Valid Names Results
Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel, 1962) (Pseudococcidae: Ferrisia)Nomenclatural History
- Heliococcus malvastrus McDaniel 1962: 323. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Brownsville, on Malvastrum sp.. Holotype, female, Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA; Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Ferrisia virgata; McKenzie 1967: 181. incorrect synonymy
- Ferrisia virgata; Ben-Dov 1980: 268. misidentification
- Ferrisia consobrina Williams & Watson 1988a: 77. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Elgin Downs, on Parthenium hysterophorus. Holotype, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Willia1996DJ, 5).
- Ferrisia consobrina; Hodgson & Hilburn 1991: 143. subsequent use
- Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel, 1962); Williams 1996: 5. change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender
Common Names
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 33 | Genera: 58
- Acanthaceae
- Avicennia marina | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Aizoaceae
- Mesembryanthemum | BenDov1991b BenDov1994 | (= Aptenia)
- Amaranthaceae
- Beta vulgaris | BenDov2012
- Chenopodium | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Suaeda monoica | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Annonaceae
- Annona muricata | PachecKaSi2019
- Apocynaceae
- Calotropis procera | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Nerium oleander | BenDov2012
- Arecaceae
- Metroxylon sagu | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Asparagaceae
- Ruscus | BenDov2012
- Ruscus aculeatus | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Asphodelaceae
- Caesia parviflora | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Asteraceae
- Artemisia dracunculus | BenDov2012
- Asteraceae | Willia2004a
- Bidens pilosa | CulikMaGu2006
- Chrysanthemum morifolium | Beards1992a | (= Ambrosia artemisifolia)
- Erigeron | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Melanthera integrifolia | Beards1992a | (= Lipochaeta integrifolia)
- Parthenium hysterophorus | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Solidago | BenDov2012
- Tagetes | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Boraginaceae
- Echium | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Echium angustifolium | BenDov2012
- Brassicaceae
- Brassica rapa | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Cakile lanceolata | BenDov1994 HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991 WilliaGr1992
- Cactaceae
- Echinopsis | BenDov2012 | (= Lobivia)
- Epiphyllum | BenDov2012
- Hylocereus lemairei | BenDov2012
- Rebutia | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Cannaceae
- Canna indica | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Chenopodiaceae
- Kochia | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Convolvulaceae
- Cressa cretica | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Crassulaceae
- Sedum | BenDov1994 HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991
- Euphorbiaceae
- Codiaeum variegatum | Sirise2012
- Euphorbia | WilliaWa1988a
- Euphorbia degeneri | Beards1992a
- Euphorbia hirta | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Euphorbia origanoides | MalumpWhHa2015
- Manihot esculenta | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Fabaceae
- Acacia pachyceras | BenDov2012 | (= Acacia negevensis)
- Albizia julibrissin | BenDov2012
- Arachis hypogaea | BenDov1991b BenDov1994
- Lotus glaucus | BenDov2013
- Phaseolus vulgaris | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Lamiaceae
- Mentha | BenDov2012
- Tectona grandis | BenDov1994 FoldiKo2006 WilliaGr1992
- Lauraceae
- Persea americana | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Lythraceae
- Punica granatum | Willia2004a
- Malvaceae
- Abutilon mauritianum | WatsonOuKa2021
- Gossypium hirsutum | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Malva | BenDov2012
- Myrtaceae
- Chamelaucium uncinatum | BenDov2012
- Nyctaginaceae
- Bougainvillea spectabilis | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Mirabilis jalapa | BeltraSo2011
- Onagraceae
- Oenothera drummondii | BenDov2012
- Plantaginaceae
- Russelia equisetiformis | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Portulacaceae
- Portulaca | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Proteaceae
- Macadamia | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Rhamnaceae
- Ziziphus | Willia2004a
- Rutaceae
- Citrus paradisi | BenDov1991b BenDov1994
- Scrophulariaceae
- Leucophyllum | BenDov2012
- Solanaceae
- Solanum lycopersicum | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a | (= Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Solanum tuberosum | BenDov1991 BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Solanum villosum | BenDov2012 | (= Solanum luteum)
- Zygophyllaceae
- Tribulus terrestris | Willia2004a
Foes:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Encyrtidae
- Neoplatycerus palestinensis | TrjapiTr2002
Associates:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Betaproteobacteria
- Candidatus Tremblaya princeps | ChoiLe2022
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 31
- Argentina | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Ascension Island | MalumpWhHa2015 WilliaMe2007
- Australia
- Queensland | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Bahamas | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Bermuda | HodgsoHi1990 HodgsoHi1991 WilliaGr1992
- Brazil
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaGu2006 CulikMaVe2007
- Pernambuco | PachecKaSi2019
- Burma (=Myanmar) | GavrilNo2024
- Canary Islands | BenDov2013
- China
- Yunnan | ZhangWu2016
- Cook Islands | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Cuba | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Hawaiian Islands
- Hawaii | Beards1992a
- India | SureshKa2008
- Karnataka | Willia2004a
- Maharashtra | Willia2004a
- Israel | BenDov1991 BenDov1994
- Jamaica | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Kenya | WatsonOuKa2021
- Kiribati | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Mexico | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- New Caledonia | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Papua New Guinea | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Peru | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- South Africa | BenDov1991b BenDov1994
