Valid Names Results
Fiorinia theae Green, 1900 (Diaspididae: Fiorinia)Nomenclatural History
- Fiorinia fioriniae camelliae; Morgan 1894: 995. misidentification (discovered by Ferris1942, SIV-395).
- Fiorinia theae Green 1900c: 3-4. Type data: INDIA: Assam and Kangra, on Thea sp. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name
- Chionaspis flava; Shiraki 1913: 95. misidentification (discovered by Takaha1929, 76).
Common Names
- tea scale Blicke1965 McKenz1956
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 21 | Genera: 28
- Anacardiaceae
- Spondias | MillerDa2005
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | MillerDa2005
- Ilex cassine | AhmedMoRo2021
- Ilex cornuta | BesheaTiHo1973
- Ilex opaca | AhmedMoRo2021
- Ilex vomitoria | BesheaTiHo1973
- Arecaceae
- Saribus rotundifolius | JansenAl2023
- Asteraceae
- Olearia paniculata | MerrilCh1923 | (= Olea glandulifera)
- Senecio confusus | AhmedMoRo2021
- Buxaceae
- Buxus | Muraka1970
- Celastraceae
- Euonymus | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- Euonymus americanus | AhmedMoRo2021
- Dioscoreaceae
- Dioscorea | BesheaTiHo1973
- Ericaceae
- Rhododendron | MillerDa2005
- Euphorbiaceae
- Ostodes | MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- Paracroton pendulus | Takagi1970 | ssp. zeylanicus (= Ostodes zeylanicus)
- Garryaceae
- Aucuba japonica | AhmedMoRo2021
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum camphora | AhmedMoRo2021
- Persea americana | AhmedMoRo2021
- Malpighiaceae
- Malpighia | AhmedMoRo2021
- Myrtaceae
- Syzygium jambos | AhmedMoRo2021
- Oleaceae
- Olea | Green1903a
- Pentaphylacaceae
- Cleyera japonica | Tachik1962 | (= Cleyera ochnacea)
- Eurya | MillerDa2005
- Eurya japonica | AhmedMoRo2021 Kuwana1925b
- Podocarpaceae
- Podocarpus macrophyllus | JansenAl2023
- Rosaceae
- Rhaphiolepis indica | AhmedMoRo2021 | var. umbellata
- Rubiaceae
- Coptosapelta diffusa | Takaha1934 | (= Thysanospermum diffusum)
- Gardenia | MillerDa2005
- Rutaceae
- Citrus | Ferris1942 MillerDa2005
- Citrus aurantiifolia | AhmedMoRo2021
- Citrus aurantium | DaoBeWa2023
- Citrus limon | AhmedMoRo2021
- Citrus maxima | AhmedMoRo2021
- Citrus microcarpa | AhmedMoRo2021 | (= Citrus mitis)
- Citrus nobilis | AhmedMoRo2021
- Citrus paradisi | AhmedMoRo2021
- Citrus reticulata | AhmedMoRo2021
- Citrus sinensis | AhmedMoRo2021
- Citrus trifoliata | AhmedMoRo2021 | (= Poncirus trifoliata)
- Fortunella | AhmedMoRo2021
- Poncirus | AhmedMoRo2021
- Schisandraceae
- Illicium floridanum | AhmedMoRo2021
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Green1900c McKenz1956 MillerDa2005 | (= Thea)
- Camellia japonica | MerrilCh1923
- Camellia oleifera | BesheaTiHo1973
- Camellia sasanqua | NormarOkMo2019
- Camellia sinensis | McKenz1956
Foes:
Families: 3 | Genera: 7
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis | HertinSi1972
- Aphytis fioriniae | RehmatAnKh2011 Watson2002a
- Aphytis theae | Watson2002a
- Encarsia | Watson2002a | (= Aspidiotiphagus)
- Encarsia brimblecombei | HuangPo1998 | (= Encarsia elongata)
- Encarsia sankarani | Watson2002a
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus stigma | Sassce1912b | (= Chilocorus bivulnerus)
- Jauravia quadrinotata | HertinSi1972
- Microweisea misella | Sassce1912b
- Scymnus | HertinSi1972 Watson2002a
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus nigritulus | Sassce1912b
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 23
- Argentina
- Tucuman | Watson2002a
- Bahamas | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Bangladesh | JansenAl2023
- Brunei | Watson2002a
- China | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Fujian (=Fukien) | ChenWo1936
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | ChenWo1936
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Hua2000
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | Nakaha1982
- Yunnan | ChenWo1936
- Costa Rica | Merril1953
- Honduras | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- India | MillerDa2005
- Assam | Green1900c
- Himachal Pradesh | Green1900c PruthiBa1960
