Valid Names Results

Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam, 1878) (Diaspididae: Diaspidiotus)

Nomenclatural History

Diaspis ancylus Putnam 1878: 323. Type data: U.S.A.: Iowa, Davenport, on Acer dasycarpum.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
Diaspis aneglus Putnam, 1878; Putnam 1878: 321. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus convexus Comstock 1881a: 295. Type data: U.S.A.: California, locality not indicated, on bark of trunk and limbs of native willows.. Syntypes, both sexes, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Marlat1899, 208). Illustr.
Aspidiotus howardi Cockerell 1895b: 16. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Canon City, on plum (Prunus sp.). Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Stanna1965, 575).
Aspidiotus ancylus (Putnam, 1878); Cockerell 1896b: 334. change of combination
Aspidiotus comstocki Johnson, 1896; Cockerell 1896b: 334. change of combination
Aspidiotus convexus; Cockerell 1896b: 334. incorrect synonymy (discovered by Borchs1966, 322). Notes: Incorrect synonymy with Aspidiotus rapax Comstock.
Aspidiotus comstocki Johnson 1896: 151. Type data: U.S.A.: Illinois, Mt. Carmel, on Acer saccharinum.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Stanna1965, 575).
Aspidiotus townsendi Cockerell 1896h: 20. Type data: MEXICO: Piedras Negras, on leaves of undetermined plant; collected by Townsend.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1938, 190).
Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) ancylus (Putnam, 1878); Cockerell 1897i: 20. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) comstocki Johnson, 1896; Cockerell 1897i: 20. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) convexus Comstock, 1881; Cockerell 1897i: 20. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) howardi Cockerell, 1895; Cockerell 1897i: 21. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) townsendi Cockerell, 1896; Cockerell 1897i: 22. change of combination
Aspidiotus circularis; Cockerell 1897i: 4. misidentification (discovered by Borchs1966, 322).
Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) convexus Comstock, 1881; Leonardi 1898c: 50. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) howardi Cockerell, 1895; Leonardi 1898a: 76. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiella) townsendi Cockerell, 1896; Leonardi 1898a: 70. change of combination
Aspidiotus ancylus serratus Newell & Cockerell in Osborn 1898: 229. Type data: U.S.A.: Iowa, on native willows. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 48).
Aspidiotus aesculi solus Hunter 1899: 12. Type data: USA: Kansas, Lawrence, on Juglans nigra.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Manhattan: Kansas State University Collections, Kansas, USA; Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1938a, 190).
Aspidiotus ancylus latilobis Newell 1899: 9. Type data: U.S.A.: Iowa, Ames, on "Mountain ash" [=Pyrus americana]; collected 2 May, 1899.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1938a, 190).
Aspidiotus (Aspidiella) comstocki Johnson, 1896; Leonardi 1900: 339. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) ancylus ornatus Leonardi, 1900; Leonardi 1900: 339. change of combination and rank
Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam, 1878); Cockerell 1905b: 202. change of combination
Diaspidiotus howardi (Cockerell, 1895); Cockerell 1905b: 202. change of combination
Diaspidiotus townsendi (Cockerell, 1896); Cockerell 1905b: 202. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) ohioensis York 1905: 325. Type data: USA: Ohio, Ohio State University Campus, on Aesculus glabra.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 322). Illustr.
Aspidiotus ohioensis York, 1905; Sanders 1906: 14. change of combination
Aspidiotus pseudospinosus Woglum 1906: 75. Type data: USA: Florida, on Saw Palmetto; collected by W.H. Fields, 1882.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1938a, 190). Illustr.
Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) epigaeae Marlatt 1908c: 21. Type data: USA: Virginia, Chain Bridge, near Washington, D.C., on Epigaea repens; collected by J.G. Sanders, 6 May 1906.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1938a, 190). Illustr.
Aspidiella comstocki (Johnson, 1896); MacGillivray 1921: 405. change of combination
Diaspidiotus ancylus latilobis (Newell, 1899); MacGillivray 1921: 411. change of combination
Diaspidiotus ancylus serratus (Newell & Cockerell in Osborn, 1898); MacGillivray 1921: 411. change of combination
Diaspidiotus ohioensis (York, 1905); MacGillivray 1921: 412. change of combination
Quadraspidiotus epigaeae (Marlatt, 1908); MacGillivray 1921: 410. change of combination
Quadraspidiotus townsendi (Cockerell, 1896); MacGillivray 1921: 409. change of combination
Diaspidiotus solus (Hunter, 1899); MacGillivray 1921: 414. change of combination and rank
Aspidiella pseudospinosa (Woglum, 1906); MacGillivray 1921: 404. change of combination requiring emendation of specific epithet for agreement in gender
Aspidiotus toxycrataegi Hollinger 1923: 15. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri, Lawrence County, under exfoliating bark of hawthorn and osage orange or bois d'arc.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1941e, 49).
Aspidiotus toxycrataegi Hollinger, 1923; Hollinger 1923: 8, 15. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus solus Hunter, 1899; Lindinger 1937: 180. change of combination
Aspidiotus epigaeae Marlatt, 1908; Ferris 1938a: 190. change of combination
Hemiberlesia comstocki (Johnson, 1896); Ferris 1938a: 235. change of combination
Hemiberlesia howardi (Cockerell, 1895); Ferris 1938a: 240. change of combination
Aspidiotus latilobis Newell, 1899; Ferris 1938a: 190. change of combination and rank
Aspidiotus serratus Newell & Cockerell in Osborn, 1898; Ferris 1938: 190. change of combination and rank
Aspidiotus epigeae Marlatt, 1908; Ferris 1938a: 190. misspelling of species epithet
Aspidiotus oxycrataegi Hollinger, 1923; Ferris 1942: 4. emendation that is justified
Abgrallaspis comstocki (Johnson, 1896); Balachowsky 1953k: 113. change of combination
Abgrallaspis howardi (Cockerell, 1895); Balachowsky 1953k: 113. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) howardi Cockerell, 1895; Merrill 1953: 23. change of combination
Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam, 1878); McKenzie 1956: 25. revived combination (previously published)
Abgrallaspis townsendi (Cockerell, 1896); Davidson 1964: 640. change of combination Notes: Davidson resurrected this species from synonymy, placing it in the genus Abgrallaspis. This combination was synonymized with A, howardi (a synonym of D. ancylus) by Borchsenius in 1966 and with D. ancylus by Miller & Davidson in 2004.
Abgailaspis townsendi; Stannard 1965: 574. misspelling of genus name
Gonaspidiotus comstocki (Johnson, 1896); Borchsenius 1966: 300. change of combination

