morgan, 1890); MacGillivray 1921: 358. change of combination
Diaspis rhois Brain, 1919; Lindinger 1932f: 197. emendation that is unjustified
Furchadiaspis zamiae; Ferris 1937: SI-59. misspelling of genus name
Furchadaspis rhusae (Brain, 1919); Hall 1941: 230. change of combination
Furchadiaspis rhusae; Hall 1941: 230. misspelling of genus name
Diaspis jamiae Morgan, 1890; Scott 1952: 35. misspelling of species epithet
Megalodiaspis zamiae (Morgan, 1890); Balachowsky 1954e: 214. change of combination
Furcadaspis zamiae; Dowell, et al. 2016: 115. misspelling of genus name

Common Names

cycad scale Borchs1966
zamia scale Gill1997
zamia-marukaigaramushi KondoWa2022b
escama de las cicas KondoWa2022b

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 10 | Genera: 19

Anacardiaceae

Rhus | Brain1919 MillerDa2005

Apocynaceae

Thevetia | Gill1997 MillerDa2005

Araliaceae

Aralia | Gill1997 MillerDa2005
Cussonia | MillerDa2005
Cussonia spicata | Balach1954e

Arecaceae

Metroxylon | MillerDa2005
Phoenix dactylifera | JansenAl2023
Trachycarpus | Gill1997 MillerDa2005

Celastraceae

Elaeodendron | MillerDa2005
Maytenus | Gill1997 MillerDa2005

Cycadaceae

Cycas | CarnerPe1986 MillerDa2005
Cycas circinalis | KozarHi1996
Cycas revoluta | BerlesLe1896 LepineMi1931

Musaceae

Musa | Gill1997 MillerDa2005

Stangeriaceae

Stangeria | KozarzRe1975 MillerDa2005

Strelitziaceae

Strelitzia | Heu2002 MillerDa2005
Strelitzia juncea | JansenAl2023
Strelitzia nicolai | McKenz1956
Strelitzia reginae | JansenAl2023

Zamiaceae

Ceratozamia | MillerDa2005
Ceratozamia mexicana | Balach1954e
Dioon | MillerDa2005
Dioon edule | Balach1938a Boisdu1867
Encaphalartos longifolius | Hender2011
Encephalartos | KozarzRe1975 MillerDa2005
Encephalartos caffer | BicheArMe2022
Encephalartos cycadifolius | Morgan1890 | (= Zamia villosa)
Encephalartos villosus | JansenAl2023
Macrozamia | KozarzRe1975 MillerDa2005
Zamia | Heu2002 MillerDa2005

Foes:

Families: 3 | Genera: 7

Aphelinidae

Aphelinus | Poutie1928
Aphytis chilensis | Balach1954e | (= Aphytis longiclavae)
Aphytis diaspidis | Fulmek1943
Aphytis funicularis | HertinSi1972
Aphytis proclia | Balach1954e
Coccobius testaceus | Poutie1928 | (= Physcus testaceus)
Encarsia citrina | Balach1954e HuangPo1998 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)

Coccinellidae

Rhyzobius lophanthae | BelgueBiBe2017

Encyrtidae

Arrhenophagus chionaspidis | Balach1954e
Neococcidencyrtus poutiersi | Balach1954e Poutie1928 | (= Coccidencyrtus poutiersi) (= Neococcidencyrtus alula)