- West Bengal | Ali1969a
- Indonesia | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Irian Jaya | Reyne1961
- Japan | MillerDa2005
- Honshu | Kuwana1925b
- Shikoku | Muraka1970
- Kampuchea (=Cambodia) | Nickel1979
- Laos | DaoBeWa2023
- Malaysia | Watson2002a
- Mexico | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Nepal | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- Netherlands | JansenAl2023
- Philippines | Watson2002a
- Sri Lanka | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Suriname | JansenAl2023
- Taiwan | MillerDa2005 Takaha1929
- Thailand | JansenAl2023
- United States
- Alabama | MillerDa2005 Sassce1912b
- Arkansas | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- California | Fleury1938 MillerDa2005
- District of Columbia | MillerDa2005 Sassce1912b
- Florida | MillerDa2005 Sassce1912b
- Georgia | MillerDa2005 Sassce1912b
- Indiana | Koszta1996
- Kansas | Lawson1917
- Kentucky | Merril1953
- Louisiana | MillerDa2005 Sassce1912b
- Maryland | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Massachusetts | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Mississippi | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Missouri | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- New York | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- North Carolina | MillerDa2005 Sassce1912b
- Oklahoma | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982
- Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005 Trimbl1928
- South Carolina | MillerDa2005 Sassce1912b
- Tennessee | LambdiWa1980 MillerDa2005
- Texas | McDani1972a MillerDa2005
- Virginia | French1942 MillerDa2005
- Vietnam | DaoBeWa2018
Keys
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- AhmedMoRo2021: pp.156-158 ( Adult (F) First instar Second instar (F) Second instar (M) ) [Fiorinia in the USA]
- DaoBeWa2018: pp.88-93 ( Adult (F) ) [Citrus diaspidids in Viet Nam]
- WatsonWiMi2015: pp.298-299 ( Adult (F) ) [Fiorinia in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions]
- WeiZhFe2013: pp.94-95 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the adult females of Fiorinia species known from China]
- Malump2013: pp.274 ( Adult (F) ) [Fiorinia found in Britain]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-31 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20-21 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.144 ( ) [Key to California species of Fiorinia]
- Koszta1996: pp.501 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia of Northeastern North America]
- Chou1982: pp.105 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Fiorinia]
- Howell1977: pp.836 ( First instar ) [Key to the first instars of Fiorinia]
- Takagi1961: pp.41 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia of Japan]
- McKenz1956: pp.31 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Californian species of Fiorinia]
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:54 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia]
- Kuwana1925b: pp.2 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Japanese species of Fiorinia]
- MacGil1921: pp.375 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia]
- Leonar1906c: pp.18 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia]
Remarks
- Systematics: Genbank accession numbers: KF887378, KF887405, KF887406, KF887407and KF887408 (Campbell, et al., 2014. Fiorinia theae is the only U.S. species of Fiorinia possessing small marginal macroducts (Gill, 1997).
- Structure: Female oval, shield-shaped, moderately thick, dark brown to almost black, 1.0-1.3 mm long. First exuviae terminal, usually grayish, sometimes with a tinge of yellow. The second exuviae covers the insect entirely. The thin waxy secretionary cover extends over the second exuviae and slightly beyond the margin of the second exuviae. There is a prominent central ridge lengthwise on the second exuviae. Male with sides nearly parallel, snow-white, faintly tricarinate to non-carinate, 1 mm long, exuviae terminal, pale yellow (Dekle, 1965c).