Common Names

falsa escama de San Jose Gonzal1989
Howard scale McKenz1956
maple bark louse Putnam1878
maple leaf Aspidiotus Johnso1896
Putnam scale Comsto1883 Dekle1965c McKenz1956 Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 Stimme1976
putnam's scale Comsto1883
rhododendron scale MillerDa2005

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 37 | Genera: 55

Actinidiaceae

Actinidia | Suh2016

Adoxaceae

Viburnum | McKenz1956

Annonaceae

Asimina | BesheaTiHo1973

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex | Ferris1938a
Ilex cornuta | McKenz1956
Ilex opaca | McKenz1956 StoetzDa1974a

Asparagaceae

Yucca aloifolia | Dekle1965c

Asphodelaceae

Aloe | Dekle1965c

Asteraceae

Eupatorium | Dekle1965c

Betulaceae

Betula | McKenz1956
Betula nigra | BesheaTiHo1973

Bignoniaceae

Catalpa | Ferris1938a McDani1969 McKenz1956

Bromeliaceae

Puya lanuginosa | Ferris1938a

Buxaceae

Pachysandra terminalis | StoetzDa1974a

Cannabaceae

Celtis | Ferris1938a McDani1969
Celtis occidentalis | McKenz1956

Celastraceae

Euonymus | NormarOkMo2019

Cornaceae

Cornus alternifolia | NormarOkMo2019
Cornus officinalis | NormarOkMo2019

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus pungens | BesheaTiHo1973 TippinBe1970