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 44

Algeria | Balach1954e

Argentina | Lizery1938

Buenos Aires | Watson2002a

Australia

Queensland | KondoWa2022b

Austria | Malump2011a

Azores | FrancoRuMa2011 Nakaha1982

Balearic Islands | KondoWa2022b

Bermuda | CockerPa1899

Cameroon | Balach1954e

Canary Islands | Leonar1920 MatileOr2001

Chile | Nakaha1982

Czech Republic | KondoWa2022b

Czechoslovakia | Zahrad1965

Denmark | KozarzRe1975

Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Hall1926a

Finland | KondoWa2022b

France | Foldi2001 Leonar1920

Germany | Leonar1920

Guatemala | Nakaha1982

Hawaiian Islands | Beards1979b MillerDa2005

Kauai | Heu2002
Oahu | Heu2002

India | Balach1954e

Italy | BerlesLe1896 LongoMaPe1995

Sicily | LongoMaPe1995

Japan | Kuwana1926

Madeira Islands | Balach1938a FrancoRuMa2011

Morocco | LepineMi1931

Mozambique | Watson2002a

Netherlands | JansenAl2023

New Zealand

North Island | Hender2011

Poland | Komosi1968

Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Morgan1890

Russia | KozarzRe1975

Sardinia | LongoMaPe1995 Paoli1915

South Africa | Brain1919

South Korea | Paik1978

Spain | GomezM1946

Sri Lanka | Balach1954e

Swaziland (=Eswatini) | Watson2002a

Sweden | Ossian1959

Switzerland | KozarHi1996

Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) | BazaroSh1971

Turkey | Bodenh1949 UlgentErYa2022

Ukraine

Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | Terezn1975

United Kingdom | Newste1901b

England | Leonar1920

United States

California | McKenz1956 MillerDa2005
Maryland | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
Massachusetts | CockerPa1899 MillerDa2005
Missouri | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
New Jersey | Weiss1916
New York | Britto1923 MillerDa2005
Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
Wisconsin | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982

Zimbabwe | Watson2002a

Keys

MillerDa2005: pp.29-32 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
MillerDa2005: pp.20 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
Danzig1971d: pp.845 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae]
Archan1937: pp.83 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]
Newste1901b: pp.152 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Diaspis]

Remarks

Systematics: Although Borchsenius (1966) treats Diaspis dionis as incertae sedis, we concur with Lindinger (1935) who considered Diaspis dionis to be a junior synonym of D. zamiae.
Structure: Female scale white, oval or subcircular, slightly convex, exuviae marginal. Adult female regularly oval, derm about the anterior margin of the prosoma tending to be slightly sclerotic; median lobes of the pygidium widely separated, divergent, forming a notch within which are two large, fimbriate gland spines (Ferris, 1937). Females often with associated fine waxy threads; female body pale lemon with darker pygidium. Males unknown in New Zealand. (Henderson, 2011)
Biology: Diaspis dionis (=F. zamiae) overwinters as larvae, probably undergoing its metamorphosis only in spring (Boisduval, 1867). According to Saakyan-Baranova (1954) this species has 2 generations a year under greenhouse conditions. Nothing else is known about the biology of zamia scale except that it is ovoviviparous and is parthenogenetic at least in California (Gill 1997), Turkey (Bodenheimer 1953), and Russia (Danzig 1964). (Milller & Davidson, 2005).
Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. Zamia scale is considered to be a serious pest of cycads in California causing chlorosis of the leaves, reducing the aesthetic characteristics of ornamental plants (Brown and Eads 1967). The species is an occasional pest in greenhouses and ornamental gardens in the following: California (Dreistadt et al. 1994); Egypt (Alfieri 1929); Poland (Komosinska 1968); Germany (Lengerken 1932); Russia (Saakyan-Baranova 1954); and Czechoslovakia (Zahradník 1990). (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
General Remarks: Description and illustration in Henderson, 2011.