- Biology: When male scales are crowded they appear to be covered with a flocculent secretion (Dekle, 1965c). Several generations per year in the southern U.S. Lays 10-16 eggs, which hatch in 7-21 days depending on weather (Westcott, 1973). Additional biological information by Munir & Sailer (1985). Tea scale is most commonly found on camellias in the U.S. English and Turnipseed (1940) reported a 60 70 day life cycle in warm weather in Alabama with nymphs hatching throughout the year. They noted overlapping generations with continuous crawler production from March to November. Females are reported to lay up to 4 eggs each day with an average of 32 eggs per female (Das and Das 1962). Egg production totals reported by English and Turnipseed (1940) are 10 16 per female. Eggs are laid in 2 longitudinal rows within the second shed skin which hatch in 7 to 21 days in Alabama (English and Turnipseed 1940) or 4 to 6 days in India (Das and Das 1962). Total developmental time from egg hatching to emergence of adult females is 24 27 days; for adult males it is 22 24 days in May in Tocklai, India. Winged males often are abundant and apparently are required for the production of viable crawlers. Das and Das (1962) report that this scale appears to prefer shaded areas in tea plantations in India. In Florida the biology of this species was studied in the Laboratory at 25ºC and 70% RH on butternut squash (Munir and Sailer 1985). Females lay 17-43(28) eggs that hatch in about 10 days. Crawlers move over the host for 1 to 4 days, settle and insert their mouthparts into the host. Molting to the second instar occurs about 10 days after settling. The duration of the male life stages is as follows: second instar 11 days, third instar prepupa 5 days, fourth instar pupa 4 days, adult male 1 day; the male life cycle is completed in about 34 days. The duration of the female life stages is: Second instar 6 days; adult female 17 days; the female cycle is completed in about 65 days. Munir and Sailer (1985) indicate that there is a strong male-biased sex ratio of about 2:1. In the field they observed that the tea scale is multivoltine with overlapping generations, and development continues throughout the year but is slowed in the winter. They indicated that camellia and holly seemed to be preferred hosts. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. Gill (1997) states that Fiorinia theae is a serious pest of camellias and other ornamental plants. Leaves of infested plants get yellow blotches and drop prematurely (Kosztarab, 1996). The tea scale is a serious pest of camellias in the southeastern U.S. (English 1990). Heavily infested leaves are covered with a cottony mass on the under surfaces, have chlorotic spots around the cover of the female, and eventually become completely yellow and fall from the plant (English 1990). Plants become stunted, have an unsightly appearance, and have a decrease in bloom productivity. This scale has been considered the most important pest of camellia in the south (English and Turnipseed 1940) and one of the ten most important scale pests in Florida (Dekle 1977). The tea scale apparently is not a serious problem on tea in certain parts of India (Das and Das 1962) because it is kept in check by a complex of natural enemies including several parasites in the genera Aphytis and Encarsia, a complex of predators, and fungi in the genera Aschersonia and Fusarium (Nagarkatti and Sankaran 1990). The tea scale also is commonly found on several species of holly in the eastern United States (McComb 1986). Beardsley and González (1975) consider this scale to be one of 43 serious armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a serious world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration by Ferris (1942).