Ericaceae

Andromeda | MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
Epigaea repens | Ferris1938a Marlat1908c McKenz1956
Kalmia latifolia | BesheaTiHo1973
Vaccinium | Dekle1965c
Vaccinium corymbosum | PolavaDaMi2000

Fabaceae

Acacia | Comsto1881a
Robinia | Ferris1938a McDani1969
Robinia hispida | McKenz1956
Robinia pseudoacacia | Muntin1971

Fagaceae

Fagus | Ferris1938a McKenz1956
Fagus grandifolia | BesheaTiHo1973
Quercus | Dekle1965c Ferris1938a
Quercus alba | BesheaTiHo1973
Quercus phellos | BesheaTiHo1973
Quercus phillyreoides | Cocker1896m | (= Quercus wrightii)
Quercus virginiana | BesheaTiHo1973
Quercus wislizeni | McKenz1956

Grossulariaceae

Ribes | McKenz1956

Hydrangeaceae

Hydrangea quercifolia | BesheaTiHo1973 McKenz1956

Juglandaceae

Carya | Ferris1938a
Carya illinoinensis | BesheaTiHo1973 Brimbl1962 Brimbl1968 Dekle1965c McKenz1956 | (= Carya pecan)
Juglans nigra | BesheaTiHo1973 Fernal1903b Hunter1899 McKenz1956
Juglans regia | McKenz1956

Magnoliaceae

Liriodendron tulipifera | McKenz1956
Magnolia | Ferris1938a McKenz1956
Magnolia grandiflora | BesheaTiHo1973

Malvaceae

Tilia | Ferris1938a McKenz1956

Marantaceae

Maranta | McKenz1956

Moraceae

Maclura pomifera | Ferris1938a Ferris1942 McKenz1956 | (= Maclura aurantiaca)

Myrtaceae

Psidium guajava | MartinWoCu2022

Oleaceae

Fraxinus | Ferris1938a McKenz1956
Olea europaea | McKenz1956

Pinaceae

Pinus resinosa | NormarOkMo2019
Tsuga canadensis | BesheaTiHo1973

Poaceae

Avena fatua | Lepage1938 | (= Avena japonica)

Rosaceae

Crataegus | Ferris1938a McDani1969 McKenz1956
Cydonia | McKenz1956
Cydonia oblonga | Ferris1938a
Malus | Ferris1938a McKenz1956
Malus domestica | Ferris1938a | (= Pyrus malus)
Malus pumila | McKenz1956
Prunus | Cocker1895b Ferris1938a McKenz1956
Prunus armeniaca | Ferris1938a McKenz1956 | (= Armeniaca vulgaris)
Prunus dulcis | McKenz1956 | (= Prunus amygdalus)
Prunus persica | Ferris1938a McKenz1956
Pyracantha | McKenz1956
Pyrus communis | Ferris1938a McKenz1956 ZamudiCl2005
Rosa | MillerDa2005
Sorbus americana | Ferris1938a McKenz1956 Newell1899 | (= Pyrus americana)

Rubiaceae

Cephalanthus occidentalis | Ferris1938a McDani1969 McKenz1956

Salicaceae

Populus alba | McKenz1956
Populus × candicans | AbdRabEv2021
Salix | Ferris1938a McKenz1956

Sapindaceae

Acer | BesheaTiHo1973 Ferris1938a
Acer saccharinum | Ferris1938a Johnso1896 | (= Acer dasycarpum)
Acer saccharum | McKenz1956
Aesculus glabra | Sander1906 York1905

Sapotaceae

Sideroxylon | Davids1964 McDani1969 | (= Bumelia)
Sideroxylon lanuginosum | Ferris1938a | (= Bumelia lanuginosa)