- Spain | BeltraSo2011
- Sri Lanka | Sirise2012
- Swaziland (=Eswatini) | BenDov1991b BenDov1994
- Tonga | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad | BenDov1994 WilliaGr1992
- Tuvalu | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- United States
- Arizona | DownieGu2004 GullanDoSt2003
- California | Gill1997b
- Florida | KaydanGu2012
- Texas | KaydanGu2012 McDani1962
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | BenDov1994 WilliaWa1988a
- Venezuela | FoldiKo2006
Keys
- ZarkanApTu2020: pp.98 ( Adult (F) ) [Ferrisia in southern Asia]
- Suh2019a: pp.2-6 ( Adult (F) ) [mealybugs intercepted in S. Korea]
- KaydanGu2012: pp.11-12 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Ferrisia based on adult females]
- ParsaKoWi2012: pp.10-Aug ( Adult (F) ) [Key to mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) recorded on Manihot spp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the World]
- Willia2004a: pp.266 ( Adult (F) ) [Ferrisia species of southern Asia]
- WilliaWa1988a: pp.77 ( Adult (F) ) [Tropical South Pacific Region]
- McKenz1964: pp.233 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Remarks
- Systematics: This widespread and polyphagous species was first described from Malvastrum (Malvaceae) from Texas, U.S.A., but was confused with F. virgata| for many years. Nur (1977) recognised that specimens of this species were distinct from F. virgata, although at that time this species was referred to as the parthenogenetic form of F. virgata. Subsequently Williams (1985a) described this species as the “uniparental strain” of F. virgata, based partly on Nur’s research, and later named it F. consobrina based on specimens from Queensland, Australia (Williams & Watson 1988). Subsequently, Williams (1996) discovered the synonymy of F. consobrina and H. malvastrus,revived the latter from synonymy with Dactylopius virgatus and transferred it to Ferrisia as F. malvastra. (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012)
- Structure: Colour photograph given by Friedberg et.al. (1989). The adult female of F. malvastra has a broadly oval body shape, both pairs of ostioles well developed, multilocular pores only immediately anterior and posterior to the vulva, and the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts often have their associated setae situated on the edge of the small sclerotised area surrounding each duct. Most importantly, the dorsal enlarged tubular ducts on adult females of this species are noticeably more slender than in other species (except for F. terani). (Kaydan & Gullan, 2012) Adult males are dipterous and brownish in colour. They had well differentiated head, thorax and abdomen, a pair of conspicuous white wings and two long waxy caudal filaments. Their longevity was 2-3 days. (Seni & Sahoo, 2012)
- Biology: Female nymphs molted three times before becoming adults while the male required four moultings. About 95% of the first instar nymphs moult in 7 to 9 days. Maturation was completed in 12-19 days (female) and 14-21 days (male). Reproduction was sexual and ovoviviparous. Females produced 467-507 nymphs per female. (Seni & Sahoo, 2012)
- Economic Importance: F. malvastra produces dieback, often resulting in death, so they have the capability to act as a biocontrol agen for parthenium control. (Seni & Sahoo, 2012)
- General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Watson (1988a) (as Ferrisia consobrina), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) (as Ferrisia consobrina) and by Williams (2004a).
Illustrations
Citations
- Beards1992a: distribution, host, 5
- BeltraSo2011: distribution, host,
- BenDov1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 268
- BenDov1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 7
- BenDov1991b: distribution, host, 85, 86
- BenDov1994: catalog, 162, 163
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 35,
- BenDov2013: distribution, host, 72
- Bennet1955: biological control, 413-416
- ChoiLe2022: endosymbiont, phylogeny, 358,359
- CulikMaGu2006: distribution, host, 1-12
- CulikMaVe2007: distribution, host, 1-5
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 119
- DownieGu2004: distribution, host, molecular data, phylogeny, 258-259
- FoldiKo2006: distribution, host, 312
- GavrilNo2024: distribution, host, record, 290
- Gill1997b: distribution, host, 8-9
- GullanDoSt2003: distribution, host, molecular data, taxonomy, 723-727
- GullanKaHa2010: molecular data, taxonomy, 329-339
- HardyGuHo2008: molecular data, phylogeny, taxonomy, 51-71
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 4, 20
- HodgsoHi1991: distribution, host, 143
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 29
- KaydanGu2012: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 32-33
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 23
- MalumpWhHa2015: distribution, host, 135
- McCorqHo2017: parthenogenesis, 2
- McKenz1967: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 179-182
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, host, 149
- MirabaGaCa2018: distribution, host, 194
- PachecKaKo2022: control, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 143
- PachecKaSi2019: distribution, host, 530
- PalmaJBlGu2019: distribution,
- ParsaKoWi2012: taxonomy, 9
- PellizPo2014: distribution, 4
- RenAsHu2017: DNA, 4, 6
- SeniSa2012: description, host, life history, 193-194
- Sirise2012: description, distribution, structure, 366
- Suh2019a: key, 2
- SureshKa2008: distribution, economic importance, host, 155
- SwirskWyIz2002: distribution, host, taxonomy, 74
- TataHa1991: distribution, host, taxonomy,
- TrjapiTr2002: biological control, distribution, host, 208-209
- WaltonKrSa2009: distribution, economic importance, host, 1-6
- WaltonPr2004: distribution, host, 23-25
- Watson2021: distribution, 526
- WatsonOuKa2021: distribution, host, 84
- Willia1996DJ: distribution, host, taxonomy,
- Willia2004a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 266-267
- WilliaGr1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 177-179
- WilliaMa2012: distribution, host, 88
- WilliaMa2012: distribution, host, 88
- WilliaMe2007: distribution, host, 133
- WilliaWa1988a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 76-77, 79
- ZhangWu2016: biology, description, distribution, host, illustration, 1061-1065