Illustrations
Citations
- Ahmed2018b: distribution, host, 1
- AhmedMoRo2021: DNA, diagnosis, distribution, illustration, key, taxonomy, 141-158,186-192
- Ali1969a: distribution, host, 48
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997
- Arnett1985: economic importance, 241
- Balach1954e: taxonomy, 303
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 10
- Blicke1965: taxonomy, 300, 308
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 147
- BrownMc1962: physiology, 165
- CampbeLaHu2014: DNA, genebank, phylogeny, 531, 532, 533
- ChenWo1936: distribution, host, 101
- Cheo1935: distribution, host, 99
- ChiuKo1980: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, taxonomy, 327-331
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 105, 106-107
- Chou1986: illustration, 511
- Clause1933: distribution, host, 16
- CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 40
- DEDAC1923: distribution, host, 15
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 262-263
- DaoBeWa2018: distribution, illustration, morphology, phylogeny, 82-95
- DaoBeWa2023: distribution, host, key, 1022, 1029
- DasDa1962: biological control, chemical control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 27-35
- Dekle1965c: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 62
- Ebelin1959: distribution, host, 227, 270. 279
- FeltMo1928: taxonomy, 199
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 250
- Ferris1942: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SIV-395, SIV-446:54
- Ferris1950a: distribution, host, 79
- Fletch1919: distribution, host, 299
- Fleury1938: distribution, host, 19
- French1942: distribution, host, 8
- Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
- Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 144, 145, 149-150
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 630
- Green1900c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 3-4
- Green1903a: distribution, host, 102
- Green1908a: distribution, host, 39
- Green1922: distribution, host, 464
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 326
- GreenMa1907: distribution, host, 343
- HertinSi1972: biological control, 181
- Hewitt1943: taxonomy, 268
- Hoffma1927: distribution, host, 74
- Howell1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 831, 835-836
- HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 194
- Hua2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 152
- HuangPo1998: biological control, 1871
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 26,33
- KakotiDeRo2022: host, 2, 9
- Kawai1972: distribution, taxonomy, 40
- Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 284, 285, 286
- Kiritc1932a: distribution, host, 64
- KnorrMo1971: distribution, host, 77
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 16
- Koszta1996: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 501, 505-507
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 84
- Kuwana1925b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 2, 10-13
- Kuwana1927b: taxonomy, 152
- Laing1929a: taxonomy, 485
- LambdiWa1980: distribution, host, 80
- Lawson1917: distribution, host, 252
- Leonar1906c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 18, 28-29
- Lindin1911: taxonomy, 127
- LiuCaFe2020: key, 398
- Lobdel1937: physiology, 78
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 375
- Malump2013: key, 274
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 40
- McComb1986: distribution, host, 55
- McCombDa1969: distribution, host, 2
- McDani1972a: distribution, host, 321
- McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 31, 113, 114
- Merril1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, 48
- MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 234
- Miller2001CF: taxonomy, EENY-250.
- Miller2005: distribution, 487
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 302
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 210
- Morgan1894: distribution, host, 995
- MorseNo2006: phylogeny, taxonomy, 340
- MunirSa1985: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 742, 747
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, 91
- Murale1983: distribution, host, 6
- NagarkJa1981: biological control, distribution, 123
- NagarkPa1981: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 127-128
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 37
- Newell1927: distribution, host, 90, 110
- Nickel1979: distribution, economic importance, host, 42
- NormarOkMi2019: diagnosis, distribution, host, 689
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 21, 68, S6
- Pierce1917: economic importance, host, 156, 212
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 348
- PruthiBa1960: distribution, host, 29
- PruthiMa1945: biological control, distribution, 8
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 354
- RehmatAnKh2011: biological control, distribution, host, 274
- RehmatAnKh2011: biological control, distribution, host, 275
- Reyne1961: distribution, 123
- Ryan1946: distribution, economic importance, 124
- Ryan1946: distribution, 124
- Sassce1912b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 76-79
- Sassce1914: taxonomy, 242
- SchildSc1928: biological control, taxonomy, 237, 269
- Schmid1939: taxonomy, 152
- Shirak1913: taxonomy, 95
- Silves1929: distribution, host, 904
- Stebbi1902: taxonomy, 133
- Stimme1985: chemical control, description, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 17-18
- Tachik1962: distribution, host, 78
- Takagi1961: distribution, host, 37, 41
- Takagi1969a: taxonomy, 24
- Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 65
- Takagi1975: taxonomy, 30
- Takaha1929: distribution, host, 11, 28, 76
- Takaha1932a: distribution, host, 103
- Takaha1933: distribution, host, 28
- Takaha1934: distribution, host, 37
- Takaha1935: distribution, host, 2
- Takaha1937a: distribution, host, 69, 73, 74
- Tang1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 154
- Tang1984b: distribution, host, 129
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 3
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 101
- Tippin1970a: description, taxonomy, 94-99
- Trimbl1928: distribution, host, 46
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 66
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Wang1980: description, taxonomy, 170
- Wang1982c: distribution, host, 69
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2002a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
- WattMa1903: distribution, host, 306
- WeiZhFe2013: taxonomy, 94
- Westco1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 422-423
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 234
- WongChCh1999: distribution, illustration, 24-25, 65
- Wu1935: distribution, host, 214
- Yang1982: distribution, taxonomy, 260
- YunusHo1980: distribution, host, 33
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 164