Smilacaceae

Smilax | BesheaTiHo1973
Smilax bona-nox | NormarOkMo2019

Styracaceae

Halesia | BesheaTiHo1973

Ulmaceae

Ulmus | McKenz1956

Foes:

Families: 3 | Genera: 4

Aphelinidae

Coccobius varicornis | Felt1901 Gordh1979 | (= Coccophagus varicornis) (= Physcus varicornis)
Encarsia aurantii | Gordh1979 | (= Prospaltella aurantii)
Encarsia citrina | Gordh1979 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)

Coccinellidae

Microweisea misella | GordonDa2008

Myriangiales

Myriangium duriaei | EvansPr1990

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 12

Argentina

Entre Rios | ZamudiCl2005

Australia

Queensland | Brimbl1962 Brimbl1968

Brazil

Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
Sao Paulo | Lepage1938

Chile | Gonzal1989 GonzalCh1968

Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020

Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 AbouEl2001

Japan | Kuwana1917a

Mexico | Cocker1896h Cocker1896m Cocker1899n Ferris1938a

New Zealand | Suh2016

Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011 Seabra1941

South Africa | Muntin1971

Spain | GomezM1954 Martin1983 RuizCa1944

United States

Alabama | BesheaTiHo1973
Arizona | Cocker1899n Ferris1938a
California | Comsto1881a McKenz1956
Colorado | Cocker1895b Ferris1938a
Connecticut | Ferris1938a
Delaware | Nakaha1982
District of Columbia | Comsto1881a Ferris1938a
Florida | BesheaTiHo1973 Dekle1965c Merril1953 MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917 Woglum1906
Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973 TippinBe1970
Illinois | Johnso1896
Indiana | Ferris1938a
Iowa | Comsto1881a Newell1899
Kansas | Fernal1903b Hunter1899
Kentucky | Koszta1996
Louisiana | Ferris1938a
Maine | NormarOkMo2019
Maryland | StoetzDa1974a
Massachusetts | NormarOkMo2019
Michigan | NormarOkMo2019
Mississippi | Herric1911
Missouri | Ferris1938a Hollin1923
Montana | Nakaha1982
New Jersey | PolavaDaMi2000
New York | Comsto1881a Ferris1938a
North Carolina | Nakaha1982
Ohio | Ferris1938a Sander1906 York1905
Oklahoma | Davids1964
Oregon | SchuhMo1948
Pennsylvania | Koszta1996 Stimme1976
Rhode Island | Nakaha1982
South Carolina | Nakaha1982
Tennessee | Ferris1938a
Texas | Ferris1938a Herric1911 McDani1969
Utah | Ferris1938a
Virginia | BesheaTiHo1973 Marlat1908c
West Virginia | Koszta1996

Keys

NucifoWaRu2020: pp.589 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspidiotus on Betulaceae]
SchneiClWe2020: pp.67-71 ( Adult (F) ) [Aspidiotini in Argentina]
EvansWaMi2009: pp.63-67 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae species found on avocado]
MillerDa2005: pp.29-35 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
Gill1997: pp.32, 113 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of California]
Koszta1996: pp.410-411, 484-485 ( Adult (F) ) [Northeastern North America]
McDani1969: pp.90-91, 101 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Texas]
Davids1964: pp.639-640 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
McKenz1956: pp.25 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: California]
Ferris1942: pp.33-35 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Britto1923: pp.371 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Connecticut]
Hollin1923: pp.7-8 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Missouri]
Lawson1917: pp.217 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Kansas]
DietzMo1916a: pp.289-290 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Indiana]
Cocker1905: pp.45-46 ( Adult (F) ) [Mexico]
Cocker1905b: pp.202 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Colorado]
Newell1899: pp.4-5 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Comsto1883: pp.55-57 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]