Illustrations

Citations

AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 34
AmouroCrGe2017: phylogenetics, phylogeny, 3
AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997-1003
Archan1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 83, 87-88
Arnett1985: distribution, 241
Balach1938a: distribution, host, 154
Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 214-217
BazaroSh1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 111
BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 135-137
Beards1979b: distribution, 40
BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 123, 127, 128
BenDovSoBo2012: distribution, 67
BerlesLe1896: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 348-349
BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 505-506
Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 99-101
Bodenh1953: distribution, host, taxonomy, 9
BoratyWi1964: distribution, 88
Borchs1937: distribution, host, taxonomy, 114
Borchs1937a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 115
Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 209
Borchs1963a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 274, 276
Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 159-160, 372
Borchs1973: distribution, taxonomy, 276
Brain1919: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 225
Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 366, 368
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 299
CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 39
Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 398
Cocker1902d: taxonomy, 59
CockerPa1899: distribution, host, 276
Danzig1964: distribution, taxonomy, 650
Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 845
Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 390-392
DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 266
DeSant1940: biological control, distribution, 36
Dingle1924: taxonomy, 368
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
Ezzat1958: distribution, 245
Felt1901: distribution, host, 359
Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 233, 324
Ferris1936a: illustration, taxonomy, 21, 55
Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-59
Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-409, SIV-446:55
Foldi2001: distribution, 306
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 12,24
Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, 31, 34
Gahan1907: taxonomy, 11
Gavril2018: reproduction, 239
Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 346-347
Giliom1966: catalog, distribution, taxonomy, 424
Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 150-151, 153
GomezM1946: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 78-83
GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 630
Hall1926a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25-26
Hall1928: taxonomy, 281
Hall1941: distribution, host, taxonomy, 230
Hall1943: taxonomy, 3
Hall1946a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 518, 551
Hender2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 8,10,13-14,31,91-92,
HertinSi1972: biological control, distribution, 180
Heu2002: distribution, host, 27
HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 8
HuangPo1998: biological control, 1859
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 26,33
JoshiBhSa2023: host plant, 185
King1899c: distribution, host, 228
King1899h: distribution, host, 350
King1900c: distribution, host, 118
Komosi1968: distribution, host, 206-207
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 16
KondoWa2022j: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, taxonomy, 478-579
KondoWa2024: distribution, 3
KozarHi1996: distribution, host, 95
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 84
KozarzRe1975: distribution, host, taxonomy, 33
Kuwana1926: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 15, 20
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 213, 215-217
LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 250
Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 127
Lindin1924: taxonomy, 175
Lindin1932f: taxonomy, 197
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 134, 148
Lindin1957: taxonomy, 549
Lindin1958: taxonomy, 368
Lizery1938: distribution, host, 343, 357
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 126
LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 149
Lupo1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 256-260
MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 358
Malump2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 56-58
MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 57,58
Martin1983: distribution, host, 54
MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
McCombDa1969: distribution, host, 2
McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 32, 113-115
MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 302
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 218
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 218
Morgan1890: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 44-45
MorseNo2006: phylogeny, taxonomy, 340
MunroFo1936: catalog, distribution, host, 86
Muntin1970a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 40
Nakaha1981a: distribution, 398
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 38-39
Neves1936: distribution, 172, 201
Newste1901b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 152, 165
NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 194, 199, 211, 261
Nishid2002: catalog, 141
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 21, 37, S6
Ossian1959: distribution, host, 200
Paik1978: distribution, host, 319
Paoli1915: distribution, host, 255
Pelliz2011: distribution, 312
PellizFo1996: distribution, 121
PellizGe2010a: distribution, economic importance, 477
PellizGe2010a: distribution, host, 501
PerezGCa1985: distribution, 316
PicartMa2000: biological control, distribution, host, 17, 18
PooleGe1997: distribution, 349
Poutie1928: biological control, distribution, 270
RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, 649, 759
Saakya1954: distribution, host, 31
Schmut1951: biological control, distribution, host, 575
Schmut1957b: distribution, host, 149
Schmut1959: distribution, host, 192
Scott1952: taxonomy, 35
Seabra1941: distribution, host, 8
Simmon1957: biological control, catalog, distribution, host, 4
Terezn1968b: distribution, host, 50
Terezn1975: distribution, host, 75
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S120
VieiraCaPi1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 122-123
Watson2001: list, 177
Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
Watson2002a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy,
WeigelSa1923: distribution, host, 53
Weiss1916: distribution, host, 23
Westco1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 426
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 235
Yasnos1968: biological control, distribution, 121
Zahrad1965: distribution, host, 306
Zahrad1968: taxonomy, 11
Zahrad1977: distribution, taxonomy, 120
Zahrad1990c: distribution, host, 16