Remarks

Systematics: Putnam (1878 p. 321) printed the specific epithet Diaspis aneglus, which is very likely a mis-spelling of Diaspis ancylus that was printed on page 323 (Putnam, 1878). Stannard (1965) synonymized Aspidiotus comstocki Johnson and Aspidiotus howardi Cockerell with Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam), while Kosztarab (1996) noted that more studies are required to confirm the synonymy, and regarded each of these as distinct species. Diaspidiotus ancylus is a problematic species within the Diaspidiotus clade illustrated in Schneider, et al., 2018.
Structure: Female scale of variable form, depending upon it's position in relation to the leaf veins, pale gray or white, exuviae submarginal; that of the male gray, elongate, exuvia near one end (Ferris, 1938a). Colour photograph by Gonzalez (1989).
Biology: Occurring on bark, leaves or fruit. Occurring characteristically on the leaves of its host, on plums occasionally occurring on the fruit. (Ferris, 1938a).
Economic Importance: A pest of elm, walnut, cranberry, blueberry and ornamentals in several states in USA (McKenzie, 1947; English & Decker, 1954; Gill, 1997).
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1938a), McKenzie (1956), Munting (1971)(based on material from South Africa), Gill (1997), Polavarapu et al. (2000) and by Zamudio & Claps (2005). Description and illustration of female and male nymphs and male pupa and prepupa given by Stoetzel & Davidson (1974a).

Illustrations

Citations

AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 33
AmouroCrGe2017: phylogenetics, phylogeny, 3
AranciSaCh1990: distribution, host, life history, 106-108
Balach1953k: taxonomy, 113
BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 106
Beckwi1945: control, economic importance, 43-54
BenDovGe2003: catalog, 340-347
BerlesLe1898a: taxonomy, 107
BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 4,6
Borchs1937a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 41-42
Borchs1966: catalog, 300-301,321-322
Boynto1901: taxonomy, 347,351
Bray1974: description, distribution, host, life history, 1-33
Brick1912: distribution, host, 1-22
Brimbl1962: distribution, economic importance, host, 221
Brimbl1968: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 48-49
Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 371-373
Britto1923b: distribution, host,
ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 16
Cocker1894l: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 191
Cocker1895b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 16-18
Cocker1896b: distribution, taxonomy, 334
Cocker1896f: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 32
Cocker1896h: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20
Cocker1896m: distribution, host, 226
Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 5,8,20-22,25
Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 396
Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 21
Cocker1905: taxonomy, 46
Cocker1905b: taxonomy, 202
Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 292-295
Comsto1883: distribution, host, 56-59
CooperOe1986: ecology, taxonomy, 163-169
CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
Danzig1972: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 209-210
Danzig1995: life history, structure, taxonomy, 19-24
Davids1964: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 640-641
DeLott1963: taxonomy, 144-145
DeSant1940: biological control, 29-44
Dekle1965c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 48,70
Dekle1976: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 21-24,67
DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 298-299,303-305
Dougla1912: taxonomy, 193
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
Drake1935: control, distribution, host, 83-91
EnglisDe1954: chemical control, distribution, host, 624-627
EvansPr1990: biological control, 3-17
EvansWaMi2009: taxonomy, 63-67
FDACSB1983: distribution, host, 6-8
Fawcet1948: biological control, 627
Fawcet1948: biological control, 627-664
Felt1901: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 326-328
Felt1924: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history,
Fernal1903b: 252-254,264,279
Ferris1937c: illustration, taxonomy, 51,69
Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 190,216,235,240
Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 42-49
Ferris1942: distribution, host, taxonomy, 445:4; 446:33;
Fitch1857: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 426
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 10,23
FrankKr1900: taxonomy, 72
Garcia1931a: biological control, distribution, host, 659-669
Gauthi1993: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 4-5
Gavril2018: reproduction, 236
Gill1997: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 34,38,114-115,118
GilletLi1918: distribution, host, 3
GilletLi1923: distribution, host, 12-18
GomezM1954: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 132-134
Gonzal1989: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 94-95
Gonzal2016: description, description of male, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 30, 37, 45, 106, 109, 149-154
GonzalCh1968: distribution, 110
Gordh1979: biological control, 900,907
Hall1969: economic importance, 823-826
Hamilt1936: chemical control, chemistry, physiology, 150-160
Harned1928: distribution, host, 23-24
Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 9,14-15,47
Herric1925: description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history,
Hollin1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 9-10,15-16
Houser1908: distribution, host, 173-181
Howard1895e: biological control, 1-44
HowardAs1895: biological control, 633
Hunter1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 12-14
IPMW1987: biological control, economic importance,
Johnso1896: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 151-152
Johnso1898: description, life history, 82-83
Jorgen1934: taxonomy, 279
Kaston1938: distribution, host, 235-242
King1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 195
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 15
KonstaGu1987: distribution, host, 161
Koszta1996: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 411-419,487-489
Kozar1990c: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 593-602
Kuwana1917a: distribution, taxonomy, 174
Larew1990: ecology, life history, structure, 293-300
Lawson1917: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 217,233-236
Leonar1897: taxonomy, 286
Leonar1898a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 56-58,69-71,76
Leonar1898c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 50-51
Leonar1900: distribution, host, taxonomy, 339
Lepage1938: catalog, 393
Lindin1909c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 448,449
Lindin1909e: taxonomy, 44
Lindin1936b: taxonomy, 286
Lindin1937: taxonomy, 180
Lindin1943b: taxonomy, 207
Lindin1957: taxonomy, 546
Lobdel1937: taxonomy, 78
Lord1922: distribution, host, 1
Lugger1900: distribution, host, 208-245
MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 300,404,409-414
Mackie1936: distribution, host, 455
Marlat1899b: taxonomy, 208,211
Marlat1902a: biological control, 155-174
Marlat1908b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 309
Marlat1908c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 21-22
Martin1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 63
MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 4
Marucc1966: control, distribution, host, 99-235
McClur1990a: distribution, ecology, host, taxonomy, 165-168
McDani1969: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 91-93,102-107
McKenz1947: economic importance, taxonomy, 31
McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 69-70
Mead1983: distribution, host, 1-5
Mead1987: distribution, host, 2-4
Meerwa1900: taxonomy, 3
Merkel1938: distribution, host, 88-99
Merril1953: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 16
MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 197-198,208
MichelOr1958: biological control, chemical control, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 46-57
MilholMe1984: distribution, host, 1-33
MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 300-301
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 145-150
MillerDe2018: history, 7
MohammGh2008: distribution, 150
MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, phylogeny, 209
Muntin1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 134-135
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 1,2
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 27-28
Neiswa1966: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 1-54
Newell1899: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 7-11,13,22,25-26
NewellRo1908: distribution, host, 150-155
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 19, 82, S5, S6
NucifoWaRu2020: key, 589
Osborn1898: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 229
Pitt1945: control, distribution, economic importance, host, 3-42
PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 27
PolavaDaMi2000: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 549-560
PrittsHa1992: control, distribution, host, 3
Putnam1878: biological control, description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 317-324
Putnam1880: description, life history, 346
Reh1900a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 271
RuizCa1944: distribution, taxonomy, 65
Salaza1989: distribution, host,
SalazaSo1990: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 135-137
Sander1904a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 57-58
Sander1906: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 12,14
Sander1909a: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 52
SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 476-477,491
SchneiClWe2020: key, 71
SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
SchneiOkNo2018: dispersal, phylogenetics, phylogeny,
SchuhMo1948: control, distribution, host,
Seabra1941: distribution, 8
Staffo1915: structure, taxonomy, 70
Stanna1965: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 574-576
Stimme1976: control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 19-20
StoetzDa1974: life history, taxonomy, 138-140
StoetzDa1974a: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 486-490
Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 323, 326
Sulliv1930: distribution, host, 51-59
Takaha1952a: taxonomy, 15
TippinBe1970: distribution, host, 7
WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 217, 220, 221, 222, 224, 234
Wilson1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 6,52
Woglum1906: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 75
York1905: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 325-326
Zahrad1990a: description, distribution, host, 649
ZamudiCl2005: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 261